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This dissertation presents three essays on disruptions along nutritional high-value food supply chains in emerging countries. It extends our understanding of threats to the attainment of food security in emerging countries. With a contribution to agricultural economics, the dissertation relies on value chain, market growth and price transmission theories and applies both panel data and time series econometric techniques to analyse the sources and magnitudes of the disruption of nutritional high-value food chains.The first part of the dissertation examines disruptions in unprocessed and minimally processed nutritional high-value food markets. Chapter 2 examines upstream and downstream disruptions along these food chains. Chapter 3 extends the analysis in Chapter 2 by assessing how disruptions change when nutritional high-value foods are highly processed. For each of the two chapters, disruptions are studied in terms of changes in upstream and downstream quantities and prices, with the disruption of quantity considered primary while that of prices is secondary.Using the São Paulo food market as a case study, Chapter 4 analyses the effect of diesel price shocks on different segments of the nutritional high-value food supply chain. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) that takes into account upstream and downstream cross-price effects is estimated to ascertain if diesel price shocks are higher downstream based on price transmission theory.The results of Chapters 2 and 3 show that climatological disasters are the most dominant source of disruption of nutritional high-value food supply chains and the direction of impact is negative for all foods under study. The magnitude of disruption, however, varies by food. From the VECM results in Chapter 4, we see that the price of diesel has a positive and significant effect on food prices, while the effects downstream are lower than those upstream. These results have significant implications for the design and implementation of food policies in emerging countries.As a general introduction, Chapter 1 justifies the need to study upstream and downstream differences in the magnitude of supply chain disruption, by situating the dissertation in the existing supply chain and food price transmission literature. Chapter 5 concludes the study and offers suggestions for future research. ; Cette thèse propose trois essais sur les perturbations tout au long de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Elle contribue à notre compréhension des menaces liées à la réalisation des objectifs de sécurité alimentaire dans les pays émergents. Contribuant à l'analyse économique de la chaîne de distribution et des questions agricoles, la thèse est fondée sur différents éléments théoriques relatifs à la chaîne de valeur, la croissance du marché, la transmission des prix et met en œuvre des techniques d'économétrie appliquée (économétrie des données de panel, économétrie des séries temporelles) à partir de base de données originales. L'objectif est d'analyser les sources et l'ampleur des perturbations dans la chaîne de distribution des produits à haute valeur nutritionnelle.La première partie de la thèse analyse les perturbations sur les marchés des produits alimentaires à haute valeur non-transformés et moins transformés. Le Chapitre 2 examine les perturbations en amont et en aval de la chaîne de distribution de ces produits. Le Chapitre 3 étend l'analyse du Chapitre 2 en prenant en compte les perturbations relatives aux produits ayant subi un niveau de transformation élevé. Dans les deux chapitres, les perturbations sont analysées en termes de changement de prix et de quantité, à la fois en amont et en aval. Le changement de quantité est considéré comme une perturbation préliminaire alors que celui de prix est secondaire. Utilisant le marché de São Paulo comme sujet d'étude, le Chapitre 4 analyse les effets du prix du diesel sur les différents segments de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Un modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) qui prend en considération les effets des prix entre les différents produits est estimé pour vérifier si les chocs provenant du prix du diesel sont plus élevés en amont qu'en aval. Ce chapitre est analytiquement fondé sur la théorie de la transmission des prix.Les résultats des Chapitres 2 et 3 montrent que les désastres climatiques sont des sources dominantes de perturbation de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Leur effet est négatif pour tous les produits analysés, bien que l'ampleur de perturbation varie d'un produit à l'autre. Les résultats du modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) du Chapitre 4 montrent que les effets du prix du diesel sur les prix des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle sont positifs et significatifs, alors que les effets en aval sont plus élevés que ceux en amont. Les résultats de la thèse ont des implications importantes pour le développement et la mise en œuvre des politiques d'alimentation dans les pays émergents. Le Chapitre 1, introduction générale, justifie l'étude des différences entre l'ampleur de perturbation en amont et celle en aval, et situe la thèse dans les littératures existantes. Une conclusion générale est proposée en Chapitre 5 avec des propositions pour de futurs travaux de recherche.

