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In this work, we determined the total effective vascular compliance of a global closed-loop model for the cardiovascular system by performing an infusion test of 500 mL of blood in four minutes. Our mathematical model includes a network of arteries and veins where blood flow is described by means of a one-dimensional nonlinear hyperbolic PDE system and zero-dimensional models for other cardiovascular compartments. Some mathematical modifications were introduced to better capture the physiology of the infusion test: (1) a physiological distribution of vascular compliance and total blood volume was implemented, (2) a nonlinear representation of venous resistances and compliances was introduced, and (3) main regulatory mechanisms triggered by the infusion test where incorporated into the model. By means of presented in silico experiment, we show that effective total vascular compliance is the result of the interaction between the assigned constant physical vascular compliance and the capacity of the cardiovascular system to adapt to new situations via regulatory mechanisms.

Jebkurā valstī viena no nacionālajām bagātībām ir tās veselīgi valsts iedzīvotāji . Veselība ir pilnīga fiziskas, psihiskas un sociālas labklājības stāvoklis, ne tikai slimību un fizisko defektu trūkums. Katra iedzīvotāja veselību ietekmējošie pamatfaktori ir: iedzimtība, veselības aprūpe, dzīvesveids un vide. Šajā darbā tiek apskatīta veselības aprūpes viena no sastāvdaļām- ambulatorai ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas sistēma. Darbā tiek analizēta galvenokārt kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas sistēma. Tēmas aktualitāte ir saistīta ar to, ka Latvijā strauji attīstās farmācijas tirgus, tiek piedāvāti daudz jauni medikamenti saslimstības un mirstības samazināšanai, no 2000.- 2007. gadam kompensējamiem medikamentiem izlietotais finanšu apjoms ir palielinājies vairāk kā 7 reizes, bet mirstība no kardiovaskulārās sitēmas slimībām jau gadu desmitiem ir ap 55 %. Eiropas mērogā Latvija ir viena no līderēm mirstībā no kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimībām. Sakarā ar to darba mērķis ir analizēt kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas sistēmu, novērtēt tās efektivitāti un sniegt priekšlikumus kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas pilnveidošanai. Darba struktūra ir veidota no 5 nodaļām 145 lpp. apmērā ar attēliem, tabulām un pielikumiem. Maģistra darba pirmajā nodaļā tiek raksturota un analizēta teorētiskā bāze saistībā ar zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas jēdziena izpratni, tiek raksturota zāļu kompensācijas organizatoriskā struktūra, tiek sniegts, uz klīniskiem piemēriem balstīts, kompensējamo zāļu sarakstu raksturojums, tiek analizēta zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas attīstība un kompensējamo zāļu tirgus tendences laika posmā no 2000.- 2006. gadam; Otrajā nodaļā tiek sniegts zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas finansēšanas raksturojums, tiek analizēts zāļu apmaksai piešķirtais valsts finansējums attiecībā pret veselības aprūpes budžetu, tiek raksturoti uz praktiskiem piemēriem balstīti kompensējamo zāļu sarakstu finansēšanas principi; Trešajā nodaļā tiek sniegts ieskats par zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas aktualitātēm citās Eiropas valstīs. Ceturtajā nodaļā tiek raksturota klīnisko pētījumu saistība ar zāļu kompensācijas sistēmu un sniegts padziļināts, uz klīniskiem piemēriem balstīts raksturojums par kompensējamo zāļu sarakstā iekļaujamo potenciālo zāļu efektivitātes izvērtēšanas principiem. Piektajā nodaļā tiek sniegts vispārējs kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimību jēdziena aktualitāšu raksturojums, tiek analizēta saslimstība ar kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimībām un mirstība no tām Latvijā un salīdzinājumā ar citām Eiropas valstīm, tiek sniegts, uz klīniskiem piemēriem balstīts, raksturojums par kardiovaskulāro sistēmu slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo kompensējamo zāļu sarakstā iekļaujamo potenciālo zāļu efektivitātes izvērtēšanas principiem, tiek raksturotas kardiovaskulārās sistēmu slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas apmēra izmaiņas, tiek sniegta kardiovaskulārās sistēmu slimību ārstēšanai izlietoto finanšu līdzekļu struktūra pa diagnozēm un izlietoto zāļu patēriņa analīze laika posmā no 2000.-2006. gadam, tiek raksturota valsts loma kardiovaskulārās sistēmas saslimstību mazināšanā. Darba nobeigumā tiek apkopoti secinājumi un sniegti priekšlikumi kardiovaskulārās sistēmas slimību ārstēšanai nepieciešamo zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas efektivitātes uzlabošanai. Galvenie secinājumi ir saistīti ar zāļu kompensācijas sistēmas efektivitātes ne pārāk veiksmīgu darbību, proti, saslimstības datu trūkums kā organizatorisko institūciju vāja darbības rezultāts un valsts intereses trūkums samazināt kompensējamo zāļu cenu. Galvenie priekšlikumi ir saistīti ar ienākuma nodokļa iezīmētas daļas piesaisti veselības budžetam un obligātās veselības apdrošināšanas ieviešanu, tādējādi radot papildus naudas līdzekļus zāļu apmaksai, kuru rezultātā varētu palielināt kompensācijas apmēru, kā arī atjaunot obl ; One of the national treasures of any country is healthy people. Health is a state of absolute physical, mental and social welfare, not only the absence of illnesses and physical defects. The basic factors influencing every person's health are heredity, health care, life style and environment. This paper focuses on one of the parts forming the health care system: the compensation system of the medication necessary for outpatient treatment. The main focus of the analysis lies on the compensation system of the medication necessary for the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases. The importance of this theme is related to the fact that Latvia currently sees rapid development of the pharmaceutical market, many new types of medication have become available for reducing the illness and death rate, in the period between years 2000 and 2007 the funding used for compensated medication has increased by more than seven times, and the death rate related to cardiovascular system diseases has remained at the level of approximately 55 % for decades already. On the European scale Latvia is one of the leaders in terms of the rate of death due to cardiovascular system illnesses. In this regard the goal of the paper is to analyse the compensation system of the medication used for the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases, to evaluate its effectiveness, and to provide suggestions for improving the compensation system of the medication for treating cardiovascular system diseases. The paper consists of 5 chapters and 145 pages including pictures, charts, and appendixes. The first chapter of the master paper characterises and analyses the theoretical basis with regard to the understanding of the medication compensation system concept, describes the organisational structure of medication compensation, characterises the lists of the medication subject to compensation on the basis of clinical examples, and analyses the development of the medication compensation system and trends in the market of the medication subject to compensation in the period between years 2000 and 2006. The second chapter provides a description of the funding process of the medication compensation system, analysis of the government funding allocated to medication compensation with regard to health care budget, and characterisation of the funding principles of the medication lists subject to compensation on the basis of practical examples. The third chapter gives an insight in the topical issues of the medication compensation system in other European countries. The fourth chapter describes the connection of clinical research with the medication compensation system and on the basis of clinical examples provides a deeper characterisation of the principles of evaluating the effectiveness of the potential medication to be included in the medication list subject to compensation. The fifth chapter provides a general characterisation of the topical issues with regard to the notion of cardiovascular system diseases, analysis of the rate of cardiovascular system illnesses and the rate of death due to these illnesses in Latvia and in comparison with other European countries, and based on clinical examples also a characterisation of the principles of evaluating the effectiveness of the potential medication to be included in the cardiovascular system illness medication list subject to compensation. This chapter also describes the changes in the compensation amount for the medication necessary for the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases, and analyses the structure of financial resources used for the treatment of cardiovascular system diseases according to diagnoses, as well as the consumption of medication between years 2000 and 2006, and describes the role of government in reducing the rate of cardiovascular system illnesses. The concluding part summarises conclusions and suggestions given for improving the effectiveness of the compensation system of th

