Suchergebnisse

According to the European Union Directive 2009/28/EC, the goals of obtaining 20% of all energy requirements from renewable sources and a 20% reduction in primary energy use must be fulfilled by 2020. In this work, an evaluation was performed, from the environmental and energy point of view, of anaerobic digestion as a valid solution for the treatment of the byproducts obtained from the coffee-roasting process. In particular, thermophilic anaerobic digestion tests were carried out. Output values from the laboratory were used as input for the MCBioCH(4) model to evaluate the produced flow of biogas and biomethane and two different biogas valorization alternatives, namely, the traditional exploitation of biogas for heat/energy production and biomethane conversion. The results of the preliminary simulation showed that a full-scale implementation of the coffee waste biogas production process is technically feasible and environmentally sustainable. Furthermore, the performed analysis validates a general methodology for energy production compatibility planning.

Producción Científica ; The capacity of haloalkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria to synthesize ectoine from CH4-biogas represents an opportunity for waste treatment plants to improve their economic revenues and align their processes to the incoming circular economy directives. A techno-economic and sensitivity analysis for the bioconversion of biogas into 10 t ectoine·y–1 was conducted in two stages: (I) bioconversion of CH4 into ectoine in a bubble column bioreactor and (II) ectoine purification via ion exchange chromatography. The techno-economic analysis showed high investment (4.2 M€) and operational costs (1.4 M€·y–1). However, the high margin between the ectoine market value (600–1000 €·kg–1) and the estimated ectoine production costs (214 €·kg–1) resulted in a high profitability for the process, with a net present value evaluated at 20 years (NPV20) of 33.6 M€. The cost sensitivity analysis conducted revealed a great influence of equipment and consumable costs on the ectoine production costs. In contrast to alternative biogas valorization into heat and electricity or into low added-value bioproducts, biogas bioconversion into ectoine exhibited high robustness toward changes in energy, water, transportation, and labor costs. The worst- and best-case scenarios evaluated showed ectoine break-even prices ranging from 158 to 275 €·kg–1, ∼3–6 times lower than the current industrial ectoine market value. ; Junta de Castilla y León - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project CLU 2017-09, UIC 315) ; Junta de Castilla y León - Universidad de Valladolid (contract C18IPJCL) ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. grant agreement no. 837998

Producción Científica ; Using the biogas generated from organic waste anaerobic treatment to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) has emerged as an attractive alternative to heat and power generation (CHP) in waste treatment plants. The sustainability of biogas combustion for CHP, biogas bioconversion into PHA and a combination of both scenarios was compared in terms of environmental impact, process economics and social responsibility according to the IChemE Sustainability Metrics. Although PHA production presented higher investment and operational costs, a comparable economic performance was observed in all biogas valorization scenarios regarding net present value (0.77 M€) and internal rate of return (6.4 ± 0.2%) due to the higher market value of biopolymers. The PHA production entailed a significant reduction of atmospheric acidification and odor emissions compared to CHP despite showing higher land, water, chemicals and energy requirements. Job creation associated to biopolymer industry and the increasing public demand for bioproducts were identified as fundamental aspects for enhancing social and local acceptance of waste processing facilities. This study demonstrated that PHA production from biogas constitutes nowadays a realistic alternative to CHP in waste treatment plants and that PHA can be produced at a competitive market price when biogas is used for internal energy provision (4.2 €·kg−1 PHA). ; Bio Based Industries Joint Undertaking (grant 745785) ; Junta de Castilla y León - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grants CLU 2017–09, UIC 71 and VA281P18) ; Junta de Castilla y León (grant C18IPJCL) ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 745785

