Clusters are characterised by partnership practices that lead to a high level of competitiveness. However some of them encounter coordination difficulties due to conflicts over the appropriation of collective gains. This is more specifically the case of bioclusters because of their sectoral particularities and because of the different public policies that apply. Stemming from an analysis of conflicts at stake in a biocluster, this article aims at bringing to light how firms and institutions strategies emerge and co-evolve as their actions are characterised by divergent interests. According to an evolutionary perspective, we propose an exploratory simulation leading to an analysis of the mutual adaptation dynamics developed by the agents involved. The results show on the one hand that firms adjust their bargaining strategies according to uncertainty and to their perception of the gains which might be generated at the collective level. On the other hand, the model shows that local authorities can play a regulatory part in the game. This exploratory research provides insight into management public modalities so as to generate cooperation and innovation within bioclusters. ; Si les clusters se caractérisent par des pratiques partenariales vecteurs d'une forte compétitivité, certains d'entre eux rencontrent des difficultés de coordination liées à des conflits d'appropriation des bénéfices collectifs. C'est tout particulièrement le cas des bioclusters du fait de leurs particularités sectorielles et des politiques publiques à l'oeuvre. Partant d'une analyse des conflits en jeu dans un biocluster, cet article vise à saisir comment émergent et co-évoluent les stratégies des firmes et des institutions en proie à des intérêts divergents. Selon une perspective évolutionnaire, nous proposons une simulation exploratoire permettant une analyse des dynamiques d'adaptation mutuelle de ces agents. Les résultats montrent d'une part que les firmes modulent leurs stratégies de négociation en fonction de l'incertitude et de la ...
Bioclusters have grown in popularity in the last decade in response to the global environmental and climate challenges. These clusters envisage sustainable and local production value chains in different sectors of the bioeconomy. However, the sustainability of these clusters is often questioned because of the negative social and environmental effects they can have both inside and outside of their region. At present, a framework is missing to analyze these effects that span multiple levels and multiple scales. The aim of this paper is to develop such a multiscalar framework. For this aim, we conducted a meta-analysis of biocluster case studies. As a result, we constructed a framework that combines the aspects of sustainability, knowledge and resource flows, cluster network properties, and the political and institutional structures. We tested this framework on the question of how the different scales of biocluster performance interact and depend on each other.
Bioclusters have grown in popularity in the last decade in response to the global environmental and climate challenges. These clusters envisage sustainable and local production value chains in different sectors of the bioeconomy. However, the sustainability of these clusters is often questioned because of the negative social and environmental effects they can have both inside and outside of their region. At present, a framework is missing to analyze these effects that span multiple levels and multiple scales. The aim of this paper is to develop such a multiscalar framework. For this aim, we conducted a meta-analysis of biocluster case studies. As a result, we constructed a framework that combines the aspects of sustainability, knowledge and resource flows, cluster network properties, and the political and institutional structures. We tested this framework on the question of how the different scales of biocluster performance interact and depend on each other.
Biocluster initiatives have become an important tool for governments to establish, promote, and strengthen economic collaboration, learning, innovation, and employment within particular regions. However, in addition to issues like competitiveness and employment, bioclusters operate with the additional goal of fostering the transition to a sustainable bioeconomy. The profound changes that are required for a successful shift from a fossil‐based economy to a bioeconomy are called transitions and the relatively new scientific field of transition theory has emerged to study them. The aim of this paper is to show the contribution that transition theory can make to the study of bioclusters. In this paper I will review frameworks from the study of sustainability transitions (multi‐level perspective and technical innovation systems) and frameworks from theories of evolutionary economic geography and cluster studies (regional and sectoral innovation systems). The review shows how the choice of a particular framework will shape the analysis of the biocluster through the particular focus and delineation associated with each framework. The review shows the advantages and disadvantages these frameworks have for incorporating the various issues related to the shift towards a bioeconomy that are currently neglected in the literature on bioclusters.
The bioeconomy offers solutions to urgent sustainability challenges, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and world hunger. Bioclusters, which are localized hubs of bioeconomy activities, can create synergies in the use of natural resources and new technological knowledge, thereby providing fertile ground for sustainability transitions and technological innovations in the bioeconomy. Following an interdisciplinary perspective, this dissertation adopts a multiscalar view toward bioclusters to link them with broader contexts and study their role in the bioeconomy transition. By employing quantitative and qualitative methodologies, I analyze the technological and ecological development of the French Bazancourt-Pomacle biocluster. The results reveal the dynamics and interrelations among specific scales and levels linked to positive ecological and technological outcomes, providing valuable insights for policymakers and managers aiming to advance the bioeconomy.