Intro -- ADVANCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH, VOLUME 1 -- ADVANCES IN CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH, VOLUME 1 -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter I The Mitral Valve: Development, Structure, Pathology & Tissue Engineering -- Abstract -- I. Development of the Mitral Valve Apparatus -- II. Histological Anatomy of the Mitral Valve -- III. Surface Topographical and Ultrastructural Anatomy of the Mitral Valve -- III.I. Surface Topography of the Mitral Valve -- III.II. Ultrastructure of the Mitral Valve -- III.II.I. Endocardial endothelium (EE) -- III.II.II. Valvar interstitial cells (VIC) -- III.II.III. Extracellular matrix (ECM) -- III.II.IV. Neural elements -- IV. Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (Canine Model) -- IV.I. Clinical Features and Natural Disease Progression -- IV.II. Pathology of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease -- IV.III. Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease -- V. Mitral Valve Regeneration & Tissue Engineering -- V.I. Cell Sourcing for Mitral Valve Tissue Engineering -- V.II. Scaffold Development for Mitral Valve Tissue Engineering -- V.III. Bioreactor Development for Mitral Valve Tissue Engineering -- V.IV. Challenges in the Field of Mitral Valve Tissue Engineering -- References -- Chapter II Review of Treatment of Ventricular Fibrillation -- Abstract -- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation -- Drug Therapy of Ventricular Fibrillation -- Introduction -- Amiodarone -- Sotalol -- Non anti-arrhythmic drugs that reduce risk of SCD -- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- Aldosterone antagonists -- Statins -- Fish Oils -- Beta blockers -- Use of β blockers post myocardial infarction -- Use of β blockers in heart failure -- CIBIS I -- CIBIS II -- MERIT HF -- US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study -- COPERNICUS -- COMET (& BEST) Trial -- Automated External Defibrillators & Public Access Defibrillation -- Introduction.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Cardiovascular Ethics: An Introduction -- I Introduction -- II An Overview of Cardiovascular Advances in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries -- III Implications of the Rapid Advances in Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Therapeutics -- Notes -- References -- Part I: Cardiovascular Ethical Issues at the Beginning of Life -- Chapter 1: Ethical Issues in Reproductive Genetic Testing for Cardiovascular Disease -- I Introduction -- II Case Description -- A Pertinent History -- B Recurrence Risk Assessment -- III Methods of Reproductive Testing for Known Familial Variants -- A Prenatal Genetic Testing -- B Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis -- C Adoption, Donor Gamete, and Nonintervention -- IV Discussion of Ethical Considerations -- A Autonomy-Testing for the SCN5A Variant -- B Presymptomatic Testing of Minors/Embryos-Testing for the TTR Variant -- C Nonmaleficence -- D Beneficence -- E Utility -- F Informed Consent -- V Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: An Ethical Discussion of Cardiovascular Disease in Pregnancy: Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Pulmonary Hypertension -- I Introduction -- II Physiologic Cardiovascular Changes in Pregnancy -- A Pathophysiology of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy -- B Ethical Discussion -- III Pulmonary Hypertension in Pregnancy -- A Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Hypertension during Pregnancy -- B Ethical Discussion -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 3: Severe Congenital Anomalies in the Fetus or Infant: "Best-Interests" Decisions for Ambiguous Outcomes -- I Introduction -- II Case One: Newborn with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome -- A What Is Known about This Condition? -- B Survival Outcomes -- C Neurodevelopmental Outcomes -- D Quality of Life -- 1 Lifetime Healthcare Needs.

