Suchergebnisse

Modern societies' welfare relies greatly on fossil fuels. The current energy model, based on the extensive utilization of fossil fuels, is affected by economic and environmental problems. The United States Department of Energy 2009 report estimates that, within the next two decades, global energy consumption will double (Conti, 2009). On the other hand, the European Commission 2009 report indicates that the management of climate change problems in Europe, since 2000, has been globally unfavourable. Nevertheless, there are some positive signs, such as the 1.4% reduction in 2007 of CO2 emissions with respect to the figures obtained from 2000 to 2004 in the European Union of Fifteen (E-15). However, considering the 27 European states (E-27), and paying attention to the consumption and production of renewable energy and biofuels, the reduction in emissions has not fulfilled the European Union objectives. Among the motives of this negative evaluation, the fall in the companies' productivity, increased transport and industry emissions and the reduction in research and development areas can be cited (Radermacher, 2009). First- and secondgeneration biofuels could ameliorate or solve the associated fossil fuel depletion problems, although their recent implantation has raised some doubts. The main problems associated with biofuels are the food vs. fuel controversy; the agricultural and forestry land usage and the actual sustainability of biofuels' production. Third-generation biofuels, based on the microbiological processing of agricultural, urban and industrial residues, could be a possible solution. However, several technical problems must be solved to make them economically viable and easily affordable for the industry (Robles-Medina et al., 2009). ; We thank the Junta de Andalucía (Spain) for funding this study through project reference P08-RNM-04180 and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology for funding through project reference CTM2009-09270. M. Manzanera received grants from the Programa Ramón y Cajal, (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia MEC, Spain, and ERDF, European Union).

Chapter 1. A Comprehensive Study of Food Waste to Biogas Plant: Paths to Improve the Performance – A Case Study -- Chapter 2. Resource Recovery From Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Waste Using Anaerobic Digestion And Hydrothermal Carbonisation -- Chapter 3. Effect of Inoculation on Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste -- Chapter 4. Bio Sorption of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Solutions by Pericarp of Pongamia Pinnata -- Chapter 5. A Comparative Study of the Fuel Characteristics between Algal Biodiesel and Petro-Diesel -- Chapter 6. Production of Bioethanol from Green Alga Chlorella Vulgaris: An Important Approach to Utilize Algal Feedstock or Waste -- Chapter 7. Biogas Production from Fat, Oil, Grease and Effect of Pre-Treatment -- Chapter 8. Predicting Biomethanation Pattern from Feedstock Composition for Biomass Residues -- Chapter 9. Yield Improvement of Biodiesel from Chlorella Vulgaris by Media Optimisation and Transesterfication -- Chapter 10. Synthesis of Cellulose from Peanut Shell Waste and its use in Bioethanol Production.

1.Introduction: Yoram Krozer, Maarten Arentsen, Michael Narodoslawsky (10 pages) -- Part I: Basics (20-25 pages each chapter) -- 2.Bioresources basics: Michael Narodoslawsky -- 3.Bioresources for electricity: Andrej Gubina -- 4.Economic basics: Yoram Krozer -- 5.Regional capabilities: Frans Coenen -- 6.Market behavior: Boglarka Vajda and Yoram Krozer -- 7.Business development: Yoram Krozer and Petra Doelman -- 8.Policy development: Maarten Arentsen -- Part II Cases (5-10 pages each chapter) -- 9.Willows for localized fuels: Sandor Bartha -- 10.Modern bio-refineries: Louis Duarte -- 11.Supplies for bioenergy markets: Devrim Yazan -- 12.Food chain waste processing: Ina Körner -- 13.Reuse of edible oils: Avinash Narayanswamy -- 14.Manure for energy: Willem van Laarhoven

Nature is a master engineer. From the bones of the tiniest bird to the sophisticated bioproduction of a spider's web, the works of nature are an enigma to the scientific mind. In the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, studying, understanding, and harnessing the intricacies of nature's designs for the benefit of mankind is the bedrock of science and technology. One such exceptionally engineered natural material is the bamboo plant. This ancient vegetation has, over dozens of generations, reinvented itself as a legendary, resilient, ubiquitous, and impressive bioresource that is not just sustainable, but also ecologically and cheaply cultivatable, and invaluable for soil erosion control, while holding the enormous potential to be transmuted into various useful chemicals and materials. With the increasing concerns and obligations in rethinking the future of the environment, sequestration of carbon dioxide, reduction in timber usage, and preservation of already depleted non-renewable resources, it has become vital for environmentalists, governments, scientists, and other stakeholders to identify alternatives to fossil-based chemicals and their derivable materials that are sustainable without compromising efficiency. By coalescing engineering-, chemical-, and materials science-based approaches, including results from over 100 reports, we demonstrate that the bamboo plant presents enormous opportunities for sustainable chemicals and materials. In addition, we highlight the current challenges involving the optimization of bamboo-based technologies and provide recommendations for future studies.

The need for exploration, conservation, and sustainable utilization of bioresources is undeniable for the survival and growth of mankind. This new book throws light on new and recent research on and development of effective strategies for sustainable utilization of bioresources using modern tools and techniques to help meet this challenge.

Growth of the blue bioeconomy has potential for contributing positively toward economic growth, societal needs and multiple United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, organizations currently experience many challenges which limit success in this field. The aim of this paper is to identify trends in challenges linked to target end markets, stages in the value chain and organization types, to suggest potential solutions and link these to potential novel business models. A survey was completed by 58 organizations representing countries across four continents, and interviews were conducted with seven selected European start-ups/SMEs, to gather information regarding existing bottlenecks and to validate their business model. Results indicate that organizations targeting the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sector experience a majority of challenges related to supply and technology, whereas organizations targeting the industrial biotechnology or agricultural industry experience more issues linked to market. Both bottom-up and top-down approaches could be applied in order to implement suggested actions. Analysis of the business model canvas used by start-ups/SMEs revealed potential for improvement. In particular, it was noted that review of the 'revenue stream' segment within the business model, specifically regarding alternatives to governmental funding, could be helpful for the long-term survival of these types of organizations.