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The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. ; The purpose of smart climatology is to provide information that would be useful in operational planning at lead times of two to four weeks or greater. Decisions made at shorter lead-times are generally informed by forecasts. One of the challenges in designing a new climatology data system--to include generation, storage, and access--is anticipating how the data might be used, and therefore how to design the system to provide the most useful data in their most useful format. This report uses an operations research / decision analysis (OR/DA) approach to prototype the process of using smart climatology data in planning, and identify challenges and key features of decision-relevant climatology data system. ; Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division ; N0017308WR00348

AbstractResidents of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area are frequently threatened by tornadoes. Previous research indicates that perceptions of tornado threat affect behavioral choices when severe weather threatens, and as such are important to study. In this paper, we examine the potential influence of tornado climatology on risk perception. Residents across central Oklahoma were surveyed about their perceptions of tornado proneness for their home location, and this was compared to the local tornado climatology. Mapping and programming tools were then used to identify relationships between respondents' perceptions and actual tornado events. Research found that some dimensions of the climatology, such as tornado frequency, nearness, and intensity have complex effects on risk perception. In particular, tornadoes that were intense, close, and recent had the strongest positive influence on risk perception, but weaker tornadoes appeared to produce an "inoculating" effect. Additional factors were influential, including sharp spatial discontinuities between neighboring places that were not tied to any obvious physical feature or the tornado climatology. Respondents holding lower perceptions of risk also reported lower rates of intention to prepare during tornado watches. By studying place-based perceptions, this research aims to provide a scientific basis for improved communication efforts before and during tornado events, and for identifying vulnerable populations.

Auf dem Hintergrund der Bedeutung der historischen Klimatologie für das Verständnis klimatischer Prozesse und der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Umwelt, gibt der Beitrag einen Überblick über Daten und angewandte Methoden in der historischen Klimakunde. Es werden drei wesentliche Gruppen unterschieden, deskriptive Wetterdaten, Daten aus dem Ablesen von Instrumenten und proxy-Daten, sowie die verschiedenen Methoden, Informationen aus diesen Daten zu gewinnen, vorgestellt. Dabei rangiert die angewandte Methodik der Klimakunde von der Anwendung historischer kritischer Quellenanalysen über hermeneutische Verfahren bis hin zu numerischen naturwissenschaftlichen und statistischen Vorgehensweisen. (ICH)

The climatology of wind waves over the Southeast Pacific is analysed using a 32-year hindcast from the WaveWatch III model, complemented by satellite-derived significant wave height (SWH) and buoy measurements for validation. Using partitioned spectral data, a regional climatology of wind sea and swell parameters was constructed. In general, the simulated SWH shows a good agreement with satellite and in situSWH measurements, although the model appears to have a spatially uniform bias of approximately 0.3 m. The spatial pattern of SWH is clearly influenced by the meridional variation of mean surface wind speed, where the stronger winds over the Southern Ocean play a significant role generating higher waves at higher latitudes. Nevertheless, regional features are observed in the annual variability of SWH, which are associated with the existence of atmospheric coastal low-level jets off the coast of Peru and central Chile. In particular, the seasonal variation of these synoptic scale jets shows a direct relationship with the annual variability of SWH and with the probability of occurrence of wind sea conditions. Off the coast of Peru at approximately 15 degrees S the coastal low-level jet is strongest during austral winter, increasing the wind sea SWH. In contrast, off central Chile, there is an important increase of wind sea SWH during summer. The seasonal variation of the wind sea component leads to a contrasting seasonal variation of the total SWH at these locations: off Peru the coastal jet amplifies the annual variability of SWH, while off Central Chile the annual variability of SWH is suppressed by the presence of the coastal jet. Although the general conclusions of this research are considered to be robust, we discuss the limitations of the spectral partitioning method used to distinguish wind sea and swell-sea states. ; CONICYT through the PAI grant 79150062 Center of Excellence FONDAP 15110009 Ministry of Energy of the Government of Chile

Recent years have seen major advances in the understanding of the historical climatology of tropical and subtropical areas, primarily through the analysis of documentary materials such as weather diaries, newspapers, personal correspondence, government records, and ship logs. This paper presents a critical review of these advances, drawing upon examples from across the tropics and subtropics. The authors focus in particular on the ways in which documentary evidence has been used to improve our understanding of 1) historical temperature variability, 2) fluctuations in annual and seasonal precipitation, and 3) the occurrence, severity, and impact of tropical cyclones. They also discuss the ways in which documentary evidence has been combined with information from natural archives to reconstruct historical El Niño and La Niña episodes. The article concludes with some suggestions for future research. These include the exploration of historical documents from hitherto under-researched regions and the application of new methodological approaches highlighted as part of the review.