The article stresses that the state of the cardiovascular system determines the level of physical performance. Maintaining the required level of metabolic processes is necessary for efficient mechanisms of energy supply and dynamic work. The researcher proves that activation of respiratory function contributes to such support. Under the influence of systematic breathing exercises in the body develops a set of structural and functional changes aimed at optimizing the functioning of the whole organism and its individual systems. The study involved 35 lyceum students aged 14 years, who were engaged in the developed system for 1.5 years. Each lesson consisted of six parts. In the first, third and fifth parts, they performed exercises with dynamic, and in the second and fourth – with static load. In the first three parts they were combined with breathing exercises with increasing duration of individual phases of breathing, in 4-6 parts – only with deepening of exhalation. The sixth part (relaxation) was performed in a horizontal position. The purpose of the work is to determine the impact of breathing exercises during each part of the lesson on the activity of the cardiovascular system. It has been established that certain features of fatigue and recovery during different types of muscular work in a specific sequence are a reliable physiological basis for improving the health and training effect of physical training in combination with breathing exercises. The results of the experiment on the implementation of our system of health-improving training sessions of respiratory gymnastics prove that changes in work power, nature of muscle contractions and body position during training create conditions for improving adaptive compensatory reactions to different types of loads.

This book provides an introduction to the principles of both cardiovascular epidemiology and molecular pathophysiology; as a unique aspect, it also outlines and discusses the molecular concepts underlying epidemiological observations. This third volume is focused on the most common cardiovascular events to provide an overview on pathogenesis and clinical aspects. The book promotes the use of interdisciplinary approaches in the field of preventive medicine based on recent advances in molecular and cellular pathophysiology. The book offers a valuable resourcefor researchers in basic biomedical fields and clinical scientists alike, as well as guidelines for novel avenues of research in both basic pathophysiology and cardiovascular therapy and prevention.

This collection of articles on oxidative stress in clinical practice surveys essential current research in what is a rapidly evolving field. As well as giving the reader a mechanistic overview of how oxidative stress affects cardiovascular disease, it analyzes the potential of a number of therapeutic options that target these pathways. Understanding the complexity of the cellular redox system could lead to the development of better targeted interventions that facilitate patient recovery. Even as large-scale clinical trials of so-called 'simple' antioxidant approaches such as vitamins C and E show that significant benefits for cardiovascular patients remain elusive, Studies on Cardiovascular Disorders demonstrates that such approaches are too simplistic. Beginning with a summary of redox signaling models that could induce the progression of redox-associated cardiovascular disorders, the volume moves on to examine redox-mediated protein modification under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It provides an outline of the signaling pathways in cardiovascular development during embryogenesis, and what impact these might have in the differentiation process of resident cardiac and blastocyst derived stem cells. Further chapters detail our current knowledge of the influence the sensory nervous system exerts on the cardiovascular system, and the paradoxical role of mitochondria-derived ROS in cardiac protection. In all, almost 30 contributions cover issues as diverse as the antioxidant properties of statins in the heart and the oxidative risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. A range of medical practitioners will find the contents of Studies on Cardiovascular Disorders provides illuminating insight into the Janus-faced role of ROS in the cardiovascular system.