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THE ARTICLE PROVIDES A CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MODERN STATE, EMBRACING 32 WESTERN-TYPE NATIONS FROM 1849. THE FIRST TWO SECTIONS OF THE PAPER ELABORATE A COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR CLASSIFYING ACTIVITIES AS DEFINING, MOBILIZING AND PROVIDING SOCIAL BENEFITS. THE CONCLUDING SECTION CONSIDERS THE PRIORITIES OF STATES WHEN CONSTRAINED BY RESOURCE LIMITATIONS.

MUCH RECENT CROSS-NATIONAL RESEARCH IS HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE IDEOLOGICAL STANCE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN A VARIETY OF NATIONS, USUALLY MEASURED IN TERMS OF SOME MORE OR LESS EXPLICIT LEFT-RIGHT IDEOLOGICAL SCALE. THE NEED FOR SUCH CLASSIFICATION IS QUITE APPARENT IN THE PLETHORA OF STUDIES ATTEMPTING TO EVALUATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLITICAL PARTIES TO PUBLIC POLICY OUTCOMES. IN VIRTUALLY ALL SUCH RESEARCH. LEFT PARTIES ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM ALL OTHER PARTIES (SEE, FOR EXAMPLE, HEWITT, 1977; TUFTE, 1979), WHILE IN A FEW, THE FOCUS IS TIGHTER, WITH CASTLES (1978; 1982) DISCUSSING THE ROLE OF RIGHT AND CENTRE PARTIES AND CAMERON (1982), IN ADDITION, EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATIC PARTIES. ONCE THE PROBLEM OF CLASSIFICATION IS MORE COMPLEX THAN DISTINGUISHING THE LEFT FROM THE REST, IT BECOMES NECESSARY TO LOCATE THE POLITICAL POSITIONS OF PARTIES ON SOME SORT OF UNIDIMENSIONAL OR MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALE, WHERE THE DIMENSIONS ARE RELATED TO THE EXPLANATIONS BEING OFFERED FOR PUBLIC POLICY VARIATION. THE LOCATION OF POLITICAL POSITION IS ALSO CRUCIAL IN A RANGE OF MORE DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES OF SHIFTING ELECTORAL ALLEGIANCES. CLEARLY, THE PROBLEM IS MINIMIZED WHEN DESCRIBING SHIFTS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL PARTIES, BUT WHEN THE INTENTION IS TO ASSESS SHIFTS SHIFTS BETWEEN IDEOLOGICALLY DEFINED BLOCKS OR 'TENDANCES', IT AGAIN BECOMES NECESSARY TO LOCATE PARTIES VIS-A-VIS EACH OTHER IN ORDER TO DETERMINE BLOCK COHERENCE AND BLOCK BOUNDARIES (SEE BARTPY: 1984

A novel weighted rough set-based classification approach is introduced for the evaluation of fetal nature acquired from a CardioTocoGram (CTG) signal. The classification is essential to anticipate newborn's well-being, particularly for the life-threatening cases. CTG monitoring comprises of electronic fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal activities and the uterine contraction (UC) signals. These signals are extensively used as a part of the pregnancy and give extremely significant data on fetal health. The obtained data from these recordings can be utilized to anticipate the condition of the newborn baby, which gives an open door for early medication before perpetual deficiency to the fetus. The dimension of the obtained features from CTG is high and decreases the accuracy of classification algorithms. In this article, supervised particle swarm optimization (PSO) with a rough set-based dimensionality reduction method is used to find a minimal set of significant features from CTG extracted features. The proposed weighted rough set classifier (WRSC) method is utilized for predicting the fetal condition as normal and pathological states. The performance of the proposed WRSC algorithm is compared with various classification algorithms such as bijective soft set neural network classifier (BISONN), rough set-based classifier (RST), multi-layered perceptron (MLP), decision table (DT), Java repeated incremental pruning (JRIP) classifier, J48 and Naïve Bayes (NB) classifiers. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is capable of forecasting the fetal state with 98.5% classification accuracy, and the results show that the proposed classification algorithm performed considerably superior than other classification techniques.

THE PAPER PRESENTS AND ASSESSES A SYSTEM FOR CLASSIFYING STATE LEGISLATIVE ISSUES AND POLICIES. THE SYSTEM WAS DEVISED FROM INFORMATION TAKEN FROM TWO NATIONAL SURVEYS (1963 AND 1974) OF STATE LEGISLATORS ASKED TO IDENTIFY FOUR KEY ISSUES. SEPARATE APPLICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM OVER THE 10YEAR PERIOD SUGGEST THAT IT EXHIBITS A SUBSTANTIAL CONSISTENCY FOR POLICY AREAS.

PREVIOUS STUDIES EMPLOYING ZILLER'S SOCIAL-SELF CONSTRUCTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND SELF-COMPLEXITY HAVE FOUND THAT PLLITICIANS HIGH ON BOTH DIMENSIONS WERE PARTICULARLY UNSUCCESSFUL. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER VERBAL-NONVERBAL INCONSISTENCIES IN COMMUNICATION ARE RELATED TO THIS LACK OF SUCCESS. AS PREDICTED, HIGH SELF-ESTEEM, HIGH SELF-COMPLEXITY FIRST-TERM STATE LEGISLATORS SHOWED THE GREATES DISCREPANCY BETWEEN WHAT THEY SAID AND HOW THE SAID IT. THIS DISCREPANCY WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE RESULT OF AN IMMATURE CONCERN WITH AFFILIATION PROCESSES. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZILLER'S THEORY AND BARBER'S POLITICAL TYPOLOGY WAS ALSO DISCUSSED.

PRESIDENTIAL INITIATIVES TO CONGRESS ARE EXAMINED FOR CHANGES IN POLICY EMPHASIS OVER TIME. THE LOWI TYPOLOGY IS THE MEDIUM FOR THE ANALYSIS REVEALING CONSIDERABLE CHANGE IN PRESIDENTIAL ATTENTION. REGULATORY ISSUES, FOR EXAMPLE, ARE GROWING IN EMPHASIS WHILE REDISTRIBUTIVE ISSUES ARE BECOMING LESS PERVASIVE. THE TYPOLOGY DID DIFFERENTIATE AMONG POLICY ISSUES ACROSS TIME, POLITICAL PARTY, SELECTED YEARS IN OFFICE, AND LEGISLATIVE APPROVAL OF INITIATIVES. ALTHOUGH SOME RELATIONSHIPS WERE LARGELY AMELIORATED BY TIME, THE TYPOLOGY WAS DEEMED USEFUL FOR EXAMINING PRESIDENTIAL POLICY EMPHASES.

RECENT HIGH PROFILE EVENTS SUCH AS THE IMPLOSION OF THE ALFRED P. MURRAH BUILDING IN OKLAHOMA CITY UNDERSCORE THE VULNERABILITY OF DEMOCRACIES TO ACTS OF TERRORISM. THIS ARTICLE RAISES SOME METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE EDUBANK AND WEINBERG ANALYSIS OF DEMOCRACY AND TERRORISM. A CASE IS MADE FOR THE USE OF EVENTS DATA RATHER THAN THE PRESENCE OF TERRORIST GROUPS. EUBANK AND WEINBERG'S CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES, AS HAVING OR NOT HAVING TERRORIST GROUPS, IS QUESTIONED. FURTHER DETAILS OF THEIR CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION ARE REQUESTED. FINALLY, SOME ALTERNATIVE TESTS ARE INDICATED, WHICH CAN BE DONE WHEN DATA BECOME AVAILABLE.