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Network security is becoming increasingly important to personal computer users, businesses, and the military. Security became a major concern with the advent of the internet, and understanding the history of security allows a better understanding of the emergence of security technology. Many security threats can occur due to the structure of the internet. If the internet's architecture is changed, it can reduce the number of possible attacks that can be sent across the network. Knowing the attack methods enables us to respond with adequate security. Many businesses use firewalls and encryption mechanisms to protect themselves from the internet. To stay connected to the internet, businesses create an "intranet.

Shipping list no.: 2004-0041-P. ; Includes bibliographical references and index. ; CNE and CNA in the network-centric battlespace : challenges for operators and lawyers / Arthur K. Cebrowski -- Technology and law : the evolution of digital warfare / David Tubbs, Perry G. Luzwick, Walter Gary Sharp, Sr.-- A different kettle of fish : computer network attack / Roger W. Barnett -- Information operations, information warfare, and computer network attack : their relationship to national security in the information age / Daniel T. Kuehl -- International law, cybernetics, and cyberspace / Anthony D'Amato -- Computer network attack as a use of force under Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter / Daniel B. Silver -- Computer network attacks and self-defense / Yoram Dinstein -- Self-defense against computer network attack under international law / Horace B. Robertson, Jr.-- Computer networks, proportionality, and military operations / James H. Doyle, Jr.-- Some thoughts on computer network attack and the international law of armed conflict / Louise Doswald-Beck -- Wired warfare : computer network attack and the jus in bello / Michael N. Schmitt -- Proportionality, cyberwar, and the law of war / Ruth G. Wedgwood -- Neutrality and information warfare / George K. Walker -- Information operations in the space law arena : science fiction becomes reality / Douglas S. Anderson and Christopher R. Dooley -- Fourth dimensional intelligence : thoughts on espionage, law, and cyberspace / David M. Crane -- Computer network attacks by terrorists : some legal dimensions / John F. Murphy -- Meeting the challenge of cyberterrorism : defining the military role in a democracy / Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.-- "Weapons like to lightning" US information operations and US treaty obligations / Jeffrey H. Smith and Gordon N. Lederman -- International law of armed conflict and computer network attack : developing the rules of engagement / Brian T. O'Donnell and James C. Kraska .-- Responding to attacks on critical computer infrastructure : what targets? what rules of engagement? / James P. Terry -- Is it time for a treaty on information warfare? / Phillip A. Johnson. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper explores the relations between social context and technology by studying the incorporation of computer mediated communication (CMC) across several fields. Based on interviews with 67 scientists in four fields, we find that computer network use differs substantially by field, and we explain these differences in terms of the different social structures and work organizations of each field. The results suggest that fields that consist of tightly coupled but geographically dispersed work groups (for example, particle physics) tend to adopt CMC more heavily than those where work is performed within relatively autonomous groups (for example, experimental biology). Also, fields that are more buffered from the market (mathematics) tend to use informal CMC, while those more tightly linked to commercial markets (chemistry) tend to limit use to formal CMC. This study supports previous research in suggesting that the form of technological innovation depends on the context into which new technology is embedded.