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Climate variability is a major source of risk to smallholder farmers and pastoralists, particularly in dryland regions. A growing body of evidence links climate-related risk to the extent and the persistence of rural poverty in these environments. Stochastic shocks erode smallholder farmers' long-term livelihood potential through loss of productive assets. The resulting uncertainty impedes progress out of poverty by acting as a disincentive to investment in agriculture – by farmers, rural financial services, value chain institutions and governments. We assess evidence published in the last ten years that a set of production technologies and institutional options for managing risk can stabilize production and incomes, protect assets in the face of shocks, enhance uptake of improved technologies and practices, improve farmer welfare, and contribute to poverty reduction in risk-prone smallholder agricultural systems. Production technologies and practices such as stress-adapted crop germplasm, conservation agriculture, and diversified production systems stabilize agricultural production and incomes and, hence, reduce the adverse impacts of climate-related risk under some circumstances. Institutional interventions such as index-based insurance and social protection through adaptive safety nets play a complementary role in enabling farmers to manage risk, overcome risk-related barriers to adoption of improved technologies and practices, and protect their assets against the impacts of extreme climatic events. While some research documents improvements in household welfare indicators, there is limited evidence that the risk-reduction benefits of the interventions reviewed have enabled significant numbers of very poor farmers to escape poverty. We discuss the roles that climate-risk management interventions can play in efforts to reduce rural poverty, and the need for further research on identifying and targeting environments and farming populations where improved climate risk management could accelerate efforts to reduce rural poverty.

Climate variability is a major source of risk to smallholder farmers and pastoralists, particularly in dryland regions. A growing body of evidence links climate-related risk to the extent and the persistence of rural poverty in these environments. Stochastic shocks erode smallholder farmers' long-term livelihood potential through loss of productive assets. The resulting uncertainty impedes progress out of poverty by acting as a disincentive to investment in agriculture – by farmers, rural financial services, value chain institutions and governments. We assess evidence published in the last ten years that a set of production technologies and institutional options for managing risk can stabilize production and incomes, protect assets in the face of shocks, enhance uptake of improved technologies and practices, improve farmer welfare, and contribute to poverty reduction in risk-prone smallholder agricultural systems. Production technologies and practices such as stress-adapted crop germplasm, conservation agriculture, and diversified production systems stabilize agricultural production and incomes and, hence, reduce the adverse impacts of climate-related risk under some circumstances. Institutional interventions such as index-based insurance, adaptive safety nets and climate services play a complementary role in enabling farmers to manage risk, overcome risk-related barriers to adoption of improved technologies and practices, and protect their assets against the impacts of extreme climatic events. While some research documents improvements in household welfare indicators, there is limited evidence that the risk-reduction benefits of the interventions reviewed have benefited significant numbers of chronically poor farmers. We discuss the roles that climate-risk management interventions can play in efforts to reduce rural poverty, and the need for further research on identifying and targeting environments and farming populations where improved climate risk management could accelerate efforts to reduce rural poverty.

By international comparison, German development cooperation has a large portfolio to support developing and emerging countries in managing climate risks comprehensively. As part of the
evaluation of climate change adaptation interventions, DEval examined the instruments of German development cooperation for managing residual climate risks (Leppert et al., 2021). This policy brief summarises the key findings of this evaluation.

The USAID Fish Right Activity1 (March 2018 – 2025) improves marine biodiversity and fisheries management in the Philippines by reducing overfishing, destructive and illegal fishing, and degradation of marine ecosystems. Fish Right strengthens the capacity of local governments, non-governmental organizations, fisherfolk, and fishing communities to better manage coastal resources and build resilience to climate change in key sites across the country. Climate stressors in the Philippines—including rising sea temperatures, sea-level rise, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events—and associated ocean acidification, all pose an existential threat to fisheries and fishing communities. In 2013, Typhoon Haiyan, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Yolanda, revealed the vulnerabilities of these communities, many of which were nearly destroyed by the storm. Understanding these risks, USAID and the Fish Right team incorporated climate impacts into activity design and implementation, strengthening the long-term sustainability of activity interventions. This case study describes Fish Right's climate risk management (CRM) actions in thePhilippines during its first three years of implementation, with a focus on quantifying and, where possible, monetizing benefits from interventions.

From the preface: Anthropogenic climate change, and the risks that a changing climate presents, is now widely acknowledged to be a reality, and one that represents a serious threat to organisations in the private and public sector, as well as to society as a whole. These risks range from adverse impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity, water resources, food production, and infrastructure. As the Earth continues to warm, these risks are likely to increase in relevance, and as such organisations that have business areas which are sensitive to climate related risks, will need to adapt to this changing environment, in order to reduce or avoid any negative consequences, and seize any positive consequences. Adaptation to the risks posed by climate change and variability is a complex process, and one that is still relatively new to many organisations. To date, progress on adaptation in both the private and public sector has at best been patchy. In view of the relative novelty of the issue, together with the complexity of the challenge, there is a clear need for guidance and support, to help assist organisations in making progress with adaptation. This guidebook, Adapting to climate change: methods and tools for climate risk management, seeks to provide organisations with the information they need in order to understand the range of issues involved in adaptation, and to help them make informed decisions about how they may make progress with adaptation planning in practice. This version of the guidebook is a first order draft, to which feedback is warmly welcomed.

Empirical evidence has shown that farmers can adapt to climate change by using sustainable land and water management (SLWM) practices that provide local mitigation benefits, reducing or offsetting the negative effects of climate change at the level of the plot, farm, or even landscape. However, adaptation to climate change using SLWM practices in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains low. This study was conducted to examine the impact of government policies on adaptation to climate change. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Land Resource Management for Poverty Reduction ; EPTD