Suchergebnisse

Since the restoration of Serbian statehood in 1804, throughout the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century, the area of modern Central Serbia has been territorially fragmented into a number of local (self)government units of the third degree, which were initially called nahiyas and later districts. The only exception during the existence of the modern independent state of Serbia was made in 1834 with the formation of five larger regions composed of several districts, which were named serdarships. The paper aims to determine, above all, the territorial scope of the then established serdarships, as well as to provide an answer to the question of whether these regions could be considered protoregions of Central Serbia. Given the short duration of this administrative-territorial division, which lasted less than a year, the lack of studies that would address specific issues, which means the lack of basic data on the geographical distribution of these regions, in this study we will try to locate the space and boundaries of these five serdarships. We will also try to determine their historical foundation, as well as the potential practical use value in today's context of the process of political decentralization and statistical regionalization.

For almost 60 years has been recorded a higher crude death rate in Vojvodina in relation to central Serbia. Sounds paradoxical that the mortality of infants and young children in Vojvodina is lower, the average age of the population is lower, and that the crude death rate is higher than in central Serbia. Life expectancy was lower during the entire period in Vojvodina, especially in men. This paper will analyze mortality by age and sex in the period 1950-2008. The main subject of this research is the difference in specific rates of mortality of these two areas. Also, we explore the difference in mortality rates and the major causes of death. International review, which will separately consider mortality pattern in both regions, will place them on the map of Europe and the world. The main objective of this paper is to point out that in addition to health infrastructure and economic development, diet and lifestyle of the individual have a significant influence on mortality pattern. .

This paper describes the present state of goat production in Central Serbia, discussing the challenges and future prospects for this livestock system. Number of goats in the country is decreasing and it has been so throughout the years now. Production systems in goat sector in Serbia are predominately extensive or semi-intensive, especially in hilly-mountainous areas and goats are kept in small herds. The majority of goats raised in Central Serbia region are of French Alpine breed, which takes the most dominant place in breed structure. In addition to French Alpine breed, there are also Saanen, Balkan and Domestic white goats. Production of goats in Serbia is directed towards milk-meat, but primarily milk and there are no typical meat (fattening) breeds of goats in Serbia. In Central Serbia, herd books are kept for goats raised on this territory. Quality breeding animals are registered at Central herd book and are under productivity control. However, this is only a small portion of animals and the productivity of majority of goats is unknown. Productivity of high yielding breeds such as Alpine and Saanen goat is inconsistent and not high, especially milk production. Indigenous goat breeds are considered endangered and their breeding was almost completely abandoned. Goat sector in Central Serbia is almost completely dependent on government founding. The only sustainable prospects for preserving goat sector in Central Serbia for the future are clean organic production, reinforcement of markets for goat products and smart government founding.

Diese Dissertation untersucht den Staat bei der Arbeit. Mein ethnographischer Fokus liegt auf der Analyse lokalstaatlicher Verhältnisse in Zentralserbien, wobei ich den Lokalstaat als geerdetes, konkret-komplexes Netzwerk von Beziehungen betrachte, in welchem sich staatliche Prozesse sublokalen bis transnationalen Maßstabs kreuzen. Substanziell verbinden Alltagspraktiken auf den Feldern Infrastruktur, Wohlfahrt und Sorge die Forderungen der Bürger mit den staatlichen Verantwortlichkeiten und Budgets. Dabei steht Infrastrukturarbeit für die materiellen Versprechen des Staates, die Zukunftshoffnungen und das Vertrauen der Bürger in den Staat. Wohlfahrt und Pflege verkörpern die Dialektik von Inklusion und Exklusion, Zugehörigkeiten und Solidaritäten. Formal eröffnet mein relationaler Ansatz längs der vier Forschungsachen Einbettung, Abgrenzung, Modalitäten und strategische Selektivität eine kritische Perspektive auf staatliche Konstruktions-, Reproduktions- und Transformationsprozesse.

AbstractPractising Orthodox Christians in central Serbia live their liturgical lives within the idiom of Serbian peoplehood. This article probes the 'people' (narod) – perceived locally as an historically and geographically rooted ethno‐moral collectivity – as a core concept of belonging which is key for understanding post‐Yugoslav Orthodox life. The 'people' functions as a this‐worldly collective identity within which my interlocutors situate themselves as Orthodox persons, and through which they approach the Divine. Threats to Serb identity serve to foreground peoplehood as the supposedly prime site for Orthodox flourishing. Moving beyond state‐oriented analyses of 'religious nationalism', the article demonstrates not how 'nationalism' can be understood through 'religion', but how, to use Orthodox Serbs' own terminology, faith can be understood through the prism of peoplehood.

