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During the last decades titanium alloys were found to be valuable engineering materials for many different applications. Formerly used in critical applications like aerospace, aeronautic and military equipment, where the factor cost is not relevant, titanium alloys are finding now new and different markets. However, the development of such new markets will depend on an effective cost reduction of titanium parts, in order to achieve a selling cost suitable with its application in consumer goods. A possible solution to decrease production costs might be the use of traditional casting techniques to produce near net shape functional parts. During the last years, the authors have developed extensive research work on this field, and a new technique both for melting and moulding, using ceramic multi-layered crucibles and investment casting shells was developed. This paper presents some of the results obtained during that research work: Ti-48Al alloy were melted and cooled inside CaO, MgO and Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 crucibles with inside layer of Y2O3. The chemical composition, hardness and microstructure at the metal-crucible interface, studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry, SEM/EDS and XRS are presented. On a second step, the same alloy was melted on the same crucibles, and poured into graphite moulds, and the crucibles wall was characterized by SEM/EDS and XRS. ...

Front Matter -- Ceramics for Waste or Nuclear Applications. Uranium Valences in Perovskite, CaTiO / E R Vance, M L Carter, Z Zhang, K S Finnie, S J Thomson, B D Begg -- Iron-Substituted Barium Hollandite Ceramics for Cesium Immobilization / F Bart, G Leturcq, H Rabiller -- Hollandite-Rich Titanate Ceramics Prepared by Melting in Air / ML Carter, ER Vance, H Li -- Hyperfine Interaction Study of Short Range Order in Zircon / H Jaeger, K Pletzke, J M Hanchar -- Scale-Up of Lithium Aluminate Pellet Manufacturing with a Flowable Powder / G Hollenberg, L Bagaassen, R Kurosky, D Tonn, W Carty -- Melter Processing and Process Monitoring. Laboratory Measurements of Glass Melting Rate / Dennis F Bickford -- Analysis of Feed Melting Procesess / J Matỳ₍, P Hrma, D-S Kim -- Electron Equivalents Redox Model for High Level Waste Vitrification / CM Jantzen, DC Koopman, CC Herman, JB Pickett, JR Zamecnik -- Sulfate Retention During Waste Glass Melting / P Hrma, J D Vienna, W C Buchmiller, J S Ricklefs -- The Characterization and Dissolution of High Level Waste Calcine in Alkali Borosilicate Glass / S Morgan, PB Rose, RJ Hand, NC Hyatt, WE Lee, C R Scales -- Summary of Results from 786-A Minimelter Run with Macrobatch 3 (Sludge Batch 2) Baseline Feed Using Frit 320 / Michael E Smith, Donald H Miller -- Numerical Models of Waste Glass Melters Part I ₆ Lumped Parameter Analyses of DWPF / Hector N Guerrero, Dennis F Bickford -- Numerical Models of Waste Glass Melters Part II -- Computational Modeling of DWPF / Hector N Guerrero, Dennis F Bickford, H Naseri-Neshat -- Tailored Electrical Driving as a Means of Controlling Heat Distribution and Convection Patterns in Joule-Heated Waste Glass Melters / JA Fort, DL Lessor -- Effects of Poly (Acrylic Acid) on the Rheological Properties of Aqueous Melter Feed Slurries for Nuclear Waste Vitrification / Hong Zhao, Isabelle S Muller, Ian L Pegg -- Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Monitoring of Refractory Walls / B Varghese, R Zoughi, C DeConink, M Velez, R Moore -- Combustion Control Experimentations at a Pilot Scale Glass Furnace / S Keyvan, R A Rossow, M Velez, W L Headrick, R E Moore, C Romero -- Waste Vitrification Programs. Completion of the Vitrification Campaign at the West Valley Demonstration Project / R A Palmer, H M Houston, A J Misercola -- Review of the French Vitrification Program / R Do Quang, P Mougnard, C Ladirat, A Prod'homme -- Examination of DWPF Melter Materials After 8 Years of Service / Daniel C Iverson, Kenneth J Imrich, Dennis F Bickford, James T Gee, Charles F Jenkins, Frank M Heckendorn -- Testing to Demonstrate Regulatory Compliance of Glass Waste forms for Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes at the Hanford Site / David B Blumenkranz, PE, David J Swanberg, PE, Sam Kelly, Chris A Musick -- Cold Crucible Induction-Heated Melter Test Results with Surrogate Doe High-Level Wastes / CC Herman, DF Bickford, DK Peeler, A Aloy, D Gombert, J Richardson, R Goles, JD Vienna, S Stefanovsky -- Crucible-Scale Vitrification Studies with Hanford Tank AZ-102 High Sulfate-Containing Low Activity Waste / CL Crawford, RF