This dissertation presents three essays on disruptions along nutritional high-value food supply chains in emerging countries. It extends our understanding of threats to the attainment of food security in emerging countries. With a contribution to agricultural economics, the dissertation relies on value chain, market growth and price transmission theories and applies both panel data and time series econometric techniques to analyse the sources and magnitudes of the disruption of nutritional high-value food chains.The first part of the dissertation examines disruptions in unprocessed and minimally processed nutritional high-value food markets. Chapter 2 examines upstream and downstream disruptions along these food chains. Chapter 3 extends the analysis in Chapter 2 by assessing how disruptions change when nutritional high-value foods are highly processed. For each of the two chapters, disruptions are studied in terms of changes in upstream and downstream quantities and prices, with the disruption of quantity considered primary while that of prices is secondary.Using the São Paulo food market as a case study, Chapter 4 analyses the effect of diesel price shocks on different segments of the nutritional high-value food supply chain. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) that takes into account upstream and downstream cross-price effects is estimated to ascertain if diesel price shocks are higher downstream based on price transmission theory.The results of Chapters 2 and 3 show that climatological disasters are the most dominant source of disruption of nutritional high-value food supply chains and the direction of impact is negative for all foods under study. The magnitude of disruption, however, varies by food. From the VECM results in Chapter 4, we see that the price of diesel has a positive and significant effect on food prices, while the effects downstream are lower than those upstream. These results have significant implications for the design and implementation of food policies in emerging countries.As a general introduction, Chapter 1 justifies the need to study upstream and downstream differences in the magnitude of supply chain disruption, by situating the dissertation in the existing supply chain and food price transmission literature. Chapter 5 concludes the study and offers suggestions for future research. ; Cette thèse propose trois essais sur les perturbations tout au long de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Elle contribue à notre compréhension des menaces liées à la réalisation des objectifs de sécurité alimentaire dans les pays émergents. Contribuant à l'analyse économique de la chaîne de distribution et des questions agricoles, la thèse est fondée sur différents éléments théoriques relatifs à la chaîne de valeur, la croissance du marché, la transmission des prix et met en œuvre des techniques d'économétrie appliquée (économétrie des données de panel, économétrie des séries temporelles) à partir de base de données originales. L'objectif est d'analyser les sources et l'ampleur des perturbations dans la chaîne de distribution des produits à haute valeur nutritionnelle.La première partie de la thèse analyse les perturbations sur les marchés des produits alimentaires à haute valeur non-transformés et moins transformés. Le Chapitre 2 examine les perturbations en amont et en aval de la chaîne de distribution de ces produits. Le Chapitre 3 étend l'analyse du Chapitre 2 en prenant en compte les perturbations relatives aux produits ayant subi un niveau de transformation élevé. Dans les deux chapitres, les perturbations sont analysées en termes de changement de prix et de quantité, à la fois en amont et en aval. Le changement de quantité est considéré comme une perturbation préliminaire alors que celui de prix est secondaire. Utilisant le marché de São Paulo comme sujet d'étude, le Chapitre 4 analyse les effets du prix du diesel sur les différents segments de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Un modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) qui prend en considération les effets des prix entre les différents produits est estimé pour vérifier si les chocs provenant du prix du diesel sont plus élevés en amont qu'en aval. Ce chapitre est analytiquement fondé sur la théorie de la transmission des prix.Les résultats des Chapitres 2 et 3 montrent que les désastres climatiques sont des sources dominantes de perturbation de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Leur effet est négatif pour tous les produits analysés, bien que l'ampleur de perturbation varie d'un produit à l'autre. Les résultats du modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) du Chapitre 4 montrent que les effets du prix du diesel sur les prix des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle sont positifs et significatifs, alors que les effets en aval sont plus élevés que ceux en amont. Les résultats de la thèse ont des implications importantes pour le développement et la mise en œuvre des politiques d'alimentation dans les pays émergents. Le Chapitre 1, introduction générale, justifie l'étude des différences entre l'ampleur de perturbation en amont et celle en aval, et situe la thèse dans les littératures existantes. Une conclusion générale est proposée en Chapitre 5 avec des propositions pour de futurs travaux de recherche.