This research effort assesses the performance of the High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) Climatological C2n optical turbulence model. Path-integrated C2n values of two HELEEOS optical turbulence pro les at 3 distinct operational altitudes are compared to values determined from measured thermosonde data. HELEEOS desert and mid-latitude sites are selected from the Extreme and Percentile Environmental Reference Tables (ExPERT) database for comparison to the thermosonde data. Statistical equivalence of the two datasets is determined through a Design of Experiments (DOE) factorial test to within 80% confidence. The HELEEOS profiles are shown to be equivalent to the thermosonde data for a 500 m boundary layer profile. Deterministic values of the 80% confidence intervals are established. The HELEEOS optical turbulence model is used as the input turbulence model for wave optics simulations. Long-term spot size measurements show that HELEEOS outperforms empirical turbulence models by as much as 17%. Recommendations are made to improve the HELEEOS graphical outputs and reference tables.

AbstractThe article discusses an instance of knowledge that failed to circulate — the application of urban climatology in town planning. This field of applied science was systematized in German‐speaking universities and cities and remains most firmly established in North‐Central Europe. In the decades after the second world war successive commissions and study groups of the World Meteorological Organization, the International Federation of Housing and Planning, the Confédération Internationale du Bâtiment and the International Society for Biometeorology sought to spread awareness of climatological factors among planners and architects worldwide. The article examines the organizations and individuals involved in this campaign, describes their meetings, publications and outreach, and assesses the disappointing impact. The legacy of this failure is considered in the context of present‐day interest in planning for carbon mitigation and climate‐change adaptation.

16 páginas, 14 figuras, 3 tablas.-- Siv K. Lauvset . et al.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.-- Proyecto Carbochange ; We present a mapped climatology (GLODAPv2.2016b) of ocean biogeochemical variables based on the new GLODAP version 2 data product (Olsen et al., 2016; Key et al., 2015), which covers all ocean basins over the years 1972 to 2013. The quality-controlled and internally consistent GLODAPv2 was used to create global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity (TAlk), pH, and CaCO3 saturation states using the Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) mapping method. Improving on maps based on an earlier but similar dataset, GLODAPv1.1, this climatology also covers the Arctic Ocean. Climatologies were created for 33 standard depth surfaces. The conceivably confounding temporal trends in TCO2 and pH due to anthropogenic influence were removed prior to mapping by normalizing these data to the year 2002 using first-order calculations of anthropogenic carbon accumulation rates. We additionally provide maps of accumulated anthropogenic carbon in the year 2002 and of preindustrial TCO2. For all parameters, all data from the full 1972–2013 period were used, including data that did not receive full secondary quality control. The GLODAPv2.2016b global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies, including error fields and ancillary information, are available at the GLODAPv2 web page at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC; doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2) ; The work of S. K. Lauvset was funded by the Norwegian Research Council through the projects DECApH (214513/F20). The EU-IP CARBOCHANGE (FP7 264878) project provided funding for A. Olsen, S. van Heuven, T. Tanhua, R. Steinfeldt, and M. Hoppema and is the project framework that instigated GLODAPv2. A. Olsen additionally acknowledges generous support from the FRAM – High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, the Centre for Climate Dynamics at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, the EU AtlantOS (grant agreement no. 633211) project, and the Norwegian Research Council project SNACS (229752). Emil Jeansson appreciates support from the Norwegian Research Council project VENTILATE (229791). R. Key was supported by KeyCrafts grant 2012-001, CICS grants NA08OAR4320752 and NA14OAR4320106, NASA grant NNX12AQ22G, NSF grants OCE-0825163 (with a supplement via WHOI P.O. C119245) and PLR-1425989, and Battelle contract #4000133565 to CDIAC. A. Kozyr acknowledges funding from the US Department of Energy. M. Ishii acknowledges the project MEXT 24121003. A. Velo and F. F. Pérez were supported by the BOCATS (CTM20134410484P) project cofounded by the Spanish government and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). The International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project (IOCCP) partially supported this activity through the U.S. National Science Foundation grant (OCE- 1243377) to the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research. The research leading to the last developments of DIVA has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 283607, SeaDataNet 2, and from the project EMODNET (MARE/2012/10 – Lot 4 Chemistry – SI2.656742) from the Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries ; Peer reviewed