Schumacher, DM Ferrara, NE Bibler -- Glass Formulation and Property Models. Preliminary Glass Development and Testing for Incontainer Vitrification of Hanford Low-Activity Waste / JD Vienna, D-S Kim, MJ Schweiger, P Hrma, J Matỳ₍, JV Crum, DE Smith -- Evaluation of Melt Rate Through Higher Waste Loading / Troy H Lorier, Psaras L McGrier -- Spinel Crystallization in HLW Glass Melts: Cation Exchange Systematics and the Role of RhO in Spinel Formation / Sezhian Annamalai, Hao Gan, Malabika Chaudhuri, Wing K Kot, Ian L Pegg -- Composition Effects on the Vapor Hydration of Waste Glasses / Andrew C Buechele, Frank Lofaj, Isabelle S Muller, Cavin TF Mooers, Ian L Pegg -- Glass Composition-TCLP Response Model for Waste Glasses / Dong-Sang Kim, John D Vienna -- Alternate Waste Forms and Processes. Iron Phosphate Glass for Immobilization of Hanford Law / CW Kim, D Zhu, DE Day, D-S Kim, JD Vienna, DK Peeler, TE Day, T Neidt -- Characterization and Performance of Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) Product as a Final Waste form / CM Jantzen -- Microstructure of Emulsion-Based Polymeric Waste forms for Encapsulating Low-Level, Radioactive and Toxic Metal Wastes / Rachel Evans, Anh Quach, Guanguang (Gordon) Xia, Brian JJ Zelinski, Wendell P Ela, Dunbar P Birnie III, A Eduardo S̀ez, Harry D Smith, Gary L Smith -- Leach Resistance of Encapsulated Salts in Polymeric Waste Forms Fabricated Using an Aqueous-Based Route / Anh Quach, Gordon Xia, Rachel Evans, A Eduardo S̀ez, Brian J Zelinski, Harry Smith, Gary Smith, Dunbar P Birnie III, Wendell P Ela -- Thermal Processing Optimization for Simulated Hanford Waste Glass (AZ 101) / A Giordana, WG Ramsey, TF Meaker, B Kauffman, M McCarthy, K Guilbeau, JD Smith, FS Miller, T Sanders, EW Bohannan, J Powell, M Reich, J Jordan, L Ventre, RE Barletta, AA Ramsey, G Maise, B Manowitz, M Steinberg, F Salzano -- Aging Behavior of a Sodalite Based Ceramic Waste form / Jan-Fong Jue, Steven M Frank, Thomas P O'Holleran, Tanya L Barber, Stephen G Johnson, K Michael Goff, Wharton Sinkler -- Process for Selective Removal and Concentration of Actinides and Heavy Metals from Water / BP Kiran, Allen W Apblett -- Keyword and Author Index --

Front Matter -- Nuclear and Environmental Technology Applications in the Ceramic Industry. Indoor Air Pollution Control: Formaldehyde Adsorption by Zeolite Rich Materials / Maria del Carmen Cazorla A, Michael Grutzeck -- Molybdenum-Oxide Based Sorbants for Toxic Metals / Mohammed Chehbouni, Allen W Apblett -- Recovery of Palladium VIA a Vitrification Process / DK Peeler, AD Cozzi, RF Schumacher, IA Reamer, RJ Workman -- Legal and Environmental Health and Safety Issues Facing Artists and Ceramic Engineers / Julia Taylor -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Ceramic Forms. Computational and Experimental Studies of the Radiation Response of GdTiO Pyrochlore / R Devanathan, W J Weber -- Hollandite-Rich Ceramics for the Immobilisation of Cs / ML Carter -- General Recipe and Properties of a Four Inch Hydroceramic Waste Form / Yun Bao, Michael W Grutzeck -- Feasibility of Immobilizing Tank Wastes in Geopolymers / Eric R Vance, Dan S Perera, Zaynab Aly -- Processing and Characterisation of Fluorite-Related Ceramic Wasteforms for Immobilisation of Actinides / M C Stennett, N C Hyatt, W E Lee, E R Maddrell -- Immobilization of Cs and Sr in Geopolymers with Si/Al Molar Ratio of~2 / Dan S Perera, Eric R Vance, Zaynab Aly, Joel Davis, Catherine L Nicholson -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Steam Reforming. Steam Reforming Technology for Denitration and Immobilization of Doe Tank Wastes / Michael Cowen, J Bradley Mason, Kevin Ryan, Duane Schmoker -- Feed Reactivity Study for Fluidized Bed Steam Reformer (FBSR) Processing / Troy Lorier, Carol Jantzen, James Marra, John Pareizs -- Durability Testing of Fluidized Bed Steam Reforming (FBSR) Products / Carol M Jantzen, John M Pareizs, Troy H Lorier, James C Marra -- Panel Discussion on Nuclear Waste Form Durability Testing and Disposal Status. The Product Consistency Test (ASTM C1285) for Waste Form Durability Testing / Carol M Jantzen, Ned E Bibler -- Leaching Properties for Qualification of Non-Vitreous Waste Forms / Eric R Vance -- Nuclear Waste Forms and Fuels Processing and Technology -- Glass Forms. Induction Heated Cold Crucible Melter Testing with Troublesome High Level Waste Components / Alexander P Kobelev, Sergey V Stefanovsky, Oleg A Knyazev, Tatiana N Lashchenova, James C Marra, E William Holtzscheiter, Connie C Herman -- DWPF Melter Glass Pump Implementation and Design Improvement / Michael E Smith, Allan