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Between now and 2050, the world's population will increase by one-third. Most of these additional 2 billion people will live in developing countries. At the same time, more people will be living in cities. If current income and consumption growth trends continue, FAO estimates that agricultural production will have to increase by 60 percent by 2050 to satisfy the expected demands for food and feed. Agriculture must therefore transform itself if it is to feed a growing global population and provide the basis for economic growth and poverty reduction. Climate change will make this task more difficult under a business-as-usual scenario, due to adverse impacts on agriculture, requiring spiralling adaptation and related costs. To achieve food security and agricultural development goals, adaptation to climate change and lower emission intensities per output will be necessary. This transformation must be accomplished without depletion of the natural resource base. Climate change is already having an impact on agriculture and food security as a result of increased prevalence of extreme events and increased unpredictability of weather patterns. This can lead to reductions in production and lower incomes in vulnerable areas. These changes can also affect global food prices. Developing countries and smallholder farmers and pastoralists in particular are being especially hard hit by these changes. Many of these small-scale producers are already coping with a degraded natural resource base. They often lack knowledge about potential options for adapting their production systems and have limited assets and risk-taking capacity to access and use technologies and financial services. Enhancing food security while contributing to mitigate climate change and preserving the natural resource base and vital ecosystem services requires the transition to agricultural production systems that are more productive, use inputs more efficiently, have less variability and greater stability in their outputs, and are more resilient to risks, shocks and long-term climate variability. More productive and more resilient agriculture requires a major shift in the way land, water, soil nutrients and genetic resources are managed to ensure that these resources are used more efficiently. Making this shift requires considerable changes in national and local governance, legislation, policies and financial mechanisms. This transformation will also involve improving producers' access to markets. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions per unit of land and/or agricultural product and increasing carbon sinks, these changes will contribute significantly to the mitigation of climate change.

This roadmap is developed based on a context analysis of Ethiopian agriculture. The roadmap aims to strengthen the role of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) in addressing vulnerabilities facing the agriculture sector under changing climatic conditions by institutionalizing climate-smart agriculture. The roadmap is largely informed by the overarching country Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) strategy; review of scientific literature; sectoral documents on Ethiopian agriculture and climate-smart agriculture; and related reports from government, development partners, scientific publications, expert comments on the draft and inputs obtained from several senior experts on two presentations made during climate-smart agriculture platform meetings conducted in May and November 2019.

This book discusses various climate smart agro-technologies, their technical and economic feasibility across heterogeneous agro-climatic conditions, assessing farmers' willingness to adopt those technologies, impact of climate smart technology in agricultural production and possible policy and investment opportunities to upscale it. Containing eight chapters, the book starts with a discussion about the methodological aspects of priority setting of the farm technologies across various regions of South Asia including Eastern Indo-Gangetic plain, Western Indo-Gangetic Plain and arid regions. Using data from field based trials and expert solicitations, the book next deliberates on a list of feasible technologies, assessed by constructing climate smart Feasibility Index. Further on, there is an analysis, using stated preference method, of the behaviour of farmers in adopting climate smart technologies. Preference of women farmers has been given a special focus in this book. After discussing the method priority setting of the farm technologies, impact of climate smart technologies has been analysed using real time data. Government policies have been reviewed with the view of achieving climate smart agriculture in South Asia. The book also describes the optimization modelling framework for investment allocation and technology prioritization. The model integrates both the bio-physical and the economic optimization model to capture the agro-climatic heterogeneity within the region and the variability of technical feasibility across regions and crops. Results of this model will help policy makers to identify how much to invest, where to invest and what technologies to prioritize for investments.

Myanmar has committed to apply CSA to contribute to regional food security and environmental protection during the 24th ASEAN Summit on May 10, 2014. The Myanmar CSA strategy encompasses the development of technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve a sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition through climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture. Myanmar's CSA strategy aims to be socially, culturally and politically appropriate, environment-friendly and economically feasible to promote and attain sustainable agriculture, food security and nutrition, agricultural development and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Myanmar's CSA strategy also aims to provide context and analysis for addressing agriculture in international climate negotiations to better inform climate negotiators and other stakeholders by identifying options and unpacking issues of interest.