The role of lower‐order urban centres in national and regional development constitutes an important subject of debate. In the field of contemporary urban research, small and medium‐sized towns are gaining importance because they build a very important link between big cities and rural areas. Obviously, "small" and "medium" generally refers to the size in terms of population of the towns. However, these are highly subjective qualifications, whose concrete meaning depends on the considered national urban system. As the official statistics in Serbia does not recognise categorisation of urban settlements on small, medium or big, for the purposes of analyses presented in this Monograph we have adopted the conditional categorisation of urban settlements in Central Serbia, which corresponds to categorisation applied in some previous research on small and medium‐sized towns of the post‐World War II Serbia. Attention was paid to development of these settlements in Central Serbia in the two periods: 1948‐1981 and 1981‐2002, since they are marked by different socio‐economic aspects of urbanisation. A body of work in this Monograph treats demographic and economic changes which featured Serbian urban settlements of different categories especially in the period 1948‐1981 (primary urbanisation process) when rural‐to‐urban migrations were mostly expressed, and when small towns in particular were the first "dam" for rural emigrants flows. Although it may seam at first glance that the urban settlements' distribution in the settlement network of Central Serbia has been satisfactory, the discord between the number of inhabitants in Belgrade as the capital city and other urban settlements points to the issue of sharp division between the centre and the periphery. Small and medium‐sized towns of Central Serbia marked a noticeable population growth in the period of the primary urbanisation, but most of all they had the fastest rate of GNP growth and very high employment rates. However, starting with the economic downturn of the country in the 1990s, when a significant concentration of political and economic power happened in Belgrade, many of these settlements have gone through stagnation. It has to be stressed that as in other countries, a number of smaller and particularly medium‐sized towns of Central Serbia have strong roots in the secondary sector which has particularly suffered because of present global and national economy conditions. In such context the question is why do we take an interest in small and medium‐sized towns now or why at all? Firstly, the renewed interest in these urban settlements in Serbia as in other European countries is that, despite being neglected in the past, they are perceived to play quite different roles along the continuum from centre to periphery. With this in view, it is important to clarify the diversity of roles that small and medium sized towns have in relation to their surroundings. Many of them may seem insignificant at a European or even at a national level, whereas at regional and local level they may be of reasonably large importance, like centres in more remote, rural, mountain and peripheral areas. The role might differ regarding the geographical context of a town (being linked with a big city, or part of a functional cluster of small and medium‐sized towns, or the only urban settlement in a region); the economic performance; the function and size of the town; or other aspects, e.g. accessibility or specialisation in certain sector of activity. The knowledge of the role of small and medium‐sized towns needs to be explored to a much larger degree in order to formulate adequate policy recommendations – both at EU and national level, which on one hand can support existing positive development and on the other hand can assist small and medium‐sized towns in decline in diverting present negative development trends. Small and medium‐sized towns of Central Serbia have a potential to become sustainable, but only if urban networks are developed between these smaller urbanities and also among them and bigger cities. In other words, a key factor for the future existence and development of these towns is cooperation and new and more efficient types of governance and urban policy. This work aims to offer an incentive for further research on small and medium-sized towns in our country by provision of fundamental theses requiring more thorough investigation in particular contexts. ; IAUS Monograph No. 55, November 2007.

Based on the example of the forecast of the population of Central Serbia for the 2005-2032 period, the basic probabilistic concept in forecasting the trends of demographic components of population development have been presented. The stochastic element of forecast is based on the analysis of empirical forecast errors of corresponding indicators of demographic development. The analysis frameworks were forecasts of official bureaus of statistics published during the second half of the 20th century. The statistical distribution of probability for chosen forecast parameters were formed around so called middle variant of corresponding indicators in the current national forecast of population, published by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS) for the period 2002-2032. The basic characteristics of the probabilistic approach of forecasting were presented through mutual comparison of the main methodological assumptions, namely though comparative demographic-statistical valorization of results with traditional deterministic concept, represented by forecasts of RSB. The stochastic forecast of the population of Serbia clearly indicated to the key advantages of this approach: methodological consistency in quantifying demographic indicators as well as the possibility of transparent usage of results in numerous aspects of social planning. In this way the significance of the necessity for the elaboration of a studious national forecast of the population of Serbia completely based on a stochastic basis has been stressed, regardless of the still-present restrictions in the development of the probabilistic approach.

This article analyses the first results of the latest census of population taken in 2002. For the first time, the census was not taken on the whole territory of the FR of Yugoslavia. The Census 2002 was taken after a year long delay, and for the first time, it wasn't conducted in the entire country. It was postponed in Montenegro for another year. So far, a census conducting was not planned in Kosovo and Metohija.According to the first results of the Census 2002, 5454950 persons lived in Central Serbia, and 2024487 in Vojvodina. At the same time, a total of 328795 inhabitants of Central Serbia and 67148 inhabitants of Vojvodina were at 'temporary' work/stay abroad. Compared to the previous census (1991), the population (in the country) of Central Serbia was decreased by 127,7 thousand or -2,3%, while the population of Vojvodina increased by 58,1 thousand or 3,0%. The number of persons 'temporary' abroad, compared to 1991, was significantly increased in Central Serbia (102,5 thousand or 45,3%) and Vojvodina (19,6 thousand or 41,3%). The total population (in country and abroad) of Central Serbia was 5783745, and in Vojvodina 2091635. In the intercensual period, the population of Central Serbia decreased by 25,2 thousand, and it increased by 77,7 thousand in Vojvodina. These dynamics are contrary to the dynamics in the previous intercensual period (1981-1991), when the number of inhabitants of Central Serbia was increased (114,4 thousand, 91,6 out of which was in the country) and of Vojvodina was decreased (by 20,9 thousand, 2,8 out of which was in the country).The second part of the article analyses the population dynamics of municipalities and settlements. In the intercensual period of 1991-2002, three quarters of municipalities (120 out of 161) and four fifths of settlements (3835 out 4705), there was a negative population growth rate. As a rule, these are municipalities and settlements with a relatively large share of refugees and IDPs.

