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Today, it is often forgotten that the socialist calculation debate of the 1920s and 1930s was not only about whether market societies were more economically efficient than planned ones; more crucially, Ludwig von Mises and his disciple Friedrich Hayek depicted economic planning as a threat to the moral and political order of "Western civilization." A planned economy, these early neoliberals argued, would override the "democracy of consumers" through which individuals registered their own preferences on the market and threaten individual freedom and social peace. This article argues that early neoliberal thinkers mobilized a racialized argument against economic planning, which they depicted as a threat from "the East" and a regression to a "primitive" pre-capitalist, egalitarian morality. Against this neoliberal argument, I retrieve the Austrian philosopher Otto Neurath's argument that a capitalist market economy is inherently violent and requires the suppression of non-market forms of life.

"Calculation is the life blood of politics," writes Ernest W. Lefever, "and the heart of ethics" (The Ethics of Calculation," Worldview, October, italics added). This statement should be subjected to thorough scrutiny, and searchingly criticized.Indeed, calculation is the heart of ethics as Mr. Lefever understands it. For this reason, there is for him no particular difficulty about making ethicopolitical judgements; and there is little to disturb or limit the "moral-political calculations" of which he speaks, since the heart of morality was already assumed to be calculative. Research the facts and weigh them properly: this is about all that is needed in politics; and, happily, also about all it is the business of ethics to do.

Abstract
This article is a response to Achille Mbembe's "Futures of Life and Futures of Reason," which is featured in the same issue of Public Culture. The article builds on Mbembe's concept of "wave fronts of calculation" as a means of amplifying a language for political possibilities in a moment when calculability and incalculability determine the boundaries between the biological, social, and technical.

The role of the state in providing food subsidies to consumers has a long though sometimes ignoble history. In ancient Egypt, wheat prices were maintained by government storage schemes (chapter 13), and the value of cheap, ample food supplies for political stability was evidenced in the "bread and circus" era of the Roman Empire. However, detailed policy calculations connecting subsidies to production and nutritional status confront contemporary government leaders with ever more complex and confusing policy considerations (chapter 2). ; PR ; IFPRI1 ; DGO

Last May George F. Kennan in The Atlantic ("Foreign Policy and Christian Conscience") had some advice for moralists concerned with nuclear weapons and international politics. Much of his advice is good. He warns against "pouring Christian enthusiasm into unsuitable vessels † designed to contain the earthly calculations of practical politicians." His lucid statement on the limits of the United Nations and foreign economic aid can help provide the basis for morally responsible support of these widely misunderstood foreign policy instruments. His comments on the moral ambiguities in the colonialism issue are timely.