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Pol'al sci & the sci of history may profitably be compared as regards their nature & function. A careful scrutiny of writings on history will reveal that the term 'historical understanding' is employed in 2 cliff senses: (1) It is used to indicate the author's relativating attention for the determining concrete context in which the actual situation has found its origin. (2) It also occurs where the author wishes to draw attention to the discrepancy between the determining actual situation on the one hand, & on the other what ought to be seen as general norms, eg such values as truth & beauty. The notion of this discrepancy will draw man towards a free creative transcendance of the actual situation. Of these 2 approaches the 1st is commonly termed the sci'fic historical one, the 2nd the systematic, theoretical, or philosophical one. The relation between these 2 poles of historical knowledge is discussed as it appears in the thought of Friedrich Meinecke, Jan Romein & A. de Simon. The mutual relation within historical studies between sci'fic historical methods on the one side & the theory of philosophy of history on the other, merits further thought. Such reflection will help us to spot the false dilemma between a historical knowledge that is irrelevant to man, & one that has been reduced to a dogmatic apology of an engagement which is merely based on the emotions. Modified IPSA.

I was born with a disease which appears gradually in the retina, therefore my eyesight grew weaker and weaker. I could not run and play like other children, and could not read except under very strong light. This is why my father photocopied books for me with large letters, and my mother kept helping me to read my lessons. My father also accompanied me on a long trip to Spain, India, China, Europe and America hoping to cure me, but to no avail. Finally, in London, my father was told the bitter truth that his daughter would lose her sight sooner or later, and that it was only a matter of time.

Positivism, especially Mach's, was highly influential in the development of psychology as a science and often criticized by Marxist theorists, particularly Vygotsky in many of his writings. Behaviorism and reflexology, its Russian analog, fail to acknowledge the social character of man due to their reductionism, limiting themselves to studying only the simplest elements of human behavior. At the same time, their obsession with purifying science from supposed "metaphysical" assumptions leads to the elimination of consciousness and higher psychological functions from the field of research. The Vygotskian critique highlights that the positivist spirit of behaviorism and reflexology leads to methodological dualism.

This article reflects a journalist's personal experience of reporting on the UK military, analysing the relationship between senior military figures and the Ministry of Defence (their political masters) and the media. Topics covered include manipulation of the media and the popularity of the armed forces, as well as unpopular, ill-planned, military operations, notably Iraq and Afghanistan. The author also examines other operations, notably the wars in the Falklands and Kosovo, the 1991 Gulf War and the Scott Arms-to-Iraq Inquiry. The article goes on to explore leaks by frustrated military; tensions between military commanders and ministers; the 2010 Strategic Defence and Security Review; military chiefs not speaking truth to power; ministers jealous of the military's close relations with journalists; and the Defence Advisory Notice Committee. The author reveals how official secrecy is honoured more in the breach than in its observance, especially concerning the special forces.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction. The Argument in Brief -- Part I. Economics Is in Scientific Trouble -- Chapter 1. An Antique, Unethical, and Badly Measured Behaviorism Doesn't Yield Good Economic Science or Good Politics -- Chapter 2. Economics Needs to Get Serious about Measuring the Economy -- Chapter 3. The Number of Unmeasured "Imperfections" Is Embarrassingly Long -- Chapter 4. Historical Economics Can Measure Them, Showing Them to Be Small -- Chapter 5. The Worst of Orthodox Positivism Lacks Ethics and Measurement -- Part II. Neoinstitutionalism Shares in the Troubles -- Chapter 6. Even the Best of Neoinstitutionalism Lacks Measurement -- Chapter 7. And "Culture," or Mistaken History, Will Not Repair It -- Chapter 8. That Is, Neoinstitutionalism, Like the Rest of Behavioral Positivism, Fails as History and as Economics -- Chapter 9. As It Fails in Logic and in Philosophy -- Chapter 10. Neoinstitutionalism, in Short, Is Not a Scientific Success -- Part III. Humanomics Can Save the Science -- Chapter 11. But It's Been Hard for Positivists to Understand Humanomics -- Chapter 12. Yet We Can Get a Humanomics -- Chapter 13. And Although We Can't Save Private Max U -- Chapter 14. We Can Save an Ethical Humanomics -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Works Cited -- Index.