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AbstractThis article documents the neglect of love in many contemporary emotion theories, despite its prominence in the lay psychology of emotion. We argue that love should be considered a basic emotion, like anger, sadness, happiness, and fear. We discuss the criteria that various theorists use to distinguish basic from nonbasic emotions, and we marshal arguments and evidence from a variety of sources suggesting that love fits the criteria for basicness. We conclude that a number of controversies over the status of love can be resolved by distinguishing between the momentarysurgeform of love, a basic emotion having properties similar to joy, sadness, fear, etc., andrelationallove, a bond that develops between people, associated with states that include not only surge love, but many other emotions such as distress and anxiety. Finally, we suggest that "love" is the broad, everyday name for emotions related to three interrelated behavioral systems discussed by Bowlby (1979): attachment, caregiving, and sex.

While emotion researchers with an evolutionary and biological orientation increasingly agree that small sets of discrete emotions are basic or primary, other researchers – particularly social constructionists – instead argue that all emotions are expressions of language and culture largely unconstrained by biology. Emotions are indeed socially and psychologically constructed, but not from scratch, for the basic emotions have evolved as biologically-structured adaptive reactions to the most fundamental problems of life, and have a deep evolutionary history. These life-problems were first identified in herpetology, and elaborated in Plutchik's universal ethogram, a behavioral profile of four problems of life – identity, temporality, hierarchy, and territoriality – shared by a wide range of animal species. Plutchik proposed that the opposite poles of each of these dimensions can represent prototypical life-situations requiring rapid adaptive reactions; these reactions comprise the eight primary emotions. By hypothesizing that these dimensions have evolved into elementary social-relations models, we establish a continuity between the sociorelational and biological levels of emotional experience. Identification of eight basic emotions enables a classification of 24 secondary and 56 tertiary level emotions.

Abstract. With the widespread adoption of masks, there is a need for understanding how facial obstruction affects emotion recognition. We asked 120 participants to identify emotions from faces with and without masks. We also examined if recognition performance was related to autistic traits and personality. Masks impacted recognition of expressions with diagnostic lower face features the most and those with diagnostic upper face features the least. Persons with higher autistic traits were worse at identifying unmasked expressions, while persons with lower extraversion and higher agreeableness were better at recognizing masked expressions. These results show that different features play different roles in emotion recognition and suggest that obscuring features affects social communication differently as a function of autistic traits and personality.

The article is dedicated to the issue of verbalization of emotion in an individual portrait interview with American athletes. The work provides approaches to the definition of basic emotions from the point of view of psychology and psycholinguistics, it also touches upon the question of the number of basic emotions. The aim of the work is to identify prevailing means of verbalizing emotions in individual sports interviews. The research material consists of 50 video interviews with American athletes by American journalists. Sports is a topical and widely discussed theme in everyday life, outstanding athletes are the subjects of national pride, so emotivity is an ubiquitous component of the sports discourse, this fact makes the work relevant. The authors believe that the verbalization of emotions by athletes and journalists in individual interviews has specific features connected with the peculiarities of one-to-one communication. In addition, this is the first time basic emotions are studied in the perspective of sports discourse. Research methods: continuous sampling, generalization and interpretation of results, introspection. The object of the study is 6 emotions (joy, anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise), which are recognized as basic by the majority of scientists. Interview analysis shows that mostly positive emotions (joy, pleasant surprise) are verbalized. Verbalization of emotions is realized by lexical and syntactic means. Lexical means include exact naming of the emotion and description of emotional state, syntactic means are represented by repetitions. The selected factual material is undoubtedly of scientific interest to researchers. The results of the study can serve as a basis for further research of the verbalization of basic emotions, make a certain contribution to the linguistics of emotions and linguistic theory of communication.