This dissertation presents three essays on disruptions along nutritional high-value food supply chains in emerging countries. It extends our understanding of threats to the attainment of food security in emerging countries. With a contribution to agricultural economics, the dissertation relies on value chain, market growth and price transmission theories and applies both panel data and time series econometric techniques to analyse the sources and magnitudes of the disruption of nutritional high-value food chains.The first part of the dissertation examines disruptions in unprocessed and minimally processed nutritional high-value food markets. Chapter 2 examines upstream and downstream disruptions along these food chains. Chapter 3 extends the analysis in Chapter 2 by assessing how disruptions change when nutritional high-value foods are highly processed. For each of the two chapters, disruptions are studied in terms of changes in upstream and downstream quantities and prices, with the disruption of quantity considered primary while that of prices is secondary.Using the São Paulo food market as a case study, Chapter 4 analyses the effect of diesel price shocks on different segments of the nutritional high-value food supply chain. A Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) that takes into account upstream and downstream cross-price effects is estimated to ascertain if diesel price shocks are higher downstream based on price transmission theory.The results of Chapters 2 and 3 show that climatological disasters are the most dominant source of disruption of nutritional high-value food supply chains and the direction of impact is negative for all foods under study. The magnitude of disruption, however, varies by food. From the VECM results in Chapter 4, we see that the price of diesel has a positive and significant effect on food prices, while the effects downstream are lower than those upstream. These results have significant implications for the design and implementation of food policies in emerging countries.As a general introduction, Chapter 1 justifies the need to study upstream and downstream differences in the magnitude of supply chain disruption, by situating the dissertation in the existing supply chain and food price transmission literature. Chapter 5 concludes the study and offers suggestions for future research. ; Cette thèse propose trois essais sur les perturbations tout au long de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Elle contribue à notre compréhension des menaces liées à la réalisation des objectifs de sécurité alimentaire dans les pays émergents. Contribuant à l'analyse économique de la chaîne de distribution et des questions agricoles, la thèse est fondée sur différents éléments théoriques relatifs à la chaîne de valeur, la croissance du marché, la transmission des prix et met en œuvre des techniques d'économétrie appliquée (économétrie des données de panel, économétrie des séries temporelles) à partir de base de données originales. L'objectif est d'analyser les sources et l'ampleur des perturbations dans la chaîne de distribution des produits à haute valeur nutritionnelle.La première partie de la thèse analyse les perturbations sur les marchés des produits alimentaires à haute valeur non-transformés et moins transformés. Le Chapitre 2 examine les perturbations en amont et en aval de la chaîne de distribution de ces produits. Le Chapitre 3 étend l'analyse du Chapitre 2 en prenant en compte les perturbations relatives aux produits ayant subi un niveau de transformation élevé. Dans les deux chapitres, les perturbations sont analysées en termes de changement de prix et de quantité, à la fois en amont et en aval. Le changement de quantité est considéré comme une perturbation préliminaire alors que celui de prix est secondaire. Utilisant le marché de São Paulo comme sujet d'étude, le Chapitre 4 analyse les effets du prix du diesel sur les différents segments de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Un modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) qui prend en considération les effets des prix entre les différents produits est estimé pour vérifier si les chocs provenant du prix du diesel sont plus élevés en amont qu'en aval. Ce chapitre est analytiquement fondé sur la théorie de la transmission des prix.Les résultats des Chapitres 2 et 3 montrent que les désastres climatiques sont des sources dominantes de perturbation de la chaîne de distribution des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle. Leur effet est négatif pour tous les produits analysés, bien que l'ampleur de perturbation varie d'un produit à l'autre. Les résultats du modèle à correction d'erreur (MCE) du Chapitre 4 montrent que les effets du prix du diesel sur les prix des produits alimentaires à haute valeur nutritionnelle sont positifs et significatifs, alors que les effets en aval sont plus élevés que ceux en amont. Les résultats de la thèse ont des implications importantes pour le développement et la mise en œuvre des politiques d'alimentation dans les pays émergents. Le Chapitre 1, introduction générale, justifie l'étude des différences entre l'ampleur de perturbation en amont et celle en aval, et situe la thèse dans les littératures existantes. Une conclusion générale est proposée en Chapitre 5 avec des propositions pour de futurs travaux de recherche.

