Suchergebnisse

Read over 20 exclusive, in-depth interviews with chief sustainability officers (CSOs) of Fortune 500 companies such as Amazon, Coca-Cola, and Procter & Gamble and globally recognized brands such as IKEA and Netflix. These CSOs reveal how they deliver positive environmental and social impact through their companies' core products and services and generate revenue growth while tackling unique leadership, change management, regulatory and stakeholder challenges.

In this study, the authors examined the legal situation of civil society and the government's legislative initiatives on civil society organizations. We concluded that the complicated and contradictory legal framework regulating the legal form and administrative rules for civil society organizations in Mongolia significantly hinders the development of the sector and increases the risk of state coercion on civil society. This article provides an overview of the historical development of civil society in Mongolia, its current status and the legal environment in the first two parts. It also discusses the main legal issues of the sector, namely (1) the legal form of civil society organizations and (2) the contradictory and unclear legal aspects of the management and control of the sector in the third part. The fourth part of the article concludes that the draft law on the legal status of associations and foundations initiated by the government is an attempt to restrain civil society in relation to the above two issues.

TEZ ÖZETİSivil toplum kavramı, "sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK)" nın kalkınmanın aktörleri olarak gündeme getirilmeye başlandığı son yıllarda üzerinde yoğun bir biçimde tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışmalar, baskı grubu olarak toplumsal mücadelelere katılma işlevini üstlenmiş olanlar ile neoliberal yaklaşımların tümüyle içinde yeraldıkları için birer ajan olarak görülenler arasındaki ayrımın giderek belirginleşmesi ile birlikte kendini göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda STK' larının özellikle, 2.Dünya Savaşı' nı izleyen yıllarda yaşanan gelişmeler doğrultusunda farklı bir işlev üstlendiği görülmektedir. STK' larının söz konusu konjonktürdeki yer ve işlevleri, kalkınma yaklaşımlarının öngördüğü devlet müdahaleleriyle aynı doğrultuda oluşmaktadır. Uluslararası sistemin 1960' lı yıllardan itibaren krize girmesiyle birlikte STK' larının daha çok "baskı grupları" şeklinde bir işlev üstlenmeye başladıkları görülmektedir. Az Gelişmiş Ülkelerde yaşanan kriz, STK' ları devlet ile karşı karşıya getirmiş; bu kuruluşlar toplumsal mücadelelerde önemli bir işlev üstlemeye başlamışlardır. 1980' li yılların ikinci yarısından itibaren soğuk savaşın son bulması ve yeni dünya konjonktürünün oluşması ile kalkınma yaklaşımları yerini neoliberal yaklaşıma bırakmıştır. Büyüme merkezli kalkınma yaklaşımları yerine insanı merkeze alan yeni kalkınma yaklaşımları STK' larını, "kalkınmanın yeni aktörleri" olarak tanımlamışlardır. Bu tanımlama, neoliberal yaklaşımların, "minimal", devlet anlayışı ile uyum göstermektedir. Küreselleşme adı verilen bu süreçte STK' lar yeni ajanlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Kavram, uluslararası çevreler tarafından kalkınmacı STK' lar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. "Hükümet-dışı", "özel kar amacı gütmeyen", gibi çok çeşitli açılardan tanımlanan kavram tam bir netlik taşımamaktadır. Bu durum, STK' larının içinde bulunduğumuz dönemde, neoliberal yaklaşımın gerektirdiği düzenleme araçlarından biri olarak ajan işlevi üstlendikleri yargısını kuvvetlendirmektedir.SUMMARY OF THE THESISThe concept of civil society has been intensively discussed in the recent years when "civil society organizations (CSO)" were started to be brought into agendas as actors of development. These discussions arise with clarification of the difference between those that have assumed the function of participating in social struggles as a group of pressure and those that are considered as an agent each as they take part in neo-liberal approaches in full. In this context, it is seen that CSO's assume a different function in the direction of the developments experienced following the 2nd World War in particular. CSO's position and functions in the conjuncture in question form in the same direction as the government interventions that development approaches stipulate.Along with the international system's entering into a crisis again in the 1960's, it is seen that CSO's have started to assume a function in the form of "pressure groups" rather. The crisis experienced in Less Developed Countries, brought CSO's in opposition to the state; these establishments have started to assume an important function in social struggles. As of the second half of the 1980's, along with that the cold war ended and that the new world conjuncture formed, the development approaches left their place to the neo-liberal approach. The new human-centered development approaches unlike the growth-centered development approaches have defined their CSO's as "the new actors of development." This definition demonstrates compliance with the "minimal" state understanding of the neo-liberal approaches. In this process named globalization, CSO's are considered as the new agents. The concept is defined by the international community as development-oriented CSO's. The concept defined from a large variety of views, such as "non-governmental," "nonprofit" does not bear complete clarity. This situation strengthens the judgment that CSO's assume the function of an agent as one of the regulating instruments required by the neo-liberal approach within the period that we are in.