ObjectivesThis study assessed emotion recognition skills in school-age children in wartime conditions in Ukraine.MethodsAn online survey based on the concept of basic emotions was administrated to a sample of 419 schoolchildren from Ukraine and a control group of 310 schoolchildren from the Czech Republic, aged 8 to 12.ResultsThere is no difference in judging the intensity of anger and fear by Ukrainian children, compared with the control group. There is no evidence that the emotions of anger, fear, and sadness were better recognized in the Ukrainian group. Children from Ukraine were better at recognizing positive emotions than Czech children.ConclusionIncreased risks of threats and wartime experience do not impair the accuracy of identification of emotions like fear or the assessment of intensity of basic emotions by children who experience war in Ukraine. Still, it is important to continue studying the long-term consequences of military conflicts in order to deepen the understanding of their impact on human mental functioning.

Speech acts means every speech, both of spoken and written discourse that can give anact and has a power in an action. It means that speech act is not only viewed as locutionary actbut as an illocutionary act that can make people to do something, and perlocutionary act as theresult of that (Austin, 1962). Then, illocutionary act was developed into five types of speech actsin which speech act of expressive is one of them (Searle, 1976). Speech act phenomena do notonly occur in daily life or daily conversations, but also in the 2016 US Presidential Debatesbetween the candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The two candidates expresses theirvision and missions during the debates and also there were several issues raised such asachieving prosperity is about creating jobs, economy, taxes, immigration, economy, foreignhotspot, and national debt. This is interesting topic to be studied in terms of the basic emotionsexpressed through the words use in the speech act of expressive, determine the strategy used byboth candidates expressed in each type expressive speech act, and basic emotions conveyedthrough the words by the candidates.According to Searle (1976) speech act of expressive is kind of speech act that express'spsychological or emotional state and also expressive speech act related to the speaker feelingsand showing sympathy. It means that speakers express their feelings toward hearers. Inexpressing the speakers' feeling, it was influenced by situation and contexts. In order to analyzethe speech act of expressive, the writer used basic emotions theory stated by Parrot (2001).According to Parrot, basic emotion appears as different reaction. The changing way of thinking,psychology, and behavior not only through behavior but also can conveyed through the wordsused as emotional reaction. The emotions can be reflected by the words used by the candidates.The effects of emotional expressions will influence social interaction and relationships to otherpeople.This study employed descriptive qualitative research that means to gather in depthanalysis of the phenomenon of the study with the approach of pragmatic-discourse, especiallyspeech act theory, and emotions. The data were taken from the website posted by WashingtonPost in terms of the 1st-3rd full transcripts of the 2016 US Presidential Debates. There weresome steps to do in doing the research, namely collecting the data, classifying them into somesub-types of the Expressive speech acts and types of basic emotions. Then, the writer analyzedthe collecting data with theories related to the purpose of the research, interpreted, discussed theresults and drawn a conclusion.The results of this study were divided into two parts. Firstly, the writer found five typesof expressive speech acts, they are thanking, greeting, complimenting, wishing, and apologizing.The most expressive speech act used by candidates is types of speech act of complimenting.Complimenting means showing the speaker feelings or attitude and also showing approval orcommendation to the hearer that has done something. In speech act of complimenting, Clintontends to express her compliment reflected to other person such as to Obama and his wife,Abraham Lincoln, American government, and her husband. Differed from Clinton, Trump tendsto express his praising for himself. It also occurs in types of speech act of wishing, Clinton tendsto express her wishing to society that she wants to be elected, voted, and choose as US President.Meanwhile, Trump tends to express his wishing not to vote him as president. The writer tends tosay that he was very confident that he will be the US President 2016. In the speech act ofthanking, the writer found Clinton used thanking as expressing her gratitude in positive feelingsfor example when she gives appreciation to audience that deliver the question to her. But, Trumpseems expressing his gratitude in terms of negative feelings when he said thank you to Clintonthat she has done a mistake. In the speech act of greeting and apologizing, the candidatessimilarly expressed those types of expressive speech act.Furthermore, both candidates, Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump frequently expressedtypes of speech act of expressive by using direct strategy. For example, in speech act of thanking,the form to express gratitude such as thank you, thanks a lot, thank you very much. In the speechact of apologizing the forms are I'm sorry, I apologize, and excuse me. Speech act ofcomplimenting, the candidates often used forms of praising such as good job, grea, wonderful,and etc.Secondly, the writer found four primary basic emotions in term of Love, Joy, Anger andSadness. Clinton tends to express emotion of Love in scope of liking, caring, adoration, and Joyin terms of pride, hope, and optimism. Clinton tend to express emotion of hope, it means afeeling of want a something to happen or to be true. Meanwhile, Trump tends to express angeremotion (disgust, scorn, and annoyance) in responding and giving comments towards HillaryClinton's statements. For example, when he delivered his gratitude to Clinton as implicitly,Trump expressed the emotion of scorn because the gratitude that he delivered to Clinton tendexpress the negative feelings.In The 2016 US presidential election, there are two parties involved, they are Democraticand Republican. Democratic belongs to Hillary Clinton and Republican is represented DonaldTrump. Both of candidates were the strongest candidates in delivery their vision and missions.And, the candidates also criticized the government and the opponent in order to provide amotivation and encouragement for the people or society to do something. Clinton and Trump hadstrong opinions, but different emotional expressions and character. Finally, the writer canconclude that every word used by the two candidates expressed the basic emotions depend on thecontexts that influence them speaking whether linguistic, epistemic, physical or social andcultural contexts. For further research, the study can be done in terms of a representative ofideology and power of the two candidates reflected through the words use during the presidentialdebates or speeches.Keywords: expressive speech acts, direct and indirect strategy, basic emotions