Front Cover -- Waste Valorization for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuels, Biogas, and Value-Added Products -- Woodhead Series in Bioenergy -- Waste Valorization for Bioenergy and Bioproducts: Biofuels, Biogas, and Value-Added Products -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 - Introduction to waste to bioenergy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Solid wastes -- 1.3 Agricultural residues -- 1.4 Pulp and paper industry waste -- 1.5 Wood and forest waste -- 1.6 Algae -- 1.7 Mechanisms to convert solid waste to energy -- 1.7.1 Pretreatment technologies -- 1.7.1.1 Physical pretreatment -- 1.7.1.2 Chemical pretreatment -- 1.7.1.3 Biological pretreatment -- 1.7.1.4 Alkaline pretreatment -- 1.7.1.5 Thermal pretreatment -- 1.8 Thermochemical conversion pathway -- 1.8.1 Incineration -- 1.8.2 Gasification -- 1.8.3 Torrefaction -- 1.8.4 Pyrolysis -- 1.9 Biochemical conversion pathway -- 1.9.1 Fermentation -- 1.9.2 Anaerobic digestion -- 1.10 Liquid waste -- 1.10.1 Wastewater treatment technologies -- 1.10.1.1 Conventional treatment -- 1.10.1.2 Algae-based treatment -- 1.11 Chemical pathway -- 1.11.1 Lipid extraction -- 1.11.2 Transesterification process -- 1.12 Biofuel upgradation -- 1.13 Hydrodeoxygenation -- 1.13.1 Catalytic vapor cracking -- 1.13.2 Emulsification -- 1.14 Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Opportunities and challenges in the production of biofuels from waste biomass -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of biofuels -- 2.3 Types of biofuels produced from organic waste -- 2.4 Biomass waste-to-energy valorization technologies -- 2.5 Pretreatment methods and their influence on the breakdown of biomass structure -- 2.6 Emerging sources of waste streams: opportunities and challenges for a sustainable and clean-energy transition -- 2.7 Types of waste for biofuel production.

It is a fact that biogas can give a valuable contribution to waste valorization, energy production and environment protection. This is recognized, for example, in the European Union Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, which considers "the use of agricultural material such as manure, slurry and other animal and organic waste for biogas production has, in view of the high greenhouse gas emission saving potential, significant environmental advantages in terms of heat and power production and its use as biofuel. Biogas installations can, as a result of their decentralized nature and the regional investment structure, contribute significantly to sustainable development in rural areas and offer farmers new income opportunities". Despite all this advantages, legislation deficiencies can pose serious obstacles to the development of the renewable energies sector in general and of the biogas segment in particular. In this context, this chapter analyses and discusses the current state and legal framework of the Portuguese biogas sector at the light of the country's and European legislation on waste management. Some important pieces of international environmental law are reviewed, followed by the identification of the European and Portuguese legal instruments that are related to the production, impacts and management of waste and to the biogas sector. The important link between waste and biogas is highlighted and the value attached to it prized. As far as the potential and current state of the Portuguese biogas production are concerned, despite the fact that the organic effluents are a relevant energy source (873 Mm3 biogas year-1; 4890 GWh year-1) and that new, more favorable, feed-in tariffs were established in 2007, biogas valorization to energy is still at an early stage. The country's current biogas electricity installed capacity is around 20% of its potential (229 MW). For this reason, and for all the environment benefits of the biogas energy recovery, it is desirable to strengthen the national biogas market.

Sewage biogas valorization to different energy applications is hampered by the presence of volatile methyl siloxanes. Despite the high operating costs, adsorption onto activated carbon is the most implemented technology for siloxane removal from biogas. In order to purify biogas sustainably, the current work explores the diffusion of siloxanes (octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane) together with other biogas impurities (limonene, toluene and hexane) through polydimethylsiloxane membranes. Abiotic tests revealed transport efficiencies above 75% towards a clean air stream for most compounds, although the transport of the most hydrophobic pollutants was challenged when water was circulated through the shell side of the membrane. Moreover, the performance of a hollow-fiber membrane bioreactor, inoculated with anerobic active sludge, was evaluated towards biogas purification in anoxic conditions. Toluene and limonene were successfully degraded, hexane's removal efficiency was positively correlated with the residence time, and siloxanes removal was achieved up to 21%. CO2 was detected in the outlet gas as the mineralization product as well as some byproducts from the degradation of limonene and siloxanes. The presence of 1% of O2 in the gas, as a strategy to substitute NO3−, efficiently supported high removal for volatile organic compounds and moderate for siloxanes, which would ultimately reduce the operating costs of the technology ; This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CTQ2014-53718-R) co-funded by FEDER and University of Girona. Eric Santos-Clotas thanks Universitat de Girona for his predoctoral grant (IFUdG-2015/51). Alba Cabrera-Codony acknowledges support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement Nº 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia (TECSPR16-1-0045). LEQUIA has been recognized as ...