International audience ; Dans cet article nous abordons la problématique de pilotage de flux dans une chaîne logistique de distribution multi niveau (CLDMN) dans un environnement stochastique. Ce travail vise à la mise en œuvre des solutions de gestion de flux de livraison, de réapprovisionnement, d'allocation des stocks et de transbordement pour une optimisation combinée des coûts de stocks et transport. La méthodologie adoptée est basée sur une approche de simulation. En effet, la démarche basée sur la modélisation et la simulation pour l'évaluation et l'analyse des performances des systèmes complexes a fait ses preuves depuis des années, dans divers domaines de la recherche scientifique. Nous avons adopté le langage UML pour développer un modèle conceptuel de la chaine de distribution multi niveau, qui combine les processus de gestion de stock et de transport. Nous avons implémenté le modèle dans l'outil de simulation ARENA.

International audience ; In recent years, mass retailing has undergone an important and rapid evolution, despite a generally unstable political and economic framework. We were witnessing an evolution and remodeling of the large retailers. In fact, large-scale retailers continue to win new shares in the retail market. In addition, it knows the introduction of new forms (Hard discount) and targeted new locations (local trade). This new strategy is adopted by "Aziza", a new hard-discount local food retailer, which appeared in 2014. It belongs to the Slama group active in the agri-food sector via GIAS brands (Goldina, Nejma), Ice Cream (Nassim), Hightech (MB). The strategy of the new chain is to locate near the most populated areas including the popular neighborhoods. This brand now has more than 170 stores spread mainly in large and medium-sized cities.

Recommends a distribution control system which provides control of
information and resource allocation throughout all stages of the supply
chain, including delivery and sales order information, road traffic,
vehicles, pallets and drivers. Describes how the system provides
retrospective analysis and forward planning facilities and can be
tailored to the specific needs of individual user companies.

Demand for chicken meat has been increasing for the past five years as a result of increasing disposable income and changing consumer preference towards a healthier protein alternative. In the Philippines, Bulacan is considered as one of the key players in the broiler chicken sector one of the major suppliers of chicken meat in Central Luzon and in Metro Manila. However, the growth of the industry in Bulacan has been hindered due to management practices at the production level and poor transport facilities especially road infrastructures that has led to higher losses due to mortality, spoilages, and rejects. Thus, it is important to assess the distribution chain of broiler chicken in the area to identify the inefficiencies as well as the current problems of the sector. This study was conducted to meet the following objectives: 1) present an overview of the key players in the distribution chain of broiler chicken. 2) to map out the transformation and value addition of chicken from the supply node up to the consumption node 3) to determine the costs and compute for the profitability of the key actors 4) to identify the issues, constraints, and problems affecting the efficiency of the current distribution chain 5) recommend solutions that will help address the identified problems. Snowball sampling was used in identifying the key players in the distribution chain due to the lack of an updated list from the government office. Primary data were obtained through personal interviews with the key respondents using a survey questionnaire. A total of four backyards growers, seven independent commercial growers, one contract grower, and one commercial scale dressing plant, one small scale dressing plant, three wholesalers-retailers, and one retailer were interviewed. Descriptive analysis was used to present the results of the interview with the aid of figures, charts, and tables. Financial and information flow analysis was also conducted to track the movement of the product and the significant changes that happened to the broiler chicken as it moved along the distribution chain. Value chain analysis was also used to trace the value-adding activities performed as well as the costs incurred by each key player. Upon analyzing the data collected, four marketing chains were found to exist in the broiler chicken industry in Bulacan. The first chain is being practiced by the broiler integrators in the area. The chain starts with the contract growers who then pass the live broiler to the truckers to be delivered to the dressing plants for processing. The dressed chickens are then picked up by another trucker who delivers these to the supermarket and wet markets. Meanwhile, the other three marketing chains identified were the most common chains practiced in the wet market. The three chains included the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer who then sold the dressed chicken to