After five decades of insufficient reproduction of Vojvodina?s and Central Serbia?s population, the process of demographic ageing, came into the focus of the broadest public at last. Current Serbia?s population (without Kosovo and Metohija?s population) belongs to the group of the oldest populations in the world according to a number of indicators of demographic change. Considering population ageing as a planetary process without precedent in the human history, we tried to point out the main features of its evolution regarding spatial implications on population living in this part of Europe. The evolution of the process of population ageing during the 1981-2002 period was considered through functional relations between specific age groups. It was ascertained that the process started its spreading over Vojvodina at first, but continued to spread over Central Serbia afterwards moving the pole of demographic ageing to that part of the country. Some specific centres of demographic ageing as well as the regions which are still demographically more vital than the others were located by the analysis at the municipality level.

The geographical center of one territorial unit is the location point which in theoretical sense is nearest to other points of that territorial unit. There are several methods for determining the geographical center. Those are 1) method of geographical coordinates of extreme border pont, 2) the method of brunt determinate 3) the method of isofrontiers, 4) the isofrontier-translations method (composite), 5) the method of grid, 6) the integral method of brunt determinate. The integral method of brunt determinate by computer program ArcView a method which provides very precise results was applied. The geographical center is an interesting and important place, which should be marked in an adequate manner. It would be, for example, useful to put the basic geographic orientation sign at a location. It is an object where the name of destination, its latitude (numerical value in degrees, minutes and seconds), longitude and altitude (in meters) and the data about straight liner distance to the destination in the Republic of Serbia (cities, mountains, monasteries, etc) and the other parts of the world (cities, mountains, and points of the main elements of the Earth - the Equator, the North Pole, the zero meridian and data zone border line) (in kilometers/miles) would be indicated. Geographical centers in Serbia are as follows: The geographical center of the Republic of Serbia is situated in Draca settlement, Kragujevac municipality. The center is located to the west of Kragujevac, about 8 km from the center of the city (rectilinear). The geographical center of Central Serbia is situated in Kaludra settlement Rekovac municipality. The center is located about 10 km to the south of Rekovac. The geographical center of the Autonomus Province of Voivodina is situated in Zabalj settlement, Zabalj municipality. The center is located about 12 km to the northeast of Novi Sad. The geographical center of the Autonomus Province of Kosovo and Metohia is situated in Komorane settlement Glogovac municipality. The center is located about 24 km to the southwest of Pristina.

Geographical area of Gruza, with its intact natural beauty and important cultural and historical monuments, has significant potential for tourism development. Local government is particularly important to tourism development and promotion in several aspects. Respondents, rural hosts from Gruza region complained of the lack of cooperation on the part of local government. The experimental research comprises three parts; the first part includes a questionnaire that was conducted in regional and local organizations which have a decisive impact on regional economic development and tourism. The second part of the research was focusing on the basic characteristics of rural households owners. The third part includes qualitative research about rural tourist characteristics. Experimental research for this study was performed in the region of Gruza in Central Serbia, including registered rural households that have participated in rural tourism in the last few years. Results indicate that rural home owners involved in rural tourism are members of the Tourist Organization of Knic, predominantly male, from 40 to 60 years old and they hold secondary school diplomas. The results of the research suggest that an average tourist in Gruza is at a higher social and cultural level, with medium income and mostly coming from urban areas. This type of tourist is open to typical rural activities including sports, farm works, as well as to enjoying nature and gastronomy.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the leading activities both at the global and the local level. However, the continuous mass tourism development, especially in the second half of the 20th century, apart from positive economic effects, has caused numerous problems. They relate primarily to environmental, but also socio-cultural challenges that are incompatible with the concept of sustainable development presented at the Rio conference in the early 1990s. Therefore, the empirical research encompassed the area of Zlatibor tourist center located in Central Serbia. Due to the emphasized natural and cultural values, it is one of the most visited resorts after Belgrade and Vrnjačka Banja. The aim of this paper is to point out the tourism sustainability in this area and the possibilities for its improvement. In that context, we applied European Union five group comparative indicators. For this purpose, the data from statistical yearbooks as well as the existing spatial-planning documents were used. Additionally, the data of Regional development agency regarding visitor satisfaction were also evaluated. The research results showed that the tourism situation in this area designated as critical (red zone) in respect of certain socio-cultural and environmental indicators. On the other hand, significantly better results were achieved in terms of economic indicators and tourist satisfaction. Finally, these indicators can serve stakeholders in order to ensure destination sustainability and its competitiveness in the future.