Abstract Background For agricultural systems to achieve climate-smart objectives, including improved food security and rural livelihoods as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation, they often need to be take a landscape approach; they must become 'climate-smart landscapes'. Climate-smart landscapes operate on the principles of integrated landscape management, while explicitly incorporating adaptation and mitigation into their management objectives. Results An assessment of climate change dynamics related to agriculture suggests that three key features characterize a climate-smart landscape: climate-smart practices at the field and farm scale; diversity of land use across the landscape to provide resilience; and management of land use interactions at landscape scale to achieve social, economic and ecological impacts. To implement climate-smart agricultural landscapes with these features (that is, to successfully promote and sustain them over time, in the context of dynamic economic, social, ecological and climate conditions) requires several institutional mechanisms: multi-stakeholder planning, supportive landscape governance and resource tenure, spatially-targeted investment in the landscape that supports climate-smart objectives, and tracking change to determine if social and climate goals are being met at different scales. Examples of climate-smart landscape initiatives in Madagascar's Highlands, the African Sahel and Australian Wet Tropics illustrate the application of these elements in contrasting contexts. Conclusions To achieve climate-smart landscape initiatives widely and at scale will require strengthened technical capacities, institutions and political support for multi-stakeholder planning, governance, spatial targeting of investments and multi-objective impact monitoring.

This report presents a climate smart investment plan (CSAIP) for Zimbabwe's agricultural sector. The agricultural sector plays a critical role in the Zimbabwean economy, serving as a source of livelihood for approximately 70 percent of the population and contributing 15 to 20 percent to gross domestic product (GDP). In response, the Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of the World Bank, is supporting the development of this CSAIP. This CSAIP identifies and prioritizes packages of CSA investments and policy actions that will support improvement across three key CSA pillars, namely the achievement of a more productive, resilient, and low-emissions agricultural sector. It provides guidance on implementation mechanisms for these CSA interventions, discussing details such as investment costs and supporting institutional arrangements. It seeks to align goals and objectives across Zimbabwe's existing agricultural policies and climate change strategies, which will contribute to the achievement of the country's vision 2030, and the nationally determined contributions (NDCs), among others. Additionally, this CSAIP is intended to serve as an input to developing a new, climate resilient Zimbabwe AIP for the future. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction; chapter two presents relevant background information on climate change and Zimbabwe's agricultural sector; chapter three describes the methodology of how the general CSAIP approach was applied to the specific case of Zimbabwe's agricultural sector; chapter four presents some analytic results highlighting the challenges that will be faced by Zimbabwe's agricultural sector under an uncertain future and provides evidence in support of the role of CSA in addressing these vulnerabilities; chapter five presents results of the process of producing prioritized packages of CSA investments and takes a detailed look at each of these recommended packages; and chapter six concludes with a summary, a set of recommendations and next steps.

Farmers in developing countries often struggle to secure the investment capital they need to set up and maintain effective irrigation systems – a central tenet of Climate-Smart Agriculture. This study discusses barriers to funding for small-scale projects, showcases examples of successful finance initiatives from around the world, and identifies opportunities for financiers, NGOs and government to collaborate more closely to improve access to loans.

As climate changes, can we achieve food security while reducing rural poverty, improving health and nutrition, and sustainably managing our natural resources? In 2013, CCAFS helped advance climate-smart agriculture in 20 countries around the world, through close collaborations with farmers, civil society, governments and researchers.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is an approach to help agricultural systems worldwide, concurrently addressing three challenge areas: increased adaptation to climate change, mitigation of climate change, and ensuring global food security – through innovative policies, practices, and financing. It involves a set of objectives and multiple transformative transitions for which there are newly identified knowledge gaps. We address these questions raised by CSA within three areas: conceptualization, implementation, and implications for policy and decision-makers. We also draw up scenarios on the future of the CSA concept in relation to the 4 per 1000 Initiative (Soils for Food Security and Climate) launched at UNFCCC 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21). Our analysis shows that there is still a need for further interdisciplinary research on the theoretical foundation of the CSA concept and on the necessary transformations of agriculture and land use systems. Contrasting views about implementation indicate that CSA focus on the "triple win" (adaptation, mitigation, food security) needs to be assessed in terms of science-based practices. CSA policy tools need to incorporate an integrated set of measures supported by reliable metrics. Environmental and social safeguards are necessary to make sure that CSA initiatives conform to the principles of sustainability, both at the agriculture and food system levels.

The objectives of this report are to assess the value proposition of results-based carbon finance for CSA, and to provide high-level guidance for the development of CSA carbon crediting programs that considers the characteristics of both the agriculture sector and results-based carbon finance. Target audiences for this report include both stakeholders in climate finance and in the agriculture sector. In particular, the report aims to inform developing country governments about the opportunities for promoting transformative CSA interventions within the framework of results-based finance and its potential positioning in relation to other World Bank financing.