The article is about gross value added (GVA) decompositions into contributions of labour and capital compensations. Owing to the CSO's data availability some simplifying assumptions were made in the research methodology. It allowed to perform massive data computations for the years 2001—2012 not only at the aggregate level of the Polish economy, but also at particular NACE-section and voivodship levels. Decomposition was based on data from the Local Data Bank and the CSO's national accounts, which were used in the research concerning the KLEMS Productivity Accounts. Finally, a continuation of this research is suggested towards carrying out decompositions that would allow to extract Total Factor Productivity (TFP).

The aim of this article is to analyse potential threats and opportunities encountered by Community Service Organisations (CSO's) as a group of human service organisations. The discussion will focus on the Israeli case, in an attempt to draw conclusions about community organisations elsewhere.

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY ACTORS TO AVOID AND MEDIATE INTERNAL CONFLICT AND TO CONSTRUCT FUNCTIONAL NETWORKS. HE ASSUMES THAT A KEY ASPECT OF THE CAPACITY OF GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY ACTORS TO INFLUENCE GLOBAL POLITICS IS AN ABILITY TO MANAGE THEIR INTERNAL TENSIONS AND TO CONSTRUCT AN EXTERNALLY-PERCEIVED, DISTINCT IDENTITY AROUND SHARED GOALS AND PROCESSES. HE BEGINS BY DISCUSSING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS (CSO'S). THEN HE REVIEWS THE LITERATURE ON THE CLEAVAGES THAT CAN OCCUR WITHIN GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY ALONG RACE, ETHNIC, ECONOMIC, CLASS, GENDER, AND IDEOLOGICAL LINES. HE ALSO INVESTIGATES THE DEGREE TO WHICH RELATIONS AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL CSO'S EXHIBIT SUCH CLEAVAGES BY ANALYZING THE CASE OF THE INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION (ITTO). HE SUMMARIZES WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM THE ITTO CASE AND COMMENTS ON ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE CAPACITY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT TO INFLUENCE THE GLOBAL POLITICS OF INTERNATIONAL REGIME FORMATION IN THE TROPICAL TIMBER TRADE AREA.

Basing on the statistical material of the CSO's Regional Data Bank, a quantitative assessment of demographic potential in Polish gminas was carried out. Five demographic features and factor analysis were used for this purpose. The analyses allowed to observe large differentiation of the current and future human potential of gminas. Areas with large demographic potential as well as territories with disadvantageous demographic situation were indicated. Additionally, opportunities of the demographic potential improving in examined gminas were indicated.

The author analyses food consumption based on CSO's household surveys. The article presents a survey method as well as an analysis of the food consumption in socio-economic people groups. This allowed to draw a conclusion on existing two food consumption standards: urban and rural. Both patterns differ significantly from correct nutrition principles. The conclusions indicate necessity of social education to popularise more rational diet habits. Health requirements of food quality and nutrition should be observed by consumers as well as food producers.

An estimation of modern information and communications tools as well as areas of their using are purpose of this article. The study based on CSO's as well as Eurostat's Data. The analysis showed that more and more enterprises use computers and modern information and communication technologies. A significant regional diversification in respect of the using modern technologies was found. A low level of using the IT is especially visible in Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodship. Scandinavian countries as well as The United States have a leading position in this area in the world.

