Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Assembly of Nanocatalytic Structures by Molecular Layer Epitaxy Method -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular Layer Epitaxy (MLE) Method -- 3. Heterocatalytic Nanostructures by MLE Method -- 4. Evaluation Criteria for Catalytic Nanostructures -- 5. Materials and Methods -- 6. Results -- 6.1. Structural Analysis -- 6.2. Catalytic Properties -- 7. Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Solid Acids as Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Heterogeneously Catalyzed Biodiesel Synthesis -- Solid Acid Catalysts: Preparation, Characteristics and Activity in Biodiesel Synthesis -- Modified Silica Based Catalysts -- Metal Oxide Based Acid Catalysts -- Ion-Exchange Resins -- Heteropolyacids -- Zeolite -- Carbon-Based Solid Acids -- Deactivation of Solid Acid Catalysts -- Modified Silica Based Catalysts -- Oxide Based Catalysts -- Ion-Exchange Resin -- Heteropolyacids -- Zeolite -- Carbon Based -- Kinetics of Transesterification Process Catalyzed by Solid Acids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Process Optimization of Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Obtained from Quick Lime as Heterogeneous Catalyst -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Biodiesel -- Biodiesel Production via Transesterification Reaction -- Response Surface Methodology -- Materials and Methods -- Quick Lime -- Refined Palm Oil -- Reagents -- Equipments -- Methods -- Preparation of the Catalyst -- Characterization of Catalyst -- Conversion Experiment of Approximate Conditions -- Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis -- Reusability of the Ca(OCH3)2 -- Gas Chromatography (GC) Analysis -- Analysis Method -- Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in RPO -- Characterization of Biodiesel

This article argues that aid is not the prime mover of development, but rather a catalyst. It might be used as a reward for good development governance. However, it will fulfil its catalytic function better by creating conditions for policy improvement. Better governance should be seen not only as a pre‐condition for development and for development aid, but also as a development objective in itself. This is particularly true for aid recipient countries in disarray.

The present thesis entitled Alternative deNOx Catalysts and technologies revolves around the topic of removal of nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides, NOx, are unwanted byproducts formed during combustion (e.g. in engines or power plants). If emitted to the atmosphere, they are involved in the formation of acid rain and photochemical smog. Some basic concepts and reactions regarding the formation and removal of NOx are presented in chapter 1 and 2. Two approaches are undertaken in the present work to reduce the emission of NOx: by means of catalytic removal, and by NO absorption in ionic liquids. The commercial catalyst used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides exhibits high activity and selectivity towards N2. However, the vanadia-titania-based catalyst used is very sensitive to deactivation by alkali-species (primarily potassium), which are typically present in high amounts in the flue gas when biomass is combusted. By co-firing with large amounts of CO2-neutral straw or wood (tomeet stringent CO2 emission legislation), the lifetime of the traditional SCR catalyst is thus significantly reduced due to the presence of deactivating species originating from the fuel. To develop a catalyst less susceptible to the poisons present in the flue gas, a number of catalysts have been synthesized and tested in the present work, all based on commercially available supports. A highly acidic support consisting of sulfated zirconia was chosen based on preliminary studies. A number of different active species distributed on the support were investigated, such as iron, copper and vanadium oxides. However, based on the catalysts performance in the SCR reaction and their resistances towards potassium, the most promising candidate of the formulations studied was the vanadia-loaded catalyst, i.e. V2O5 - SO42- - ZrO2. This work, together with an introduction to the catalytic removal of NOx, are described in chapter 3. The remainder of the first part is concerned with the catalytic NOx removal (chapter 4) and it addresses the upscaling of the best catalyst candidate. The catalyst was mixed with the natural binding clay (sepiolite) to upscale the selected catalyst to the monolithic level, suitable for installation in gas stream with high flows, e.g. a flue gas duct of a power plant. A series of catalyst pellets with increasing levels of sepiolite were produced to evaluate the optimum mixing ratio. Based on these results, a monolith containing V2O5-SO2–4 -ZrO2 in 25 wt% sepiolite was produced, and evaluated with respect to the influence of space velocity, reaction temperature, and NH3/NO feed ratio on the NO reduction efficiency. The last part of this thesis deals with the non-catalytic sorption of NOx in ionic liquids, collected in chapter 5. Since no previous studies of the absorption of NO in ionic liquids have been reported, a preliminary study was conducted to identify suitable solvents. Two resulting imidazolium-based candidates, namely [BMIM]OAc and [BMIM]OTf, were selected due to their impressively high sorption capacities. Both solvents examined here revealed solubilities about twofold higher than those previously reported for e.g. CO2-capture in ionic liquids. Especially the [BMIM]OAc demonstrated extraordinary absorption capabilities, being able to retain around four NOmolecules permolecule ionic liquid. However, [BMIM]OTf exhibited promising behavior due to its reversible absorption/desorption properties. This in principle allows recycling of the ionic liquid as well as harvesting the NO. The accumulated NO could hereby be used in e.g. the synthesis of nitric acid allowing production of value-added chemicals fromwaste flue gas effluent. Although additional understanding of the mechanisms of the presented system is required, the perspective of a selective NO stripping technology is a very interesting alternative to the catalytic removal of NO from industrial flue gases.