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The article deals with the persuasiveness of political discourse from a cognitive perspec-tive. The research object is text units with the semantics of purpose functioning in the contexts of persuasive speech in natural dialogues of the reciprocal-response type. These units were obtained for the study from transcripts of political interviews with representatives of the Russian political elite using the unselected sam-plingmethod. The paper aims to describe cognitive models (frames, situational models) of natural language interaction (and persuasion) in discourse of the argumentative type and to identify cognitive mechanisms. The key concept used is persuasiveness, which, as applied to contexts with the semantics of purpose and viewed from a cognitive perspective, is understood in the paper as a change in the initial knowledge of the addressee or (in the absence of such knowledge) as its formation at the time of communication in the course of interaction, and which is presented as a unidirectional strategic action (as opposed to communicative). Using the methods of discourse analysis and elements of conversational analysis, basing on the principles of frame semantics and sociolinguistics, the author describes the cognitive mechanisms of 6 cognitive models of the persuasive argumentative discourse, including causative and circular, built on the principle of circularcomposition. Each model was studied through selection and detailed consideration of priority cognitive tools. The paper identifies groups of cognitive mechanisms in terms of their functionality, describes options for their inclusionboth in a dialogically directed discourse (within the framework of speech interaction) and in the process of speech as a strategic action performed solely for the purpose of persuasion.

The article deals with cognitive models underlying the process of plant categorization by the speakers. Having analyzed 200 names of herbs and flowers in English, the authors differentiated three cognitive models, which the phytonyms categorization is based on: metaphoric, metonymic and propositional. It is shown that "the codes of culture", or in other words, well-known realia, are used as sources for nomination; on their basis typical cognitive models are formed. Since the names of flowers and herbs in the English language are mostly compound words, the identified cognitive models are described taking into account the action of the cognitive word-formation mechanisms of proverse and reverse. The first mechanism structure of a phytonym presupposes the direct order of compound-word components as a result of the initial word-combination integration. This word building mechanism is typical of the compound structures "adjective / verb + noun". The reversive mechanism represents the inner structure of a phytonym as a result of reverse transformation of the word-combination initial components. This type of mechanism is characteristic of the phytonyms created on the basis of the structures "noun + noun", "noun + ' + noun". The article describes the models of proverse and reverse structuring, which are typical of English phytonyms. The prospects of the research are to study the cognitive models and mechanisms underlying plant nomination in a comparative aspect based on the material of several languages.

This thesis investigated autobiographical memory processes and associated cognitive mechanisms relevant for adjustment to military deployments amongst currently serving soldiers. Experimental paradigms were conducted with soldiers whilst deployed and when recently returned home to Australia. Study 1 examined the proposed relationship between PTSD symptoms, autobiographical memory retrieval style and memory content in the months after soldiers' returned from Afghanistan. The findings revealed that greater PTSD symptoms were associated with more specific negative memories and more negative deployment memories, with exception those soldiers who had deployed more often. Studies 2a and 2b explored soldiers' deployment memories within the context of reflection and distraction cognitive thinking styles. Study 2a found reflection led to more trauma lifetime memories and more neutral memory valence amongst soldiers' serving on deployment in Afghanistan. Study 2b found that reflecting on ones' deployment experiences in the home context led to the retrieval of more trauma-related deployment memories and more negative deployment memories, providing evidence for the benefit of distraction over reflection, for managing deployment experiences in the home context. Studies 3a, 3b and 3c explored soldiers' future thinking processes. Study 3a found that neither PTSD symptoms nor memory specificity contributed to how soldiers' view themselves on a future deployment, whilst having deployed more often led to more imagined positive future deployment events. Study 3b found that reflection leads to the generation of more positive future deployment-related events, while Study 3c found that boosting ones' self-efficacy was not a predictor of more specific or a more self-efficacious view of ones' self into the future. Studies 4a and 4b explored soldiers' performance on military-related problem-solving tasks. Study 4a found that PTSD symptoms were not associated with poorer problem solving whilst more specific negative memories improved the ...

Abstract
The process of "telling through words" and "understanding by insight" of a language are closely related to high-context and low-context cultures. Various concepts and knowledge systems constitute a hierarchy of cognitive domain networks. Bilingual and multilingual sign markup language can be seen everywhere in a multicultural setting, which is full of cognition, construal, and variation in the process of cross-cultural communication under the multilingual context. Sign markup language is presented in a multimodal discourse form, such as business language, advertising language, commercial logos, slogans, or propagation language. It contains known and unknown information and foreground and background cultures, changing with technological knowledge and history development. The cross-cultural cognitive research of sign markup language in a multimodal context is increasingly important, especially in today's society undergoing the development of economic globalization, high-speed information, urban internationalization, and data digitization. Based on instances of sign markup language, the present paper will apply the theory of memes in sign markup language to analyze and put forward the cognitive mechanism used in multimodal contexts.

The purpose of the article is to justify the linguistic-and-cognitive basis of an author's identity in poetic discourse. The analysis of linguistic-and-cognitive mechanisms of artistic idiosyncrasy individuality representation is carried out on the basis of Arseny Tarkovsky's works. The hermeneutic analysis of poetics in the works by Tarkovsky allowed confirming the assumption about a Gestalt-type cognitive structure that might generate meanings erasing in image-bearing systems and depict them as the system of interpenetrating motifs. The specificity of the above named structure is in its ad hock production, which does not allow to represent it as a pattern of a syntactic type that consists of some elements. This structure has the status of a fundamental (world-forming) cognitive model, which seems immanent to a prior structure of the poet's subjectivity and acquires the highest value rank in its axiological universe. Its status of immanent mediation between powerful faceless meanings circling in the sphere of the unconscious, and the manifest (created) aspect of the artistic world, that is, its sophianic, substantive (text-forming) nature, is confirmed in the article. The semiotic and cognitive specificity of Arseny Tarkovsky's idiosyncrasy is predetermined by the fact that the metaphysical source of his texts is introspection, immanent to insight, in which the "intelligent face" of the world is revealed, that determines the gnostic character of the conceptually defining motives of his poetics.

Questionnaires are widely used in the social sciences and very often survey data form the basis for governmental and commercial planning or evaluation. Yet the quality of survey data is not attested to, since a large variety of factors in the language-use situation prove to influence the answers unintentionally. The forbid/allow asymmetry is a well-known example of this: when respondents are asked whether something should be forbidden, about 50% may answer 'yes, forbid' - whereas an equivalent question phrased with the verb 'to allow' could well cause up to 75% of the respondents to answer 'no, it should not be allowed'. Which question wording is preferable to measure respondents' true attitudes? Only when we know why the answers differ, can we decide on that. This book is the first to apply a systematic cognitive approach to describe the causes of the forbid/allow asymmetry. The question-answering process is unravelled by a variety of experiments and meta-analytic techniques. Analyses reveal that the difference in question wording does not prompt respondents to retrieve different attitudes. Instead, the asymmetry reflects that the question wording causes the response options to be used differently. Because of the qualifying dimensions in the question text, the meanings of 'yes' and 'no' change, as well as the cognitive distance between them. This study sheds a different light on processes of question-answering and text interpretation. Furthermore, practical advice on questionnaire design and on the interpretation of survey data is given on the basis of these new insights