Globally, food and agriculture production consume 30% of the world's energy and produce around 20% of the worlds greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions . Acknowledging increasing global food demand, this highlights the urgency to move towards a Climate Smart Agriculture in South-East-Asia and beyond to tackle the global climate challenge. Valorization of agricultural residues is a promising approach but faces challenges in technology, logistics and feasibility under current economic and legal conditions. With an average annual increase of more than 6% since 2000, Viet Nam belongs to the countries with the fastest growing GDP . One primary driver for this development is the agricultural sector contributing with 16 % to the national GDP in 2016 . Agricultural production leads inherently to production of residual biomass from crop growing, livestock breeding and food production. Rice with a yield of 45.2 million tons in 2014 (world rank 5) is the most important agricultural GDP contributor3. Nevertheless, it leads to the production of 51.5 million tons of rice straw. Similar to India and China, the majority of the rice straw is burned in the rice fields causing air pollution on a supra-regional scale . Other components of the rice straw, are incorporated into the soil of the flooded paddies, causing CH4 emissions . A second crucial agricultural sector is livestock farming. With 75 million cattle and pigs as well as high annual growth rates (up to 3,7%)3, this sector is rapidly gaining importance for the Vietnamese economy. Due to the lack of compliance with emission control standards (QCVN 62-MT:2016/BTNMT ), this development comes along with adverse environmental effects. Together with the intensive use of fertilizers in the rice fields, the disposal of manure from livestock farming contributes largely to the pollution of water and soils, to the loss of nutrients, and to the emission of greenhouse gases. Frequently, manure is treated in small-scale household biogas digesters (up to 15 cows or 50 pigs). Nationwide the installation of 158,000 plants were supported by the Vietnam Biogas Programme , 47,800 of these plants (more than 30%) are situated in the Mekong Delta. Due to the insufficient heating energy demand at the households, the excess biogas is released to the atmosphere. Furthermore, biogas leaks from the plants altogether result in a methane loss up to 40% , . According to 8,9, , and observations during the surveys of previous Vietnamese-German projects like INHAND and BioRist or UKAVita, also the 1,000 mid- (for 50 to 2,000 pigs or 16 to 80 cows) and large-scale (for > 2,000 pig or > 80 cows) biogas plants show a need for technological improvement along the entire process chain: a) substrate preparation, selection, and mixture, b) reactor design, process management and the conditioning of biogas and c) residues as well as biogas storage treatment and usage. Beyond severe local environmental problems, the future of agriculture needs to be discussed in the context of the Vietnamese energy market and climate policy. In 2011, the Vietnamese government promulgated a Masterplan for power development in which it is stated that the capacity of the bio-energy sector shall be increased to 500 MW by 2020 and 2,000 MW by 2030 (Decision No.: 81208/QD-TTg). Therefore, an adaptation towards efficient and cleanly operating biogas plants is crucial. In 2008 a 'National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change' had been published to create the necessary conditions for adaptation towards climate change effects and mitigation of GHG emissions. The "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (INDC) indicates that Vietnam is capable of reducing the CO2 emissions, with international support, by 25% by 2030 in comparison to the business as usual scenario (BUA). However, it is important that in searching for appropriate responses to this situation solutions has to be adapted to the local conditions, which means that the specific geographical conditions, climate, culture and society must be considered to contribute to a holistic approach beyond sole technical and administrative solutions but also to enhance science, research and education. After two successful conferences on "Valorization of agricultural residues in Vietnam" in Spring 2017 and 2018 the organizing committee from the Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City and the Technische Universität Berlin successfully established a joint forum for the Vietnamese scientific community and international scientists and experts. This success has convinced us when announcing the 3rd International Conference "Valorization of Agricultural Residues - Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture in South-East Asia", and we are glad to present an interesting program sponsored by the DAAD, the German Academic Exchange Service and BMBF, the German Ministry of Education and Research. This year, many contributions are focusing on strategies, technologies and ideas, to mitigate GHG emission from agricultural activities, emphasizing the increasing scientific attention. Therefore, we hope that our conference is a starting point for new scientific ideas, cooperations and innovative solutions to tackle the related challenges. ; BMBF, 01LY1508A, KMU-innovativ-Verbundprojekt Klimaschutz: Entwicklung und Integration eines innovativen Verfahrens zur Biogasherstellung aus Reisstroh in regionale Wertschöpfungsketten im ländlichen Raum in Südostasien unter Berücksichtigung nachhaltiger Entwicklung und Klimaschutz - Beispiel Vietnam, Teilprojekt 1