Worldwide, civil society organizations (CSOs) are an integral compo- nent in the complex network that comprises the public sphere improving the welfare of our communities. In the second half of the twentieth century French CSOs' contributions to their citizens' welfare have become increasingly valued. Nevertheless, radical changes to employment policies during the Sarkozy regime (2007–2012) impacted social services to unemployed migrants. In addition, central government constrained local governments' ability to fund social ser- vices, pushing a shift from a culture of "granting subsidies" to one based on "public procurement contracting" (Langlais 2008). These environmental changes are likely to transform CSO-government relationships. This research asks two questions: what is the impact of such radical changes and what possible responses can organizations make, if they are to survive? To answer these, we utilize a case study of a French CSO (Association), which is highly dependent on public funding to deliver its urban-based migrant pro- grams. We utilize the lens of resource dependency, focusing on the interrelation-ships and interactions that impact CSOs' legitimacy and support. Effects of the reforms include a change from relatively cooperative relationships with govern- ment to adversarial exchanges. Moreover, this CSO's activities are apprehended by public funders as short-term single projects considered in isolation from one another so that its overall outcomes are not quantitatively measured. As a result, the CSO's overarching and long-term social and economic contribution to the territory's public sphere is in jeopardy.

The article presents the results of the clustering voivodships based on variables characterizing the phenomenon of poverty. The analysis is based on data available in the CSO's Local Data Bank. The selection of diagnostic features was made on the basis of the coefficients of variation and Pearson's r correlation coefficient. The grouping of voivodships was made using the k-means method. There were created four categories of voivodships differing in the symptoms of poverty. In order to answer the question whether the changes in the symptoms of poverty are taking place on the map of Poland, an analysis was conducted in two periods: for 2013 and 2008.

The aim of the article is to present the economic strong farm groups whose income is not the main source of the household maintenance. An economic active farm is assumed a farm which produces a standard direct surplus of minimum 8 ESU. There are about 240 thousand of such farms including 30 thousand of the operated by households with income prevalent from outside agriculture sources. This very farm group has been analysed in comparison to all individual farms and to economic active farmers' entities. More important farm and farmer characteristics were included in the analysis. The data sources come from CSO's structural survey conducted in 2007.

Objectives: This paper investigated the roles and challenges of Civil Society organizations (CSOs) as opposition actors in their drive towards democratic consolidation in Nigeria. As the third sector, Civil Society is known to be at the forefront in the democratization process for quite a long period, however, their contributions are continuously being relegated especially by the state who viewed them with negative lenses, particularly when they are opposed to their heinous political practices. The paper had, therefore, tried to pinpoint the tremendous task of three civil society organizations, namely Centre for Democracy and Development (CDD), Alliances for Credible Elections (ACE), and Stakeholder Democracy Network (SDN) by unveiling their unflinching roles and challenges towards democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Methodology: It achieved this objective by using a qualitative semi-structured face to face interviews supported with secondary sources of data through which thorough discussions and analysis of how the civil society organizations serve as the major player in opposition politics rather than the misperception that the political parties are majorly at the forefront in democratic consolidation process. Results: It finds out that Civil Society is more enduring and trusted in seeing that the ideals of democracy are strictly followed for the smooth consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. The study revealed that CSOs in Nigeria had promoted the reliability of election by observing every phase of the country's electoral process. They have also stimulated policy changes in some crucial governmental socio-economic policies such as the Freedom of Information bill. Indeed, the CSO's have promoted democratic principles of civic participation, political engagement, and tolerance in the population, thereby advancing democratic citizenship, which immensely contributed to democratic consolidation in the polity. Again, the study revealed that CSO's faced challenges of funding, which seriously distresses their operations and sustainability. Implications: The paper concluded by suggesting that the Civil Society must devise a means of economic survival as well as further strengthens their capacity through training and retraining to fully understand how governments operate for effective and concrete criticisms that would enhance democratic productivity and development.

Abstract
This paper presents a critical review of the implementation of three selected articles of the Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC): Article 1 which defines of who is a child; Article 28 which stipulates the child's rights to basic education; and Article 32, which calls on governments to protect the child from labour. Its analysis draws on the Tanzania 3rd, 4th, and 5th combined CRC implementation report, the CSO's CRC implementation alternative report, and the CRC Committee's observations. The findings suggest that, although there have been remarkable commitment and promising progress in making children's rights a reality for Tanzanian children, there were still some challenges and dilemmas that emerged during their implementation. Thus, the study recommends for the harmonisation of the understanding of who is a child in addition to main-streaming work as an integral part of children's childhood life.