the end-consumers. In the second chain, the broiler chicken passed through the grower, trader, and wholesaler-retailer before it reach the end- consumers. As for the last one, the chain consisted of the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer. As for the financial flow, it was observed that the growers profit could range from Php 0 to 16.6 per kilo. Traders imposed a markup of Php 4 to 5 per kilo while the wholesaler-retailers were able to set the highest markup of Php49.71 to 51.61 per kilo. In the case of the retailers, they were able to charge a markup of Php 5 to 10 per kilo. With regards to the information flow, the market supply and prevailing prices were disseminated across key players through broiler associations and cooperatives. Occasional price interventions were made by DA and DTI to protect the grower and consumer. Based on the evaluation of the distribution chain. The efficiency was on the growers. The major causes of high mortality were changing temperatures and pest and diseases. Other problems which contributed to the lower profitability among the growers included: 1) unstable prices, 2) high cost and low quality input, and 3) poor management practices. Truckers on the other hand, aside from poor road quality and traffic congestion, experienced a higher mortality rate of broilers because of poor handling. As for the commercial dressing plants, the unnecessary cost due to delays on arrival. As for the wholesalers and retailers, the usual problems were miscommunication of orders and high cost of stall rent and labor. Based on the problems that have been identified among the key players the study recommended the improvement of management practices and implemented preventive measures to avoid unnecessary losses and mortality across the chain. The sharing of market information is also suggested to facilitate demand forecasting and price stabilization. Possible government interventions such as the improvement of farm-to market roads, assistance to backyard growers, and establishment of law protecting local producers, and continuous research and development related to the gene of pool of broilers. Lastly, possible investment opportunities were identified such as engaging in the logistic portion of the chain or investing in cold storage facilities and use of packaging materials in the wet market distribution.

Demand for chicken meat has been increasing for the past five years as a result of increasing disposable income and changing consumer preference towards a healthier protein alternative. In the Philippines, Bulacan is considered as one of the key players in the broiler chicken sector one of the major suppliers of chicken meat in Central Luzon and in Metro Manila. However, the growth of the industry in Bulacan has been hindered due to management practices at the production level and poor transport facilities especially road infrastructures that has led to higher losses due to mortality, spoilages, and rejects. Thus, it is important to assess the distribution chain of broiler chicken in the area to identify the inefficiencies as well as the current problems of the sector. This study was conducted to meet the following objectives: 1) present an overview of the key players in the distribution chain of broiler chicken. 2) to map out the transformation and value addition of chicken from the supply node up to the consumption node 3) to determine the costs and compute for the profitability of the key actors 4) to identify the issues, constraints, and problems affecting the efficiency of the current distribution chain 5) recommend solutions that will help address the identified problems. Snowball sampling was used in identifying the key players in the distribution chain due to the lack of an updated list from the government office. Primary data were obtained through personal interviews with the key respondents using a survey questionnaire. A total of four backyards growers, seven independent commercial growers, one contract grower, and one commercial scale dressing plant, one small scale dressing plant, three wholesalers-retailers, and one retailer were interviewed. Descriptive analysis was used to present the results of the interview with the aid of figures, charts, and tables. Financial and information flow analysis was also conducted to track the movement of the product and the significant changes that happened to the broiler chicken as it moved along the distribution chain. Value chain analysis was also used to trace the value-adding activities performed as well as the costs incurred by each key player. Upon analyzing the data collected, four marketing chains were found to exist in the broiler chicken industry in Bulacan. The first chain is being practiced by the broiler integrators in the area. The chain starts with the contract growers who then pass the live broiler to the truckers to be delivered to the dressing plants for processing. The dressed chickens are then picked up by another trucker who delivers these to the supermarket and wet markets. Meanwhile, the other three marketing chains identified were the most