B Barnes, Dennis F Bickford, Daniel C Iverson -- Modeling Melt Rate for DWPF: A Preliminary Assessment / AS Choi, DK Peeler, TB Edwards -- Advances in Nuclear Waste Form Testing and Characterization Methods. Characterization of Alteration Phases on HLW Glasses After 15 Years of PCT Leaching / Isabelle S Muller, Solange Ribet, Ian L Pegg, Sťphane Gin, Pierre Frugier -- Glass Durability Correlations Interpreted Through the Electronegativity and Basicity of Network Formers / Jacob Reynolds -- Revisiting the SO Limit for the Defense Waste Processing Facility / DK Peeler, CC Herman, TB Edwards, ME Smith, DR Best -- Effects of Aging and Temperature on the Rheological Properties of Simulated Melter Feed Slurries for Nuclear Waste Vitrification / Hong Zhao, Isabelle S Muller, Ian L Pegg -- Iron Covalency Assumptions and Redox Equilibrium in Vitrification / Jacob Reynolds -- Preliminary Control Strategy for Hanford Low-Activity Waste Glass Formulation / JD Vienna, GF Piepel, CA Musick, IS Muller, IL Pegg -- Author Index --

Front Matter -- Recycling of Ceramic Byproducts. Refractory Recycling -- Concept to Reality / James P Bennett, Kyei-Sing Kwong -- Recycling of Aluminum Dross to Sialon-Based Ceramics by Nitriding Combustion / Shingo Kanehira, Yoshinari Miyamoto, K Hirota, O Yamaguchi -- Recycling of the Waste Waters Into Porcelainized Stoneware Ceramic Tiles: Effect on the Rheological, Thermal and Aesthetical Properties / F Andreola, L Barbieri, I Lancellotti, T Manfredini -- Mineral Processing Techniques for Recycling Investment-Casting Shell / Cheryl L Dahlin, David N Nilsen, David C Dahlin, Alton H Hunt, W Keith Collins -- Environmental Treatment Technology and Policy. Exposure to Crystalline Silica in the Italian Ceramic Tile Industry: Present State and Future Prospects / Giorgio Timellini, Carlo Palmonari -- Managing Potential Ceramic Fiber Health Concerns Through Technology and Product Stewardship / BK Zoitos, JE Cason -- Characterization of Defense Nuclear Waste Using Hazardous Waste Guidance. Status of the Evolving Process at Hanford. / Megan Lerchen, David Blumenkranz, Lori Huffman, Gertrude K Patello, Karyn Wiemers, Jerry Yokel -- The European Ceramic Tile Industry and the New Approach to Environmental Protection / Carlo Palmonari, Giorgio Timellini -- Vitrification and Process Technologies. West Valley Demonstration Project: Vitrification Campaign Summary / R A Palmer, S M Barnes -- Waste Glass Processing Requirements of the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant / George Mellinger, Langdon Holton, Neil Brown -- Influence of Glass Property Restrictions on Hanford HLW Glass Volume / Dong-Sang Kim, John D Vienna -- Vitrification and Testing of Hanford Pretreated HLW Sludge Mixed with Flowsheet Quantities of Secondary Wastes / Gary L Smith, Harry D Smith, Michael J Schweiger, Rick J Bates -- Vitrification and Testing of Hanford Pretreated Low Activity Waste / Gary L Smith, Harry D Smith, Michael J Schweiger, Gregory F Piepel -- Corrosion of Ni-Cr Alloys in Molten Salts and Hanford Law Waste Glass / Igor Vidensky, Hao Gan, Ian L Pegg -- Technology Roadmapping Focusses Vitrification at the INEEL / John McCray, Chris Musick, Arlin Olson, Keith Perry -- Glass Formulation for Direct Vitrification of Ineel Calcine HLW / J V Crum, J D Vienna, D K Peeler, I A Reamer -- A Snapshot of Melt Rate Testing and Reductant Selection for the INEEL Sodium-Bearing Waste Vitrification Program / John A McCray, Daniel L Griffith -- The Cold Crucible Melter: High-Performance Waste Vitrification / Antoine Jouan, Roger Boen, Jacques Lacombe, Thierry Flament, Guillaume Mehlman, Richard Do Quang -- Millimeter-Wave Monitoring of Nuclear Waste Glass Melts -- An Overview / P P Woskov, J S Machuzak, P Thomas, S K Sundaram, William E Daniel -- Cold-Cap Monitoring Using Millimeter-Wave Technology / S K Sundaram, William E Daniel, P P Woskov, J S Machuzak -- Furnace System Development for the Plutonium Immobilizanon Program / AD Cozzi, K C Neikirk, D T Herman, JC Marra, T Pruett, J Harden -- Plutonium Immobilization Project Phase 2 Cold Pour Test (U) / Mike E Smith, E Lee Hamilton -- Real-Time Determination of the Redox State of Glasses -- Direct Potentiometry vs Chemical Analysis / Darryl D Siemer, John A McCray -- Crystallization in Nuclear Waste Forms. Crystallization in High-Level Waste Glasses / Pavel Hrma -- Effect of Crystallization on High-Level Waste Glass Corrosion / BJ Riley, P Hrma, J Rosario, JD Vienna -- The Effect of Glass Composition on Crystallinity and Durability for INEEL Run 78 Calcine Waste Simulant / J V Crum, J D Vienna, D K Peeler, I