Purpose: This paper aims to report on a case in which encouraging climate-smart agriculture in the form of better irrigation techniques in India can contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation goals by improving resource-use efficiency. It provides grounded institutional analysis on how these transformations can occur. Design/methodology/approach: The authors based their research on three complementary approaches: institutional, sociological and technical. The institutional approach analyzed actors and interests in the water-energy nexus in India via over 25 semi-structured key informant interviews. The sociological approach surveyed over 50 farmers and equipment suppliers for insight into technology adoption. The technical component analyzed water and energy consumption data to calculate potential benefits from transitioning to more efficient techniques. Findings: Because policymakers have a preference for voluntary policy instruments over coercive reforms, distortions in policy and market arenas can provide opportunities for embedded actors to leverage technology and craft policy bargains which facilitate Pareto superior reforms and, thereby, avoid stalemates in addressing climate change. Enlarging the solution space to include more actors and interests can facilitate such bargains more than traditional bilateral exchanges. Practical implications: The analysis provides insights into crafting successful climate action policies in an inhospitable institutional terrain. Originality/value: Studies about climate change politics generally focus on stalemates and portray the private sector as resistant and a barrier to climate action. This paper analyzes a contrary phenomenon, showing how reforms can be packaged in Pareto superior formats to overcome policy stalemates and generate technology-based climate and environmental co-benefits in even unpromising terrain such as technologically laggard and economically constrained populations.

L'agriculture intelligente face au climat (climate-smart agriculture – CSA) a comme objectifs d'être adaptée au changement climatique et de l'atténuer, tout en contribuant de manière durable à la sécurité alimentaire. Né en 2010 à l'initiative de la FAO, le concept a fait école et se décline désormais en diverses pratiques qui prennent en compte ces objectifs de manière différente. Les pratiques agroécologiques de couverture permanente du sol, par des arbres ou des cultures, sont parmi les plus courantes. Mais la CSA prétend aussi être une approche plus large permettant de répondre aux enjeux du changement climatique par des politiques publiques et des financements innovants. Défini par des objectifs et non pas par les moyens d'atteindre ces objectifs, le concept de CSA pose aussi question, notamment sur la possibilité d'assurer simultanément ses trois objectifs et sur le risque d'encourager un productivisme déguisé qui ne respecterait ni l'environnement ni les agriculteurs. L'initiative " 4 ‰, les sols pour la sécurité alimentaire et le climat " reprend les objectifs de la CSA en insistant sur l'atténuation du changement climatique par l'augmentation de la teneur en carbone du sol. Tout en étant un concept qui demande encore à faire ses preuves, la CSA est une approche de l'agriculture originale et compatible avec les enjeux du changement climatique.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Climate Change? -- 1.2 Greenhouse Gases, Greenhouse Effect, and Global Warming -- 1.2.1 Greenhouse Effects -- 1.2.2 Global Warming -- 1.3 Causes of Climate Change -- 1.3.1 Changes in Solar Energy and Tilting of Earth Orbit -- 1.3.2 Changes in Reflectivity Earth-Atmospheric System -- 1.3.3 Changes in the Greenhouse Effect -- 1.3.4 Feedback Mechanism as a Cause of Climate Change -- 1.4 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture -- 1.5 Why Climate-Smart Agriculture -- 1.6 Definition, Pillars, and Dimensions of CSA -- 1.6.1 Definition of CSA -- 1.6.2 Dimensions of Climate-Smart Agriculture -- 1.7 Brief Nodal Approaches of CSA -- 1.7.1 Soil and Water Management -- 1.7.2 Crop Management -- 1.7.3 Livestock Management -- References -- 2 Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: Evidence and Predictions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evidence and Predictions of Climate Change -- 2.2.1 Pieces of Evidence -- 2.2.2 Predictions -- 2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Crop -- 2.3.1 Pieces of Evidence -- 2.3.2 Predictions -- 2.4 Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock, Aquaculture, and Fisheries -- 2.4.1 Pieces of Evidence -- 2.4.2 Predictions -- 2.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Soil and Water Resources -- 2.6 Impacts of Climate Change on Food Security -- 2.7 Messages -- References -- 3 Dimensions of Climate-Smart Agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Weather-Smart CSA -- 3.3 Water-Smart CSA -- 3.4 Crop-Smart CSA -- 3.5 Nutrient-Smart CSA -- 3.6 Carbon and Energy-Smart CSA -- 3.7 Institute and Knowledge-Smart CSA -- References -- 4 Soil Management for Climate-Smart Agriculture -- 4.1 Soil Quality, Soil Resilience, and Soil Health -- 4.2 Climate Change and Issues of Soil Sustainability -- 4.3 Soil Resources and Principles of Soil Management for CSA -- 4.3.1 Soil Resources.