common chains practiced in the wet market. The three chains included the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer who then sold the dressed chicken to the end-consumers. In the second chain, the broiler chicken passed through the grower, trader, and wholesaler-retailer before it reach the end- consumers. As for the last one, the chain consisted of the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer. As for the financial flow, it was observed that the growers profit could range from Php 0 to 16.6 per kilo. Traders imposed a markup of Php 4 to 5 per kilo while the wholesaler-retailers were able to set the highest markup of Php49.71 to 51.61 per kilo. In the case of the retailers, they were able to charge a markup of Php 5 to 10 per kilo. With regards to the information flow, the market supply and prevailing prices were disseminated across key players through broiler associations and cooperatives. Occasional price interventions were made by DA and DTI to protect the grower and consumer. Based on the evaluation of the distribution chain. The efficiency was on the growers. The major causes of high mortality were changing temperatures and pest and diseases. Other problems which contributed to the lower profitability among the growers included: 1) unstable prices, 2) high cost and low quality input, and 3) poor management practices. Truckers on the other hand, aside from poor road quality and traffic congestion, experienced a higher mortality rate of broilers because of poor handling. As for the commercial dressing plants, the unnecessary cost due to delays on arrival. As for the wholesalers and retailers, the usual problems were miscommunication of orders and high cost of stall rent and labor. Based on the problems that have been identified among the key players the study recommended the improvement of management practices and implemented preventive measures to avoid unnecessary losses and mortality across the chain. The sharing of market information is also suggested to facilitate demand forecasting and price stabilization. Possible government interventions such as the improvement of farm-to market roads, assistance to backyard growers, and establishment of law protecting local producers, and continuous research and development related to the gene of pool of broilers. Lastly, possible investment opportunities were identified such as engaging in the logistic portion of the chain or investing in cold storage facilities and use of packaging materials in the wet market distribution.

Demand for chicken meat has been increasing for the past five years as a result of increasing disposable income and changing consumer preference towards a healthier protein alternative. In the Philippines, Bulacan is considered as one of the key players in the broiler chicken sector one of the major suppliers of chicken meat in Central Luzon and in Metro Manila. However, the growth of the industry in Bulacan has been hindered due to management practices at the production level and poor transport facilities especially road infrastructures that has led to higher losses due to mortality, spoilages, and rejects. Thus, it is important to assess the distribution chain of broiler chicken in the area to identify the inefficiencies as well as the current problems of the sector. This study was conducted to meet the following objectives: 1) present an overview of the key players in the distribution chain of broiler chicken. 2) to map out the transformation and value addition of chicken from the supply node up to the consumption node 3) to determine the costs and compute for the profitability of the key actors 4) to identify the issues, constraints, and problems affecting the efficiency of the current distribution chain 5) recommend solutions that will help address the identified problems. Snowball sampling was used in identifying the key players in the distribution chain due to the lack of an updated list from the government office. Primary data were obtained through personal interviews with the key respondents using a survey questionnaire. A total of four backyards growers, seven independent commercial growers, one contract grower, and one commercial scale dressing plant, one small scale dressing plant, three wholesalers-retailers, and one retailer were interviewed. Descriptive analysis was used to present the results of the interview with the aid of figures, charts, and tables. Financial and information flow analysis was also conducted to track the movement of the product and the significant changes that happened to the broiler chicken as it moved along the distribution chain. Value chain analysis was also used to trace the value-adding activities performed as well as the costs incurred by each key player. Upon analyzing the data collected, four marketing chains were found to exist in the broiler chicken industry in Bulacan. The first chain is being practiced by the broiler integrators in the area. The chain starts with the contract growers who then pass the live broiler to the truckers to be delivered to the dressing plants for processing. The dressed