A Reamer, D J Pittman -- Chemical Durability and Characterization. Long-Term Corrosion Tests with Hanford Glasses / W L Ebert, M A Lewis, N L Dietz -- Dissolution Kinetics of High-Level Waste Glasses and Performance of Glass in a Repository Environment / Y-M Pan, V Jain, O Pensado -- Analysis of Layer Structures Formed During Vapor Hydration Testing of High- Sodium Waste Glasses / Andrew C Buechele, Frantisek Lofaj, Cavin Mooers, Ian L Pegg -- Kinetics of Alteration in Vapor Phase Hydration Tests on High Sodium Waste Glass / Xiaodong Lu, Fernando Perez-Cardenas, Hao Gan, Andrew C Buechele, Ian L Pegg -- TCLP Leaching Prediction from the ₃THERMO₉₄ Model for Borosilicate Glasses / J B Pickett, C M Jantzen -- Effect of Glass Composition on the Leaching Behavior of HLW Glasses Under TCLP Conditions / Hao Gan, Ian L Pegg -- Chemical and Physical Characterization of the First West Valley Demonstration Project High-Level Waste Feed Batch / Ronald A Palmer, Harry Smith, Gary Smith, Monty Smith, Renee Russell, Gert Patello -- Alternative and Innovative Waste Forms. Aqueous Based Polymeric Materials for Waste Form Applications / Liang Liang, Harry Smith, Renee Russell, Gary Smith, Brian JJ Zelinski -- Performance of Hydroceramic Concretes on Radwaste Leach Tests / Darryl D Siemer -- Cerium as a Surrogate in the Plutonium Immobilized Form / James C Marra, Alex D Cozzi, R A Pierce, John M Pareizs, Arthur R Jurgensen, David M Missimer -- Release of Uranium and Plutonium from the EBR-II Ceramic Waste Form / Lester R Morss, William L Ebert -- Monitoring Consistency of the Ceramic Waste Form / M A Lewis, W L Ebert -- Impurity Effects in Titanate Ceramics for Advanced Purex Reprocessing / Ewan R Maddrell -- An Investigation of Sintering Distortion in Full-Size Pyrochlore Rich Titanate Wasteform Pellets Due to Rapid Heating to 1350ʻC in Air / P A Walls, J Ferenczy, S Moricca, P Bendeich, T Eddowes -- Keyword and Author Index --

We would like to thank Isabel Larrea and the Gerencia de Urbanismo del Ayuntamiento de Cordoba for providing the samples analysed from the Cordoba potters' quarter. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skodowska-Curie scheme (grant agreement IGATO no. 702019 to ES), an ERC Consolidator Grant (grant agreement no. 647315 to Nadine Schibille), and from MINECO (Spain) (grant no. MAT2016-77753-R to Trinitat Pradell). The funding organization had no influence on the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; It has long been assumed that lead glazing technology preceded glassmaking in the Western world and that the technological transfer was from glazes to glass. Here, we present new evidence for the reverse, the indigenous innovation of glassmaking and its transfer to glazes in early Islamic al-Andalus (Spain). Compositional analyses show that Islamic lead glazes from Córdoba are intimately related to a distinct type of high-lead glass, suggesting a connection between the two technologies. The archaeological remains from a pottery workshop indicate that the glazing process initially involved the production of a lead glass and is not linked to earlier Roman or other contemporary glazing technologies. The data also demonstrate that the potters not only used the same materials and techniques but borrowed stylistic and decorative models from glassmaking. ; European Commission 702019 European Research Council (ERC) 647315 ; Spanish Government MAT2016-77753-R

Metallurgical debris is by far the most informative source material for studying the metal craftsmanship of the past. In comparison to the finished objects, which has attracted far more attention in archaeological research, debris material are more or less confined to the original workshop sites and hence provide direct evidence as to production volume and quality, site organization, artisanal skill and operational sequences within the various crafts.On many sites throughout the "Metal Ages" evidence of both iron smithing and the use of non-ferrous metals can be found. Traditionally, a clear division between these types of crafts has been enforced in site interpretation, separating sites into ferrous versus non-ferrous workshop sites chronologically or spatially. However, the presence of, for instance, smithing slag cakes with droplets of Cu-alloy within their matrix as well as casting debris of both metals and ceramic materials in forges and smithing hearths challenges this strict division.The thesis project "From Crucible and onto Anvil" started in 2015 and focuses on sites housing remains of multimetal craftsmanship dating primarily from 500-1000 AD. Within the