Hargrave et al, (2002) y Brueckner & Moritz, (2009) postulan que los déficits en la capacidad de asociar el nombre de una emoción con su expresión facial apropiada en la Demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA) son independientes a los déficits no emocionales. Interpretan sus resultados como evidencia de un deterioro específico en el proceso emocional. Sin embargo Cadieux & Greve (1997) y Burnham & Hogervorst (2004) hallaron déficits significativos en pruebas de reconocimiento facial de emociones en pacientes con DTA, sugiriendo que los mismos fueron el resultado secundario de déficits en el procesamiento visual-perceptivo de características faciales no emocionales. El objetivo es estudiar el reconocimiento facial de emociones básicas en pacientes con DTA. Se evaluaron 16 pacientes con diagnóstico de DTA y se compararon con un Grupo Control. Se administraron 3 pruebas de reconocimiento facial de emociones con 60 fotografías del POFA (Ekman & Friesen, 1976). Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en las 3 pruebas entre el grupo control y los pacientes DTA. Nuestros resultados concuerdan con la evidencia de los autores que plantean que en la DTA existe un deterioro específico en el procesamiento emocional. ; Hargrave et al, (2002) and Brueckner & Moritz, (2009) postulate that deficits in recognition of emotional facial expression in Dementia Alzheimer's Type (DAT) are independent non-emotional deficits. They interpret their results as evidence of a specific impairment in the emotional process. However Cadieux &Greve (1997) and Burnham & Hogervorst (2004) found significant deficits on tests of facial emotion recognition in patients with DAT, suggesting that they were the secondary outcome deficits in visual-perceptual processing of nonemotional facial features. The goal is study the basic emotional face recognition in patients with DAT. We evaluated 16 patients with a diagnosis of DAT and were compared with a control group. Three tests were administered facial recognition of emotion with 60 photographs of POFA (Ekman and Friesen, 1976). There were significant differences in the three tests between the control group and DAT patients. Our results are consistent with the evidence of the authors suggest that the DAT specific impairment in emotional processing. ; Fil: Cossini, Florencia Carla. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina ; Fil: Rubinstein, Wanda Yanina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Politis, Daniel Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

This article is based on group discussions organized in several towns in Serbia in 2009 and 2010 in which participants discussed their opinions and perceptions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The aim was to assess the emotions evoked by the topic of the ICTY and what motivated these emotions. The research revealed that despite a reigning consensus that potential war criminals should be brought to court, a sense of ignorance with regard to the ICTY's procedures enforced a general notion of powerlessness and nurtured a lack of trust in the tribunal's work. Such feelings are prone to be politically instrumentalized. Central themes in the group discussions were a wish to regain esteem and "normality", a tendency to assign responsibility exclusively to those holding political power, and a lack of mourning for the victims of Serb war aggression. Still, the author concludes that critiques and protests against the ICTY signal the existence of a consciousness of the criminal past even among the Tribunal's opponents. This sense of awareness among those "in denial" should in fact be seen as a considerable achievement of the Tribunal's work. Adapted from the source document.

