Suchergebnisse

Consumer (co-)ownership in renewable energy (RE) is essential to the overall success of Energy Transition. In June 2018, the European Union agreed on a corresponding enabling framework as part of a recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The transposition of these comprehensive rules - in particular those on local RE communities - requires developing, implementing and rolling out business models that broaden the capital participation of consumers. The challenge is to include municipalities and/or commercial investors like SMEs and advance to economies of scale while retaining the benefits of individual consumer participation. This book is addressed to energy consumers in local communities, their municipalities and to the policy makers who represent them. Additionally, non-EU countries, in particular those where rural areas have limited access to energy, e.g. in Asia, Africa and Latin America, may be interested in the benefits of consumer ownership. While demand for energy in developing countries is growing, access to energy is crucial for improving the quality of life. The editor of this book presents a new model of consumer ownership in RE for both the EU and countries worldwide. Part One describes the rationale for consumer ownership in RE with regard to social, organizational, legal and financial conditions. Part Two discusses the issue of financing RE and introduces a new financing technique, the Consumer Stock Ownership Plan (CSOP), comparing it to traditional models. Part Three provides 18 country studies from Europe, North America, South America and Asia, organized so as to enable a cross-country comparison of policy approaches and feasibility. Policy recommendations are based on the results of this survey. Part Four summarizes, compares the best practice cases, presents a cost-benefit analysis of "prosumage" and against this background evaluates the impact on future policy

This book addresses energy transition in cities, from fossil to renewable energy sources, by proposing citizens' financial participation (ownership) in renewable energies, including consumer stock ownership plans (CSOP). The editor deals with financial, organisational, legal and social conditions of a new system of decentralised energy production co-owned by consumers of energy and presents concrete methods and measures to explain this model. This approach is completed by an overview of the actual framework and experiences in different countries. The editor focuses on distributed energy and financial participation, rooted in economic theory, as a way forward towards achieving a low carbon society.--

Abstract:Cultural property claims are numerous and of very different nature. Some relate to recent trafficking of cultural property;1some are based on ancient legal grounds which are contested today;2others relate to past wars and colonial times;3others, still, relate to mass spoliations in times of conflict.4In general, though, the original owner seeks to recover what was taken from him, or at least to obtain some form of compensation.5The present owner or possessor is as a matter of principle interested in keeping his possession.6These conflicting positions are often seen as irreconcilable and, indeed, litigation in a traditional manner will bring to the typical "either/or" solution: either I am the owner, or you are. There is no in-between solution.

This paper analyzes how imperfections of property rights affect allocation of assets and welfare, using micro-survey data from Bulgaria. Co-ownership of assets is widespread in many countries due to inheritance. Central and Eastern Europe offers an interesting natural experiment to assess the effects of such rights imperfections because of the asset restitution process in the 1990s. Bulgaria is particularly interesting because of the prominence of the co-ownership problem (about half of all land plots are co-owned), because of the strong fragmentation of land, and because of legislation providing an instrument to separate out chosen (endogenous) versus forced (exogenous) firms of co-ownership. We find that land in co-ownership is much more likely to be used by less efficient firm organizations or to be left abandoned, and that it leads to significant welfare losses.