project a comprehensive survey of sites will be used to evaluate the presence of multimetal craftsmanship in the landscape based first and foremost on the metallurgical debris documented on or collected from them. Sites in selected target areas will be subject to intra-site analysis of their metallurgical remains focusing on workshop organisation, the array of metalworking techniques utilized and the chronological variances of multimetal craftsmanship.A primary aim in the project is to elucidate the conceptual aspects of complex metalworking. The term multimetality is used to analytically frame all the societal and cosmological aspects of metal craftsmanship. Through this inclusive perspective both the metal craftsmanship and the metalworkers behind it are positioned within the overall socioeconomic framework. The metalworkers, their skills and competences as well as the products of their labour are viewed as dynamic actors in the landscape and on the arenas of political economy of the Late Iron Age.This paper aims to present a few examples of the surveyed multimetal sites, discuss workshop reconstruction through metallurgical debris and present preliminary interpretations of the sites internal organisation and placement within the cultural landscape. Many of the sites surveyed so far are interpreted as open air workshops with a relatively long continuity ranging several generations of metalworkers. How is this to be interpreted? Where the multimetal craftsmanship undertaken of temporary character? And if so, why did the metalworkers continue to use the same workshop site for generations?The concept of multimetality and the possibilities to capture this elusive, yet crucial, element of multimetality and the possibilities to capture this elusive, yet crucial, element of metal craftsmanship through the study of metallurgical debris will also be discussed in the paper. The surveyed sites and the reconstruction of their internal workshop organisation will serves as examples of how multimetality was manifested on the sites and in the landscape.

W roku 1882 pojawia się w literaturze archeologicznej pierwsza wzmianka na temat grodziska w Nowińcu (Jentsch 1882a, s. 122; 1882b, s. 355). Niestety, niemalże cały następny wiek nie przyniósł nowych informacji. Stanowisko to dopiero jest wymieniane w opracowaniu Zofii Kurnatowskiej i Aliny Łosińskiej na temat terenów osadniczych u schyłku starożytności i we wczesnym średniowieczu (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, s. 111). Autorki umieszczają stanowisko na pograniczu terytoriów plemiennych Nice i Zara (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, s. 89). Nieco więcej uwag grodzisku w Nowińcu poświęca Grzegorz Domański w studium na temat osadnictwa wczesnośredniowiecznego nad dolną Nysą Łużycką, w którym grodzisko przypisuje plemieniu Zara (Domański 1983, ryc. 8). Inną koncepcję przynależności plemiennej grodu w Nowińcu miał Adam Wędzki, który twierdził, że należało ono do plemienia Nice (Wędzki 1970, s. 7-9). Jeszcze inaczej przynależność obszaru środkowej Lubszy widzieli Jerzy Lodowski i Jerzy Szydłowski (1991, ryc. 1), którzy twierdzli, że obszar ten był pustką osadniczą pomiędzy plemionami Słupian i Zara. Problem ten trudno rozwiązać bez szerszego rozpoznania zaplecza osadniczego najważniejszych grodów. Niestety, stan badań nad osadnictwem wczesnośredniowiecznym terytorium plemiennego Zara jest bardzo słaby, na co zwracały już uwagę Zofia Kurnatowska i Alina Łosińska (1970, s. 89). Dopiero w ostatnich latach dokonano niewielkiego postępu w tym zakresie. W latach 80. i na początku lat 90. zlokalizowano drugi ośrodek plemienny Zara, a mianowicie grodzisko w Żarach (Nowiński 2005). Dzięki pracom archeologicznym podjętym w latach 1986 i 1987 oraz 2004 na "Winnym Wzgórzu" ustalono dokładną lokalizację grodziska, chociaż nie ustalono precyzyjnego przebiegu i chronologii umocnień. W trakcie pierwszych dwóch sezonów badań (w części południowej grodziska) odsłonięto pozostałości wału zbudowanego ze skrzyń drewnianych wypełnionych ziemią, gliną i kamieniami. Najnowsze prace przeprowadzone po przeciwnej stronie przyniosły także odkrycie wału wzmocnionego od strony wewnętrznej licem kamiennym, a od zewnętrznej tłustą gliną (Nowiński 2005, s. 10, 11). Niewykluczone, że w 2008 r. natrafiono na pozostałości osady przygrodowej (Gruszka, Wolanin 2008). W latach 2002 i 2003 przeprowadzono badania ratunkowe na domniemanym grodzisku w Nowińcu (Dziedzic, Gruszka 2004), położonym przy północnej granicy plemienia Zara. Stanowisko było badane przez Stowarzyszenie Naukowe Archeologów Polskich Oddział