Philoctetes was a good man and a good soldier. When he was on his way to Troy to fight alongside the Greeks, he had a terrible misfortune. By sheer accident he trespassed in a sacred precinct on the island of Lemnos. As punishment he was bitten on the foot by the serpent who guarded the shrine. His foot began to ooze with foul-smelling pus, and the pain made him cry out curses that spoiled the other soldiers' religious observances. They therefore left him alone on the island, a lame man with no resources but his bow and arrows, no friends but the animals who were also his food.Ten years later, according to Sophocles' version of the story, they come to bring him back: for they have learned that they cannot win the war without him. The leaders of the expedition think of Philoctetes as a tool of their purposes; they plan to trick him into returning, with no empathy for his plight. The Chorus of soldiers, however, has a different response. Even before they see the man, they imagine vividly what it is like to be him– and they enter a protest against the callousness of the commanders:For my part, I pity him– thinking of how, with no living soul to care for him, seeing no friendly face, wretched, always alone, he suffers with a fierce affliction, and has no resources to meet his daily needs. How in the world does the poor man survive?

Söz varlığımız içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan fiillerden bir kısmını duygu fiilleri oluşturmaktadır. Zihinsel süreçte meydana gelen duyguların dildeki karşılığı olarak da tanımlanan bu fiiller psikoloji, dil bilim ve kültürel açıdan önemli bir kesişim noktasında yer alırlar. Bu bağlamda temel duygu fiilleri ait olduğu toplumun düşünce yapısı ve buna bağlı olarak da duygu dünyaları hakkında bazı ipuçları verebilir. Çalışmamızda psikolojide üzerinde fikir birliği sağlanmış temel duygu fillerinin varlığı Dîvânu Lugâti't-Türk'te araştırıldı. Tespit edilen 73 fiilin Derleme Sözlüğü'nde ses ve anlam açısından nasıl değişime uğradığı ortaya konuldu. Bu fiillerden bir kısmının ses değişimine rağmen anlamını ve günümüz ağızlarında hâla varlığını koruduğu, bir kısmının tamamen kullanımdan kalktığı; bazılarının ise ses ve şekil değişimi yanında anlam değişimine de uğradığı tespit edildi. Çalışmamızda, kültürel bir varlık olan dilin duygular bağlamında geçmişle tamamen bağını koparmadığı, bir yönüyle ağızlarda varlığını sürdürdüğü belirlendi. Bu durum Türk kültür ve karakterinin tarihin akışı içerisinde bir bütünlük içerisinde olduğuna dair önemli ipuçları verebilir.

AbstractDifferent basic emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise) are consistently associated with distinct bodily sensation maps, which may underlie subjectively felt emotions. Here we investigated the development of bodily sensations associated with basic emotions in 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children and adolescents (n = 331). Children as young as 6 years of age associated statistically discernible, discrete patterns of bodily sensations with happiness, fear, and surprise, as well as with emotional neutrality. The bodily sensation maps changed from less to more specific, adult‐like patterns as a function of age. We conclude that emotion‐related bodily sensations become increasingly discrete over child development. Developing awareness of their emotion‐related bodily sensations may shape the way children perceive, label, and interpret emotions.

AI in service can be for routine mechanical tasks, analytical thinking tasks, or empathetic feeling tasks. We provide a conceptual framework for the customer, firm, and interactional use of AI for empathetic tasks at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels. Emotions resulting from AI service interactions can include basic emotions (e.g., joy, sadness, and fear), self-conscious emotions (e.g., pride, guilt, embarrassment), and moral emotions (e.g., contempt, righteous anger, social disgust). These emotions are mostly likely to occur during frontline interactions in which both firms and customers use AI, a phenomenon called "AI as customer." The analysis level of AI service and emotion can be at the macro-level in which AI is transforming the service economy into a feeling economy, at the meso-level in which firms can use "thoughtful AI" to make the employees' and customers' lives a little bit better by brightening their days, and at the micro-level in which customers can experience basic, self-conscious, and moral emotions from interactions with service AI.