The bioeconomy offers solutions to urgent sustainability challenges, such as climate change, resource scarcity, and world hunger. Bioclusters, which are localized hubs of bioeconomy activities, can create synergies in the use of natural resources and new technological knowledge, thereby providing fertile ground for sustainability transitions and technological innovations in the bioeconomy. Following an interdisciplinary perspective, this dissertation adopts a multiscalar view toward bioclusters to link them with broader contexts and study their role in the bioeconomy transition. By employing quantitative and qualitative methodologies, I analyze the technological and ecological development of the French Bazancourt-Pomacle biocluster. The results reveal the dynamics and interrelations among specific scales and levels linked to positive ecological and technological outcomes, providing valuable insights for policymakers and managers aiming to advance the bioeconomy.
Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- I.1. Innovation policies and the clustering process -- I.1.1. Ensuring the legal and fiscal framework for the partnership between science and industry: governing from a distance -- I.1.2. Clustering: an old idea at the heart of current innovation policies -- I.1.3. Focusing on biotechnologies: catching up with the world through clustering -- I.2. The cooperation mechanism in a biocluster context: from concept to reality -- I.2.1. The advent of structures for science and industry intermediation -- I.2.2. From the cluster concept to its realization: between adoption and resistance -- I.2.3. An immersion survey: observing, interviewing and quantifying on a daily basis -- I.3. Acknowledgements -- PART 1: Persistence and Renewal of the Cluster Concept in Contemporary Innovation Policies -- 1. From Industrial Districts to Knowledge Valleys: the Legacy of the Cluster -- 1.1. The industrial district: the oldest ancestor of the cluster -- 1.1.1. The economic approach of industrial atmosphere -- 1.1.2. The first Italian districts and their influence in France -- 1.1.3. The rise of districts: the end of the Fordist enterprise? -- 1.2. Spatial concentrations of technological activities -- 1.2.1. The time of technopoles: reconciling regional planning and innovation -- 1.2.2. A spontaneous and innovative environment conducive to a "technological atmosphere"? -- 1.2.3. The era of cognitive capitalism: the race for creativity of individuals and territories -- 1.3. The valleys of knowledge: interindividual relations as a source of innovation -- 1.3.1. Informal links in the heart of Silicon Valley -- 1.3.2. The relational logic essential to geographical proximity -- 1.3.3. Social capital as a driver of innovation.
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La bioeconomia si riferisce ad un sistema che si fonda sull'uso intelligente delle risorse biologiche e rinnovabili provenienti dalla terra e dal mare come input industriali e della produzione di alimenti. La Commissione Europea, facendo seguito al lungo dibattito e al percorso effettuato negli ultimi anni sulla strada della sostenibilità, ha approvato la Strategia per l'innovazione per una crescita sostenibile e una bioeconomia per l'Europa. Il lavoro si propone di approfondire come la marginalità territoriale collegata alle disparità socio-economiche, possa essere elemento di vantaggio per la sfida proposta dalla bioeconomia in aree marginali come la Sicilia che hanno le potenzialità di cogliere le possibilità offerte dalla strategia europea. Un vantaggio competitivo derivante da forme di aggregazioni territoriali indicate come proto-biocluster, in grado di intraprendere percorsi di sviluppo locali caratterizzati dalla differenziazione produttiva e dall'integrazione funzionale di attività agricole e non agricole, nel quale la componente spaziale prevale su quella settoriale, per un uso economico delle biodiversità. ; Bioeconomy refers to a system based on the smart utilization of biological resources based on sources from land and sea as industrial input and production of food. The Bioeconomy will also contribute to limiting the negative impacts on the environment, reduce the heavy dependency on fossil resources, mitigate climate change and move Europe towards a post-petroleum society. The work aims to investigate how the territorial marginality linked to socio-economic disparities can be a competitive advantage for the challenges proposed by the bioeconomy innovation strategy. An example of a Sicilian bio-cluster is indicated for a significant product differentiation and functional integration of agricultural and non-agricultural land, in which the spatial component reveals a new sustainable development process.
Cette recherche a été subventionnée par le Conseil Régional Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (DEB 02-468). Elle a également reçu le soutien du Réseau National des Génopoles. ; Version 2 ; Cette recherche fait suite à une recherche sur Genopole Evry, biopole de niveau international articulant science et industrie, dédié à la recherche en génomique et à la création et au développement d'entreprises de biotechnologies. Elle s'inscrit dans une démarche d'économie politique et dans une approche institutionnaliste des sciences et de l'innovation. Elle porte sur l'implantation en régions, dans le cadre d'un dispositif d'action publique (Programme Génopoles, 1999), de « génopoles » labellisées promouvant une nouvelle forme organisationnelle de production de connaissances en phase avec l'évolution des sciences du vivant. L'analyse de ces "institutions intermédiaires" constitue en effet un point focal, en ce qu'elles répondent à des critères à la fois scientifiques et économiques, de structuration d'un domaine scientifique nouveau autour de l'implémentation de plateformes biotechnologiques (instrumentation à grande échelle liée à des compétences scientifiques et technologiques spécifiques); et de création de start-ups de biotechnologies, s'appuyant sur des dispositifs publics d'aide à l'innovation (loi de 1999, incubateurs, structures d'accompagnement et de financement) soutenus par les collectivités territoriales dans une perspective de développement socioéconomique. Dans sa dimension empirique, l'analyse porte sur la création, historiquement située, puis sur la trajectoire de Marseille Nice Génopole Cette trajectoire est articulée avec l'action du Réseau National des Génopoles, incitée sous l'égide du Ministère de la Recherche, et avec l'action régionale en faveur de la recherche et de l'innovation. L'étude de la trajectoire de Marseille Nice Génopole (comparaison inter-régionale avec Rhône-Alpes et Languedoc-Roussillon du point de vue de l'efficacité de la configuration spécifique historiquement située des acteurs, et de la variété des réseaux supportant le couplage recherche/innovation et les relations public/privé) montre la diversité des formes d'hybridation entre science et monde socioéconomique à partir d'un même dispositif de politique publique de RDI. En interne, les mutations fortes impulsées par les coordinations autour de l'instrumentation, les repositionnements des disciplines, les relations avec le secteur privé, produisent un apprentissage organisationnel des biologistes et des biomédicaux. En externe, la dynamique scientifique et économique de la génopole est analysée, dans le cadre des fluctuations de la politique nationale S§T pour les biotechnologies, et de la mobilisation territoriale pour un développement des biotechnologies, comme une ressource spécifique dans un projet de biocluster, puis de pôle de compétitivité en biotechnologies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques.
The article deals with the main ways of forming eco-neologisms which constitute a significant part of all innovations in modern English. Despite the fact that there is the large number of studies in the field of neology, the problem of the appearance, formation and translation of eco-neologisms needs careful consideration. Formation of a large number of new words in the field of ecology reflects the global exacerbation of environmental problems and the development of the ecological consciousness of people.An array of eco-neologisms (100 lexical units) was obtained in the process of analysis of entries of English dictionaries of neologisms and online dictionaries.The analysis of an array of eco-neologisms shows that they are mainly formed from elements that already exist in the language. The most productive ways of creating innovations in the environmental sphere are affixation (39 %), word-compounding (24 %) and abbreviation (22 %). It was discovered that eco-neologisms are mainly formed with the help of prefixes eco- (eco-porn, eco-anxiety), bio- (biocluster, bioinvasion), re- (rewild, regreen) and myco- (myco-diesel, mycoremediation). The most frequent derivational suffixes are -ation (ecologization), -ist (warmist), -ism (freeganism), -cide (adulticide), and -phobe (chemophobe).In the process of word-compounding the lexeme green is often used (e.g. green accounting, greenlash). Among shortened forms of words and phrases, abbreviations are the most common. The following types of abbreviations were singled out: initialism (CFC – chlorofluorocarbon), acronyms (SEEDS – Social Ecological Economic Development Studies) and mixed (PETA – People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). It was shown that shortened forms of words in the sphere of ecology are characterized by the homophony of the word available in the language and acronymic unit (e.g. NOPE (Not on Planet Earth), GASP (Group Against Smoke and Pollution)). This facilitates recognition of neologism and its entry into vocabulary of the language.With the help of telescoping 12 % of environmental neologisms are built (e.g. pollutician (pollution + politician), freegan (free + vegan)). It was found that the least productive way of forming eco-neologisms is conversion – 3 % of eco-neologisms are formed using this method. References1. Baliuta, Emma. 2006. "Neolohizmy anhliiskoi movy sfery ekolohii (teoretychni zasady)." Visnyk Zhytomyrskoho derzhavnoho universytety imeni I. Franka 27:148–152.2. Gak, Vladimir. 1978. "O sovremennoi frantsuzskoi neolohii." In Novye slova i slovari novykh slov, 37–52. Leningrad: Nauka.3. Zatsnyi, Yurii and Yankov, Anatolii. 2010. Nova rozmovna leksyka i frazeolohiia: Anhlo-ukrainskyi slovnyk. Vinnytsia: Nova knyha.4. Zatsnyi, Yurii. 2007. Suchasnyi anhlomovnyi svit i zbahachennia slovnykovoho skladu. Lviv: PAIS.5. Kechedzhi, Oksana. 2011. "Osoblyvosti tvorennia afiksalnykh neolohizmiv sfery ekolohii u suchasni anhliiskii movi." Uchenye zapisky Tavricheskogo natsyonalnoho universiteta im. V. I. Vernadskogo 24 (63):49–6. Omelchenko, Larysa. 2003. "Teleskopiini slova suchasnoi anhliiskoi movy ta yikh strukturno-semantychna kharakterystyka." Zbirnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Inozemna filolohiia 15:49–52.7. Cambridge Dictionary Online. 2018. "About words – a blog from Cambridge Dictionary." Accessed September 7. http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/8. Word Spy. 2018. "The World Lover's Guide to New Words." Accessed September 9. Urban Dictionary. 2018. Accessed August 29. http://www.urbandictionary.com/ ; У статті розглянуто основні способи утворення екологічних неологізмів, які складають значну частку усіх інновацій сучасної англійської мови. Незважаючи на велику кількість досліджень у галузі неології, проблема виникнення, формування та перекладу еконеологізмів потребує ретельного аналізу. Утворення великої кількості нових слів у сфері екології відображає глобальне загострення проблем охорони навколишнього середовища та розвиток екологічної свідомості людей.За допомогою суцільної вибірки зі словників неологізмів та онлайн словників англійської мови було отримано масив екологічних неологізмів – 100 лексичних одиниць.Аналіз масиву еконеологізмів показує, що вони переважно утворені з елементів, які вже існують у мові. Найбільш продуктивними способами творення інновацій в екологічній сфері є афіксація (39 %), словоскладання (24 %) та абревіація (22 %). Виявлено, що домінантну позицію займають еконеологізми, утворені за допомогою префіксів eco- (eco-porn, eco-anxiety), bio- (biocluster, bioinvasion), re- (rewild, regreen) та myco- (myco-diesel, mycoremediation). Найчастотнішими суфіксами є -ation (ecologization), -ist (warmist), -ism (freeganism), -cide (adulticide), -phobe (chemophobe). При словоскладанні активно використовуваною є лексема green (green accounting, greenlash). Серед видів скорочень абревіація є найбільш поширеною. Виокремлено такі типи абревіацій: літеральний (CFC – chlorofluorocarbon), звуковий (SEEDS – Social Ecological Economic Development Studies) та змішаний (PETA – People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). Показано, що для екологічних скорочень характерною є омофонія наявного слова й акронімічної одиниці (NOPE (Not on Planet Earth), GASP (Group Against Smoke and Pollution)), що сприяє легшому розпізнаванню неологізму та швидшому входженню його до словникового складу мови. За допомогою телескопії було утворено 12 % екологічних неологізмів (pollutician (pollution + politician), freegan (free + vegan)). Виявлено, що найменш продуктивним способом є конверсія – 3 % еконеологізмів було утворено за допомогою цього способу. Джерела та література 1. Балюта Е. Г. Неологізми англійської мови сфери екології (теоретичні засади) / Е. Г. Балюта // Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені І. Франка. – 2006. – Вип. 27. – С. 148–152. 2. Гак В. Г. О современной французской неологии / В. Г. Гак // Новые слова и словари новых слов. – Л. : Наука, 1978. – С. 37–52.3. Зацний Ю. А. Нова розмовна лексика і фразеологія : англо-український словник / Ю. А. Зацний, А. В. Янков. – Вінниця : Нова книга, 2010. – 294 с.4. Зацний Ю. А. Сучасний англомовний світ і збагачення словникового складу / Ю. А. Зацний. – Львів : ПАІС, 2007. – 228 с.5. Кечеджі О. В. Особливості творення афіксальних неологізмів сфери екології у сучасні англійській мові / О. В. Кечерджі // Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В. И. Вернадского. – 2011. – № 24 (63). – С. 49–55.6. Омельченко Л. Ф. Телескопійні слова сучасної англійської мови та їх структурно-семантична характеристика / Л. Ф. Омельченко // Збірник Львівського університету. Іноземна філологія. – Львів, 2003. – Вип. 15. – С. 49–52.7. About words – a blog from Cambridge Dictionary [Електронний ресурс] // Cambridge Dictionary Online. – Режим доступу : http://dictionaryblog.cambridge.org/8. The World Lover's Guide to New Words [Електронний ресурс] // Word Spy. – Режим доступу : http://www.wordspy.com/9. Urban Dictionary [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу : http://www.urbandictionary.com/
