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While funding for treatment remains minimal, the number of disabled children and those at risk continues to grow due to the increased risk factors brought on by the breakdown of the health infrastructure, ongoing violence and displacement in eastern DRC. Adapted from the source document.

While funding for treatment remains minimal, the number of disabled children and those at risk continues to grow due to the increased risk factors brought on by the breakdown of the health infrastructure, ongoing violence and displacement in eastern DRC. Adapted from the source document.

Background  Child and parent characteristics as well as socioeconomic family variables can influence the quality of parent–child interactions.Methods  Coders rated parent behaviour from a video‐taped 30‐min family interaction in 91 families rearing children who were either typically developing or had intellectual/developmental disabilities. In addition, mothers and fathers completed NEO‐FFI personality items as well as subjective well‐being ratings.Results  Coder ratings were factor analysed, resulting in a four‐factor parent behaviour inventory. The disability status of the children did not predict ratings on three of the factors, but parents of children with disabilities were perceived as less negative on one factor than parents of typically developing children. Extraversion, occupational status, and subjective well‐being related to the child also predicted some parenting behaviours.Conclusions  Parenting a child with intellectual/developmental disabilities did not result in identifiably adverse outcomes for either mothers or fathers as determined by both behavioural and self‐report measures.

Background: Our understanding of child disability has undergone major changes over the last three decades transforming our approach to assessment and management. Globally there are significant gaps in the application of these 21st century models of care. There is recognition that economic, cultural, and social factors influence transitions in care and there is need to consider contextual factors.Objectives: A two-day workshop brought together key stakeholders to discuss current models of care and their application in the East African context. This article summarises workshop proceedings and identifies a broadly supported set of recommendations that serve to set a direction for health professionals, families, family-based disability organisations, communities and government.Method: Presentations followed by facilitated round-table sessions explored specific themes with participants reporting their responses communally. Future actions were agreed upon by relevant stakeholders.Results: Many barriers exist to care for children with disabilities in East Africa, including stigma and a lack of human and infrastructural resources. In addition, significant disparities exist with regard to access to medication and specialist care. The International Classification of Functioning framework needs to be translated to clinical practice within East Africa, with due recognition of the importance of family-centred care and emphasis on the life course theory for disability care. Family-centred care, educational initiatives, advocacy on the part of stakeholders and involvement of government policymakers are important avenues to improve outcomes.Conclusion: Further education and data are needed to inform family-centred care and multidisciplinary team implementation across East African care contexts for children with disabilities.

Abstract
Raising a child with a disability is associated with both negative and positive outcomes in parents. We explored the relationship between maternal and paternal stress and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in a Polish sample of 325 parents of children identified with intellectual disability (ID) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) without ID. We found that the highest level of PTG is characteristic of mothers of children with ASD, followed by mothers of children with ID. However, a considerable proportion of fathers also experienced average or high PTG. Mothers experienced lower levels of stress than fathers. Whereas positive correlations (including the quadratic relation) between certain dimensions of stress and PTG were found in mothers, no significant correlations between the variables were indicated in fathers. The results of this study can inform recommendations to improve therapeutic activities aimed at providing them with support and strengthening transformative beneficial changes.

Representational models of mother‐child relationships were assessed through interview for 112 mothers of children ages 14 to 52 months. Fifty‐eight (51.8%) children had a diagnosis of cerebral palsy, 19 (17%) were diagnosed with epilepsy, while the remaining 35 (31.3%) had no diagnosis. Relations were examined between dimensions of representations (compliance, achievement, secure base, enmeshment, worry, pain) and maternal age, education and stress; diagnostic group and child developmental status; and mother's behavior with the child in a problem‐solving task. Mothers for whom boundary violations were represented were also less focused with child achievement and experienced more worry and pain in the relationship. More severe disability status was associated with less compliance and more pain in representations. Longer time since diagnosis was positively correlated with painful representations. Representations were unrelated to child gender, child age, maternal education or age, or parenting stress. With educational level controlled, mothers' support for the child and positive affect in a problem‐solving task were negatively related to representations of worry about the child's future. Boundary concerns were predictive of mothers' pressuring behavior in the problem‐solving task. Findings suggest representations are related to caregiving behavior apart from other maternal characteristics, and that mothers' representations reflect variability in their children.

1. Introduction to child disability in China -- 2. Rights of children with disabilities in China -- 3. Profile of children with disabilities and families in China -- 4. Welfare provision of children with disabilities -- 5. Right to life and protection -- 6. Right to care and protection : support for mothers -- 7. Right to care and protection : alternative family care -- 8. Right to economic security -- 9. Right to children's development : health and therapy services -- 10. Right to children's development : education policy -- 11. Right to children's development : education experiences -- 12. Right to social participation : social institutions of support -- 13. Interrelated rights and social exclusion -- 14. Child and family disability policy in China.