The Physical Oceanography Unit was established in the early 90's under the Malta Council for Science and Technology. It now constitutes the research arm of the IOI-Malta Operational Centre at the University of Malta. The PO-Unit undertakes fundamental research in coastal meteorology, hydrography and physical oceanography with a main emphasis on the experimental study of the hydrodynamics of the sea in the vicinity of the Maltese Islands. It offers facilities for the gathering, processing, analysis and management of high quality physical oceanographic observations both for long term and baseline studies as well as for general applications in marine environmental research and assessments. The Unit endeavours to enhance its activity on an operational scale by the installation and maintenance of permanent monitoring systems which provide data for ocean forecasting, and by applying numerical modelling techniques in the study of physical marine systems. It operates in collaboration with international organisations with which it has expanded its activities through a number of funded research projects. The Unit provides services and technical support to local entities including government departments and private agencies. It organises conferences, seminars, workshops and specialised training programs in order to promote oceanography in Malta and in the Mediterranean. ; N/A

© 2021. The Authors. ; An observed daily peak wind gusts (DPWG) dataset over Scandinavia, consisting of time series from 127 meteorological stations across Finland, Norway and Sweden, has been created. This dataset provides high-quality and homogenized near-surface DPWG series for Scandinavia, spanning the longest available time period (1996–2016). The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of two regional climate models (RCMs) in simulating DPWG winds. According to the observed DPWG climatology, meteorological stations are classified into three regions for which wind conditions are influenced by similar physical processes: coast, inland and mountain. Smaller-scale DPWG features of the three regions are only captured when coarser general circulation models or reanalyses are downscaled by a RCM. Dynamic downscaling is thus needed to achieve more realistic simulations of DPWG when compared to their driving models. The performances of the RCMs are found to be more dependent on model dynamics and physics (such as gust parametrization) than on the boundary conditions provided by the driving models. We also found that the RCMs cannot accurately simulate observed DPWG in inland and mountainous areas, suggesting the need for higher horizontal resolution and/or better representation of relevant boundary-layer processes. ; It is supported by Swedish Research Council (2017-03780) and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (RTI2018-095749-A-I00). C. Azorin-Molina was supported by the Ramon y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2017-22,830). G. F. Zhang was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP 2019QZKK0606) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41621061). S. W. Son was supported by the National Foundation of Korea (NFR) grant funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NFR2018R1A5A1024958).

Wind energy is becoming one of the leading sources of power in Europe. The installed capacity increases each year, with the offshore wind gradually evolving with even more significant potential than onshore [1]. This growing tendency has also been promoting a more extensive research effort in this area, pushed by the climatic crisis that has also driven political support from multiple nations across Europe. Wind energy has employed over 250 thousand EU citizens and contributed to around 10% of European electrical consumption. Although high milestones have been achieved, there is still much room to grow in the wind energy sector, particularly cost reduction.The WindScanner.pt project aims to create a European distributed research infrastructure based on high precision sensors able to analyze fluid dynamics in tridimensional volumes, offering the ability to understand atmospheric conditions and turbulence better. This asset will not only allow better assessment of the wind conditions. Still, it will also enable the evaluation of projects in other areas where fluid dynamics are relevant, such as civil engineering and the building industry, by scanning the surroundings of large structures such as bridges and viaducts and measuring structure oscillations [3]. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion