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Written by leading authorities from the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zeland, this book shows how parasites have evolved numerous complex and fascinating ways of interacting with their hosts. It covers ecology, behavioural biology, as well as the more applied aspects of parasitology

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this record ; Cleaning interactions, in which a small 'cleaner' organism removes and often consumes material from a larger 'client', are some of the most enigmatic and intriguing of interspecies interactions. Early research on cleaning interactions canonized the view that they are mutualistic, with clients benefiting from parasite removal and cleaners benefiting from a meal, but subsequent decades of research have revealed that the dynamics of these interactions can be highly complex. Despite decades of research on marine cleaning interactions (the best studied cleaning systems), key questions remain, including how the outcome of an individual cleaning interaction depends on ecological, behavioural, and social context, how such interactions arise, and how they remain stable over time. Recently, studies of marine parasites, long-term data from coral reef communities with and without cleaners, increased behavioural observations recorded using remote video, and a focus on a larger numbers of cleaning species have helped bring about key conceptual advances in our understanding of cleaning interactions. In particular, evidence now suggests that the ecological, behavioural, and social contexts of a given cleaning interaction can result in the outcome ranging from mutualistic to parasitic, and that cleaning interactions are mediated by signals that can also vary with context. Signals are an important means by which animals extract information about one another, and thus represent a mechanism by which interspecific partners can determine when, how, and with whom to interact. Here, I review our understanding of the behavioural ecology of marine cleaning interactions. In particular, I argue that signals provide a useful framework for advancing our understanding of several important outstanding questions. I discuss the costs and benefits of cleaning interactions, review how cleaners and clients recognize and assess one another using signals, and discuss how signal reliability, or 'honesty', may be maintained in cleaning systems. Lastly, I discuss the sensory ecology of both cleaners and clients to highlight what marine cleaning systems can tell us about signalling behaviour, signal form, and signal evolution in a system where signals are aimed at multiple receiver species. Overall, I argue that future research on cleaning interactions has much to gain by continuing to shift the research focus toward examining the variable outcomes of cleaning interactions in relation to the broader behavioural, social, and ecological contexts. ; European Union Horizon 2020

Eleven Varanus caudolineatus, a small Western Australian varanid, were tracked for up to 18 days by
means of a radioactive tracer (22*Na). The lizards foraged extensively on the ground and used trees as
a safe refuge when resting. They were found most frequently in hollows of dead, standing trees, but
they were also found in live trees, and in dead trees and stumps lying on the ground. Upon release
after capture the lizards moved up to 159m, remaining in one tree for 1-15 days (mean 2.93 days)
before moving a mean distance of 33.9m to another tree or a pit-trap. Most of the foraging activity
occurred in late morning or early afternoon, when the ambient temperatures were near their peak.
The movement of lizards from 'resident' trees was significantly positively correlated with daily maximum
temperatures (30-45.5 degrees C).

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências do Mar, especialidade em Ecologia Marinha. ; [.]. Os Açores e o Canhão de Andøya (ao largo de Andenes no norte da Noruega) são habitats para os cachalotes. Os Açores são uma zona de reprodução e alimentação que é caracterizada pela presença de cachalotes fêmea, juvenis e crias e, ocasionalmente, machos adultos. O Canhão de Andøya é uma zona de alimentação em latitudes elevadas, onde os machos de grande porte passam a maior parte do seu tempo em alimentação. Neste estudo utilizaram-se diferentes tipos de marcas (computadores de mergulho, "TDRs"; e marcas digitais acústicas, "Dtags") para estudar o comportamento alimentar, de repouso e social dos cachalotes nos Açores e ao largo de Andenes. Desta forma, pretendeu-se fornecer novos contributos para o conhecimento da ecologia comportamental desta espécie. [.]. ; ABSTRACT: [.]. The Azores and the Andøya Canyon (off Andenes, northern Norway) are known habitats for sperm whales. The former is a breeding and foraging ground, characterized by the presence of groups of females, immatures and calves, where mature males occur occasionally. The second location is a high latitude foraging ground where mature males spend the majority of their time feeding. In the present study we used different types of tags (time-depth recorders and digital acoustic recording tags) to investigate the foraging, resting and social behaviours of sperm whales both at the Azores and off Andenes, with the ultimate goal of providing new insights into the behavioural ecology of the species. [.]. ; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) through my PhD fellowship SFRH/BD/37668/2007 and the research project TRACE-PTDC/MAR/74071/2006, Fundo Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia (FRCT) for funding the research project MAPCET-M2.1.2/F/012/2011 [FEDER, the Competitiveness Factors Operational (COMPETE), QREN European Social Fund, and Proconvergencia Açores/EU Program], Danish Research Council, the Carlsberg Foundation, and the support from Department of Oceanography and Fisheries (University of the Azores), Centro do IMAR da Universidade dos Açores, University of Southern Denmark, Aarhus University, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and University of La Laguna. I also acknowledge funds provided by FCT to LARSyS Associated Laboratory & IMAR-University of the Azores/the Thematic Area D & E of the Strategic Project PEst-OE/EEI/LA0009/2011-1012 and 2013-2014 (OE & Compete) and by the FRCT – Government of the Azores pluriannual funding.

Whether a human activity is likely to have a negative impact on a species depends largely on how stimuli from that activity are interpreted and acted upon by individuals, within the context of their behavioural ecology. The interpretations and decisions made by individuals in response to these stimuli are largely governed by neural systems evolved by the species as adaptations to common and recurrent selective pressures. In this paper I will review previous findings concerning the responses of caribou to overflights by military jet aircraft in Labrador/Quebec and Alaska, casting them in an evolutionary psychological framework. One prediction from such an exercise is that identical stimuli (noise from jet overflights) that elicit similar responses (short-distance avoidance) can have quite different population consequences for sedentary (woodland) and migratory (barren-ground) ecotypes. For a female woodland caribou, which shares her calving range with a resident predator population, an increase in movements following disturbance may significantly increase her calf's exposure to predators. Similar movements by a female barren-ground caribou, which has fewer predators to contend with, may have only a negligible impact on her calf's predation risk. Thus woodland caribou may be more vulnerable to negative impacts of military jet noise during calving periods, dependent on predator density.

In 1964, Graeme Caughley published two papers on the activity, density, dispersion and social organisation of kangaroos. He made direct observations of the behaviour of two species, and used measures of their faecal pellets to infer habitat use. This work paved the way for many studies of the behaviour of individual kangaroos, the associations between them, and the dispersion of individuals within a population. At an individual level, activity budgets of kangaroos are now known to be influenced by extrinsic factors such as weather, season, and forage conditions, as well as intrinsic factors such as sex and reproductive status. Habitat selection is understood in terms of the requirement for both food and horizontal cover, and past predation continues to play a role in the use of cover, as Caughley first proposed. At the level of associations among individuals, group size is positively related to population density, as Caughley predicted, but is also influenced by habitat structure. Contrary to his views, the high rate of group flux does not represent random movement of individuals. Instead, there are subtle yet persistent associations between related individuals. There is also strong dissociation between population classes when sexual segregation occurs during the non-mating period in seasonally breeding populations. Despite these effects, kangaroos are only weakly constrained by social factors, suggesting that population dispersion may conform to ideal free distribution when food resources are limited. At a management level, this suggests that kangaroos have the potential to redistribute rapidly after culling programs aimed at reducing density in overabundant populations.

Between 1975 and 1984, 105 radio-collared dingoes, Canis familiaris dingo, were tracked and observed
from aircraft on the Fortescue River in Western Australia. The majority of dingoes were members
of 18 territorial packs, including four pairs. Five packs were monitored for more than three years.
Most bitches became pregnant, including those 9-10 months old, although not all litters were raised.
Packs raised an average of 1.1 litters per year. Instances of packs raising the litters of two bitches in
a year were recorded. The area (up to 400km*2) was covered initially (1975-78) by a mosaic of stable
pack territories. Little emigration occurred and population density rose to a peak of 22.2 dingoes per
100km*2 in 1978 due to an increase in pack size. Perturbations to the social system, including disintegration
of some packs, an increase in emigration, shifts of pack territories and contraction of
territories into the most favoured areas, coincided with high population density and a reduced food
supply. After aerial baiting in 1980 killed all the dingoes from the study site, immigrants from
surrounding areas established a new population. The increase in density was moderated by the formation
of new pairs or packs that occupied surrounding vacant areas. The dispersal strategy of pack members
was a major factor affecting the population density of dingoes in the study area.

1 Introduction -- 2 Food -- 2.1 Termites as decomposers -- 2.2 Wasps and ants as predators -- 2.3 Sugars as fuel save prey -- 2.4 Seed eaters -- 2.5 Leaf eaters -- 2.6 Pollen eaters -- 3 Foraging by individuals -- 3.1 Foraging strategy -- 3.2 Worker variability -- 4 Foraging in groups -- 4.1 Communication about food -- 4.2 Group slave-raiding -- 4.3 Tunnels and tracks -- 4.4 Nomadic foraging -- 5 Cavity nests and soil mounds -- 5.1 Cavities and burrows -- 5.2 Soil mounds -- 6 Nests of fibre, silk and wax -- 6.1 Mounds of vegetation and tree nests -- 6.2 Combs of cells -- 7 Microclimate -- 7.1 Environmental regulation -- 7.2 Metabolic regulation -- 8 Defence -- 8.1 Painful and paralysing injections -- 8.2 Toxic smears and repellants -- 9 Food processing -- 9.1 Mastication, extraction and regurgitation -- 9.2 Yolk food supplements -- 9.3 Head food glands -- 10 Early population growth -- 10.1 Food distribution -- 10.2 Colony foundation -- 10.3 The growth spurt -- 11 Maturation -- 11.1 Simple models of reproduction -- 11.2 Social control over caste -- 11.3 Males in social Hymenoptera -- 11.4 Maturation in general -- 12 Reproduction -- 12.1 Caste morphogenesis -- 12.2 Copulation and dispersal -- 12.3 Production -- 12.4 Summary -- 13 Evolution of insect societies -- 13.1 Theories of individual selection -- 13.2 Models of these theories -- 13.3 Group selection -- 13.4 Conclusions -- 14 Colonies -- 14.1 The colony barrier -- 14.2 Queen number and species ecology -- 14.3 Queen interaction and queen relatedness -- 15 Comparative ecology of congeneric species -- 15.1 Ant and termite races -- 15.2 Desert ants and termites -- 15.3 Ants and termites in grassland -- 15.4 Forest ants and termites -- 15.5 Wasps and bumblebees -- 15.6 Advanced bees -- 16 Communities -- 16.1 Temperate zone communities in grass and woodland -- 16.2 Desert communities -- 16.3 Tropical rain forest -- 16.4 Conclusions -- 17 Two themes -- 17.1 Plant mutualism -- 17.2 Social organization -- References -- Author index.

Foraging theory is a well established set of models and ideas in ecology, anthropology and behavioural psychology. Two areas of research, the behavioural ecology of consumption and information foraging, have made strides in the application of foraging theories in relation to consumption and related behaviours. These focus on online situations and restrictions in methodologies utilized allows application to only a small range of marketing problems. This paper broadens the application of these notions and introduces foraging ideas/terminology to a wider business and marketing audience by contextualizing and comparing with current research in marketing and related areas. The paper makes a number of suggestions for use of the foraging model in both academic and practitioner based environments. The paper ends with discussion of future research on the assembly and wider application of a foraging ecology model of consumer behaviour.

"The Hadza, an ethnic group indigenous to northern Tanzania, are one of the few remaining hunter-gatherer populations in existence. With a history spanning 130,000 years but rapidly losing their land and traditional ways of life, this book offers a unique opportunity to capture the lifestyle of a declining population. Blurton Jones interweaves data from ecology, demography and evolutionary ecology to present a comprehensive analysis of the Hadza foragers. Discussion centres on expansion of the adaptationist perspective beyond topics customarily studied in human behavioural ecology, to interpret a wider range of anthropological concepts. Analysing behavioural aspects, with a specific focus on relationships and their wider impact on the population, this book reports the demographic consequences of different patterns of marriage and the availability of helpers such as husbands, children, and grandmothers. Essential for researchers and graduate students alike, this book will challenge preconceptions of human sociobiology"--

Humans live in large and extensive societies and spend much of their time interacting socially. Likewise, most other animals also interact socially. Social behaviour is of constant fascination to biologists and psychologists of many disciplines, from behavioural ecology to comparative biology and sociobiology. The two major approaches used to study social behaviour involve either the mechanism of behaviour - where it has come from and how it has evolved, or the function of the behaviour studied. With guest articles from leaders in the field, theoretical foundations along with recent advances are presented to give a truly multidisciplinary overview of social behaviour, for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Topics include aggression, communication, group living, sexual behaviour and co-operative breeding. With examples ranging from bacteria to social mammals and humans, a variety of research tools are used, including candidate gene approaches, quantitative genetics, neuro-endocrine studies, cost-benefit and phylogenetic analyses and evolutionary game theory

Examining Ecology: Exercises in Environmental Biology and Conservation explains foundational ecological principles using a hands-on approach that features analyzing data, drawing graphs, and undertaking practical exercises that simulate field work. The book provides students and lecturers with real life examples to demonstrate basic principles. The book helps students, instructors, and those new to the field learn about the principles of ecology and conservation by completing a series of problems. Prior knowledge of the subject is not assumed; the work requires users to be able to perform simple calculations and draw graphs. Most of the exercises in the book have been used widely by the author's own students over a number of years, and many are based on real data from published research. Exercises are succinct with a broad number of options, which is a unique feature among similar books on this topic. The book is primarily intended as a resource for students, academics, and instructors studying, teaching, and working in zoology, ecology, biology, wildlife conservation and management, ecophysiology, behavioural ecology, population biology and ecology, environmental biology, or environmental science. Students will be able to progress through the book attempting each exercise in a logical sequence, beginning with basic principles and working up to more complex exercises. Alternatively they may wish to focus on specific chapters on specialist areas, e.g., population dynamics. Many of the exercises introduce students to mathematical methods (calculations, use of formulae, drawing of graphs, calculating simple statistics). Other exercises simulate fieldwork projects, allowing users to 'collect' and analyze data which would take considerable time and effort to collect in the field.Facilitates learning about the principles of ecology and conservation biology through succinct, yet comprehensive real-life examples, problems, and exercisesFeatures authoritatively and consistently written foundational content in biodiversity, ecophysiology, behavioral ecology, and more, as well as abundant and diverse cases for applied useFunctions as a means of learning ecological and conservation-related principles by 'doing', e.g., by analyzing data, drawing graphs, and undertaking practical exercises that simulate field work, and moreFeatures approximately 150 photos and figures created and produced by the author

Project Larval diets for high-productivity mass-rearing (HG13045) is funded by the Hort Frontiers Fruit Fly Fund, part of the Hort Frontiers strategic partnership initiative developed by Hort Innovation, with co-investment from Macquarie University and contributions from the Australian Government. We acknowledge Dr Alistair M Senior, University of Sydney, for helpful comments on the statistical analysis using multinomial logistic regression. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

One: Bases of Behaviour -- 1. Genetic Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 2. Motivational Basis of Fish Behaviour -- 3. Development of Behaviour in Fishes -- Two: Sensory Modalities -- 4. Role of Vision in Fish Behaviour -- 5. Underwater Sound and Fish Behaviour -- 6. Role of Olfaction in Fish Behaviour -- 7. Role of the Lateral Line in Fish Behaviour -- Three: Behavioural Ecology -- 8. Foraging in Teleost Fishes -- 9. Constraints Placed by Predators on Feeding Behaviour -- 10. Teleost Mating: Systems and Strategies -- 11. Williams' Principle: an Explanation of Parental Care in Teleost Fishes -- 12. Functions of Shoaling Behaviour in Teleosts -- 13. Individual Differences in Fish Behaviour -- 14. Fish Behaviour by Day, Night and Twilight -- 15. Intertidal Teleosts: Life in a Fluctuating Environment -- 16. Behavioural Ecology of Sticklebacks -- 17. Behavioural Ecology of Cave-dwelling Fishes -- Four: Applied Fish Behaviour -- 18. Fish Behaviour and Fishing Gear -- 19. Fish Behaviour and the Management of Freshwater Fisheries -- Author Index -- Fish Index.