Lubuski, a następnie przez Muzeum Archeologiczne Środkowego Nadodrza w Świdnicy k. Zielonej Góry. Oba sezony badawcze finansowane były ze środków Lubuskiego Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków w Zielonej Górze. Celem badań było zabezpieczenie stanowiska przed dewastacją spowodowaną wybieraniem piachu. Kierownikiem prowadzonych wówczas badań był mgr Piotr Dziedzic, a uczestnikami byli mgr mgr Sławomir Kałagate, Bartłomiej Gruszka i Paweł Stachowiak. W trakcie badań rozpoznano obszar 4 arów, najbardziej narażonych na zniszczenie, na którym odkryto 29 obiektów i ponad 6000 fragmentów naczyń, niemalże 1500 kości zwierzęcych oraz liczny i bogaty zespół innych zabytków ruchomych, w tym elementy uzbrojenia i rzędu końskiego (ostroga, grot strzały czy pobocznicę wędzidła). Rzadko spotykanym znaleziskiem jest odkrycie pracowni brązowniczej wraz z grupą zabytków służących do obróbki i wytopu najprawdopodobniej brązu. W skład zespołu wchodziły narzędzia jubilerskie, półsurowiec brązowy, tygielek odlewniczy odważnik oraz fragment dyszy. Tego rodzaju znaleziska są dużą rzadkością, zwłaszcza na stanowiskach leżących poza głównymi szlakami handlowymi. Nieczęstym znaleziskiem jest także odkrycie kompletnej prażnicy zainstalowanej w jednym z obiektów. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych i opublikowanych w niniejszym opracowaniu badań specjalistycznych możliwa jest rekonstrukcja środowiska przyrodniczego okolic grodziska, jego zaplecza gospodarczego, podstawowych gałęzi gospodarki mieszkańców grodu oraz miejsca, jakie gród zajmował w systemie osadniczym IX–X wiecznego pogranicza śląsko-łużyckiego. Wykonanie licznych analiz naczyń pozwoliło na uzyskanie materiału porównawczego, co w przyszłości pomoże w poznaniu dróg napływu i rozprzestrzeniania się nowych idei stylistycznych i formalnych ceramiki. Interdyscyplinarne opracowanie wyników badań grodziska w Nowińcu wnosi istotną, nową wiedzę na temat okresu plemiennego tej części Łużyc. Dotychczas bowiem nie udostępniono kompleksowych wyników badań żadnego stanowiska z tej części Polski z analogicznego okresu. Opracowanie wyników badań oraz druk niniejszej publikacji został dofinansowany ze środków Ministra Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego. ; The stronghold in Nowiniec was firstly mentioned in the archeological literature in 1882 (Jentsch 1882a, s. 122; 1882b, s. 355). Unfortunately, almost whole, next century didn't bring any further information. Eventually, the site was mentioned in the work by Zofia Kurnatowska and Alina Łosińska, which was concerned of settlement area in the late antiquity and in the beginning of the Early Middle Ages in the southern part of Lubuskie Voivodship (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, p. 111). These scholars located this site in the borderland of tribal territory of tribes Nice and Zara (Hilczerówna, Urbańska-Łosińska 1970, p. 89). A bit more about stronghold in Nowiniec devoted Grzegorz Domański in his work about Early Medieval settlement at the lower Lusatian Neisse, in which he assigned this fortress to the Nice tribe (Domański 1983, fig. 8). Other idea of this stronghold tribal affiliation was given by Adam Wędzki, who thought that it belonged to the Nice tribe (Wędzki 1970, pp. 7-9). According to Jerzy Lodowski and Jerzy Szydłowski (1991, fig. 1) the territory of the middle Lubsza River was a settlement hiatus between tribes Selpoli and Zara. This riddle is very hard to solve without a proper recognition of the hinterland of main strongholds. Unfortunately, the state of research of Early Medieval settlement of the Nice tribe is very poor, what has been already pointed out by Zofia Kurnatowska and Alina Łosińska (1970, s. 89). Only in the recent years some development in this issue has been made (Nowiński 2005; Gruszka, Wolanin 2008). Stronghold in Nowiniec, site no. 2 is located in Lubuskie Voivodship, Żary Province. This site is situated in the eastern ridge of Lubsza River valley, on the right shore, in the Holocene meadow terrace, which is c. 0,5-1,5 m above river level. According to the physiography, the stronghold is located in the area of Great Poland-Silesian lowlands, in the macroregion of Milicko–Głogowskie Decrease, in the territory of one of distinguished mezoregions, videlicet Nowosolska Decrease. The nearest hinterland of stronghold in Nowiniec is recognized only on surface survey level, conducted during AZP survey. In 2002 and 2003 rescue archeological fieldworks was taken on the area of stronghold in Nowiniec (Dziedzic, Gruszka 2004). The excavation was led by Scientific Association of Polish Archeologists, Department in Lubuskie Province, and later by the Archeological Museum of the Odra River Territory in Świdnica, near Zielona Góra. Both seasons of excavations was funded by Voivodship Conservator of Monuments in Zielona Góra. Their aim was to preserve the site from devastation caused by the illegal digging of the sand. The head of the crew (Sławomir Kałagate MA, Bartłomiej Gruszka MA, Paweł Stachowiak MA) was Piotr Dziedzic MA. During the research the area of 4 are, mostly exposed to damage, was excavated. 