In this work a process simulation model identifies the most profitable German biogas plant types and sizes. Small manure and large-scale biowaste plants are currently the most economically attractive installations whereas the valorization of energy crops turns out to be unprofitable. Future developments are assessed with the help of a regional optimization model under constraints. Capacity expansion concerns small-scale manure and biowaste installations rather than plants based on energy crops.

AbstractResidual lignocellulosic biomass (RLB) is a valuable resource that can help address environmental issues by serving as an alternative to fossil fuels and as a raw material for producing various value-added molecules. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the use of lignocellulosic waste in South America, a review was conducted over the last 4 years. The review focused on energy generation, biofuel production, obtaining platform molecules (such as ethanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid), and other materials of interest. The review found that Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador had the most RLB sources, with sugarcane, oil palm, and rice crop residues being the most prominent. In South America, RLB is used to produce biogas, syngas, hydrogen, bio-oil, biodiesel, torrefied biomass, pellets, and biomass briquettes. The most studied and produced value-added molecule was ethanol, followed by furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid. Other applications of interest that have been developed with RLB include obtaining activated carbon and nanomaterials. Significant progress has been made in South America in utilizing RLB, and some countries have been more proactive in regulating its use. However, there is still much to learn about the potential of RLB in each country. This review provides an updated perspective on the typification and valorization of residual biomass in South America and discusses the level of research and technology being applied in the region. This information can be helpful for future research on RLB in South America.

International audience ; Actions of French governments on waste, resource and energy management force to focus on waste treatment and recovery process. Among these processes, anaerobic digestor offers significant advantages compared to other forms of waste treatment. It permits an organic waste treatment and a double valorization. The organic waste treatment enables the production of a digestate and a combustible gas fraction called biogas. The digestate, is an improved fertilizer, and can be enhanced by spreading or composting. Biogas can be valorized to produce heat or electricity. From this activity sector, energy production is expected to increase from 1,478 GWh in 2005 to 13,701 GWh in 2020 (Club Biogas ATEE, 2011). Anaerobic digestion is widely studied to understand its mechanisms at microbial level and to improve biogas production and process stability. However, health risk for workers in these facilities and for surrounding residents is very poorly documented. Gaseous and particulate emissions are also incompletely defined. Information on odor concentrations and biogas chemical /biological composition has been investigated. Nevertheless, no data on emissions from inputs storage locations or digestate was currently available. The EMAMET project aims to improve our understanding concerning the biogas production sector. Sources of gaseous and bioaerosol emissions will be researched and characterized on the whole production chain. The chemical composition of gaseous emissions will be completed by odor concentration determination. Biological emissions will be determined by molecular methods. From this information, specific biological and/or chemical indicators of this activity will be defined. In addition, 2D and 3D emission modeling will used to determine the influence zone of the biogas production implantation. To confirm this influence area a research of biological and microbial indicators around a pilot site will be realized. These data can help to assess health and environmental risks for workers and ...