chickens are then picked up by another trucker who delivers these to the supermarket and wet markets. Meanwhile, the other three marketing chains identified were the most common chains practiced in the wet market. The three chains included the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer who then sold the dressed chicken to the end-consumers. In the second chain, the broiler chicken passed through the grower, trader, and wholesaler-retailer before it reach the end- consumers. As for the last one, the chain consisted of the grower, trader, wholesaler-retailer, and retailer. As for the financial flow, it was observed that the growers profit could range from Php 0 to 16.6 per kilo. Traders imposed a markup of Php 4 to 5 per kilo while the wholesaler-retailers were able to set the highest markup of Php49.71 to 51.61 per kilo. In the case of the retailers, they were able to charge a markup of Php 5 to 10 per kilo. With regards to the information flow, the market supply and prevailing prices were disseminated across key players through broiler associations and cooperatives. Occasional price interventions were made by DA and DTI to protect the grower and consumer. Based on the evaluation of the distribution chain. The efficiency was on the growers. The major causes of high mortality were changing temperatures and pest and diseases. Other problems which contributed to the lower profitability among the growers included: 1) unstable prices, 2) high cost and low quality input, and 3) poor management practices. Truckers on the other hand, aside from poor road quality and traffic congestion, experienced a higher mortality rate of broilers because of poor handling. As for the commercial dressing plants, the unnecessary cost due to delays on arrival. As for the wholesalers and retailers, the usual problems were miscommunication of orders and high cost of stall rent and labor. Based on the problems that have been identified among the key players the study recommended the improvement of management practices and implemented preventive measures to avoid unnecessary losses and mortality across the chain. The sharing of market information is also suggested to facilitate demand forecasting and price stabilization. Possible government interventions such as the improvement of farm-to market roads, assistance to backyard growers, and establishment of law protecting local producers, and continuous research and development related to the gene of pool of broilers. Lastly, possible investment opportunities were identified such as engaging in the logistic portion of the chain or investing in cold storage facilities and use of packaging materials in the wet market distribution.

PurposeTo develop an innovative methodology to apply lean value chain improvement techniques to a complete supply chain for a food product from farm to consumer.Design/methodology/approachAction research based on a UK case study involving farmers, a food processor and a major retailer.FindingsValue stream analysis (VCA) highlights significant opportunities to improve supply chain performance, profitability and relationships.Research limitations/implicationsLean/VCA methodologies can be readily applied to the retail and processor elements of food chains. However, further research is required to apply the concepts to farm operations.Practical implicationsSubsequent to this research, VCA techniques have been increasingly adopted in UK agri‐food sectors including meat, dairy, cereals and horticulture.Originality/valueApplication of lean concepts and VCA in the agri‐food sector. Development of a multi‐echelon supply chain improvement methodology.

Expansion into new markets creates new opportunities and dynamics which could enhance a company's growth prospects. It thus calls for scalable supply chain distribution systems in competitive marketplaces. The retail supply chain requires sustainable distribution systems to enhance cost efficiency. This study examined the influence of centralised, decentralised, or hybrid distribution systems on agile service delivery, productive human capacity and the supply chain process and technology. First, the study aimed to establish whether a centralised or decentralised supply chain distribution system supports expansion to the African marketplace. Secondly, this study assessed the challenges of inventory positioning and availability on the existing outbound and inbound product flow systems across the African continent. Thirdly, the study examined the interrelated strategic distribution centre performance level to develop the supply chain distribution value proposition model. A descriptive research design was employed using univariate and multivariate methods and data were gathered from 100 staff in an apparel company. The study found that a sound distribution centre requires efficient supply chain systems and a strong workforce. This calls for training and development of employees to improve the organisation's productivity and efficiency. The managerial implications include the need to ensure that distribution centres support sustainable product availability.