29 archaeological features and over 6000 of ceramics fragments, almost 1500 animal bones and very rich collection of other artefacts, including weapon and horse ridding equipment, was discovered there. Thanks to the taken and published in this volume specialist examinations we were able to reconstruct natural environment of the surroundings of the stronghold. Geological-geomorphological research has shown the kind of soil the inhabitants were using and potential places of farming exploitation. Palynological examinations revealed the moment of appearing (9/10th-10th c.) and domination of plants (mainly rye, unidentified grains and accompanying weeds). The analysis of plant macro-remains completed the information about using specific plant species in the farming of past inhabitants of the fortress. On the prints visible on the walls of the large vessel used to roast (so called prażnica) some remains of linen, rye, barley as well as weed were noticed. Zooarcheological analysis have given us some answers to the questions of the structure of animal breeding as well as the meaning of hunting in the life of inhabitants of the stronghold. The cattle was the most important and dominating species, next was a pig bones and the last sheep/goat remains. Some amount of wild animals bones, including deer, boar, roe deer, moose as well as brown bear, was also noticed. Many specialist analysis which were taken for this publication, were really innovatory, and for the area of South-western Poland were carried out for the first time (petrography and chemical analysis of ceramics, thermoluminescence dating of ceramics, metallographic analysis of Early Medieval militaries and also traceological analysis flint stone artefacts from that period). Thanks to the analysis of ceramics we were able to establish the routes of influx and spreading of new tendencies in style and forms of pottery. The basic stages of production of pottery were reconstructed, including pointing out the places from where the stock was taken (clay and temper), and also establishing the main ways of building the vessels as well as temperature and atmosphere in which they were fired in kiln. Very rare find seems to be fragments of clay beaker, which appeared in the features no 3 and 7. In the feature 15 totally broken, but complete large vessel used to roast or drying (so called prażnica) was found. It could have been probably connected with a metalworking workshop (feature no 18). Establishing of its function was possible due to the find of artefacts connected with iron and non-ferrous metals fabrication (nozzle fragment, crucible, bronze raw material, jewelry tools, bowl-shaped slags) Those kind of finds are characteristic for big centers with essential economic and political meaning, e.g. Kruszwica (Hensel-Moszczyńska 1981/82, pp. 129–219), Czersk (Rauhutowa 1976), Stradów (Dąbrowska 1965), Szczecin Wzgórze Zamkowe (Szczecin, 1983, s. 121), Wiślica (Rajewski 1954, p. 10), Wrocław Ostrowów Tumski (Kaźmierczyk et all 1976, pp. 178–181) or Wolin Srebrne Wzgórze (Wojtasik 1978). The discovering of a metalworking workshop in the Nowiniec stronghold let us to put this stronghold in the place of one of the most important centre of the Zara tribe, and proves its big meaning in the 9-10th-century settlement and economic system this part of Silesian-Lusatian borderland. This assumption is also proved by other finds which are connected with presence of temporary or constant presence of economic and social elites representants, maybe some local leader with his military troops (so called drużyna). Beside some animal remains who can be assigned to the group of Animalia Superiora (including the bear paw, which was regarded in the Early Middle Ages as a dainty of elites), above mentioned sherds of ceramic bowls (intended for drinking honey or wine, considered as a luxury tableware), was also discovered. The presence of well equipped military troops is also proved by findings of militaries, including hook-like spur, arrowhead or curb bit. Far-reach trade is displayed by discovering of lead weight, but also occurrence of stone artefacts, made of a stock from the Sudetes or beyond Sudetes area. The chronology of stronghold in Nowiniec, was established according to the environmental and classical archeological analysis. Thanks to the morphological-stylistic-typological analysis of pottery, we were able to realize that there were two visible pottery mainstreams – traditional, connected still with the tribe period, and also progressive – typical for early Piast state period. The most dominating seems to be the part of the vessels which were made in the hand molding and partially coating on the potter's wheel technique. Two coned vessels of more or less marked belly break, ornamented with a plastic roller (Tornov type) as well as different kind of several, crossing rite lines motives, vertical or herringbone patterns (Menkendorf type). In the stronghold in Nowiniec the share of plastic roller vessels was almost 40% of every ornamented taxons. Almost the same data was established for the eponymic site in Tornow, where the sherds with a plastic roller (Tornow A and B type altogether) in the 1st phase of the stronghold (A phase) appeared in circa 37% of whole ceramic material, and in the phase two (B phase) circa 50% of all. In the sites of similar chronology, e.g. Zawada, site no 1 and Sulechów, site no 28, the amount of ornamented with plastic roller vessels was circa 57% and less than 17% of all decorated ceramics sherds. Almost identical percentage of vessels ornamented with a plastic roller (almost 39%) was reordered in the in settlement complex of Klenica stronghold, site no 4 (Gruszka 2010, p. 129). Basing on the numerous parallels (see Gruszka, in this volume, pp. 48–49, 52; 2010; Dymaczewska, Dymaczewski 1967, pp. 208–218) and also dendrochronological datings (Biermann 1999, pp. 97-123; Kara, Krąpiec 2000, p. 317 and next., 320; Biermann, Kieseler, Nowakowski 2008, p. 87) we were able to assume that both sets which include the pottery of Tornow-Klenica complex can be dated to the 1st half of the 9th-10th c or even to the beginning of the 11th c. (Brzostowicz 2002, p. 34). Almost half smaller (beyond 22%) is the amount of Menkendorf type vessels. It is considered that the biggest portion of these forms are in the 9th-10th c., and they're contemporary with the Tornow type, even though they're are appearing in the younger chronological phases (Łosiński 1996, p. 438). During the research we were able to discover also, some amount of wholly coated vessels, which are characteristic for early Piast pottery from the 11th c. Contribution of this kind of pottery appeared mainly in the ceiling of feature no 7 and also in occupational layer. Occurrence of wholly coated vessels was observed in highly damaged layers of Klenica, site no 4 (Gruszka 2010, p. 132) and also in Zawada, site no 1, where they are distinguishing the 2nd phase of functioning of these sites (11th c.). Chronological range based on the ceramics analysis was confirmed by dating of metal artefacts, including hook-like spur, curb bit or lead weight, discovered in the stronghold (8th-9th c.). The chronology of this site was also based on some environmental studies. When we are using them we need to have in mind large margin of error of results. This especially concerns radiocarbon dating (Walanus, Goslar 2004) as well as thermoluminescence dating. The most numerous group of samples (shreds) was given to the thermoluminescence dating. Thanks to this method we're able to establish that the chronology of analyzed vessels contains in a 100 years time period (without including the error of this method), between 849 and 960 (2nd half of the 9th–2nd half of the 10th c.). The results of thermoluminescence analysis don't exclude the possibility of dating the younger pottery records even to the 1st half of the 9th c. Charred wood relics, which was found in the feature no 17, come from the beginning of 11th c. If we include some additional thermoluminescence dating of some shreds even to 1st half of the 11th c., we must consider a possibility of break of settlement on the stronghold in Nowiniec deep into the 11th c. According to these data, we can assume, that the beginning of functioning of this fortress occurs in the 2nd half of the 9th c. The oldest pottery records, which can be dated according to parallels and thermoluminescence analysis, come exactly from this time period. The stronghold biggest development occurs in the 10th c., however its fall happened most likely in the 1st half of the 11th c. ; Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego ; Bartłomiej Gruszka