Suchergebnisse

Infrastructure investments are important in developing countries, it will not only help to foster the economic growth of a nation, but it will also act as a platform in which new forms of partnership and collaboration can be developed mainly in East Asian countries. Since the last two decades, many infrastructure projects had been completed through build-operate-transfer (BOT) type of procurement. The developments of BOT have attracted participation of local and foreign private sector investor to secure funding and to deliver projects on time, within the budget and to the required specifications. Private sectors are preferred by the government in East Asia to participate in BOT projects due to lack of public funding. The finding has resulted that the private sector or promoter of the BOT projects is exposed to multiple risks which have been discussed in this paper. Effective risk management methods and good managerial skills are required in ensuring the success of the project. The review indicated that mitigation measures should be employed by the promoter throughout the concession period and support from the host government is also required in ensuring the success of the BOT project.

An objective Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contract evaluation at the conceptual stage, in countries facing budget constraints, will lead to undertaking projects which are anticipated to be viable in the future. An objective analysis of various risk variables and their impact on a BOT project's future outcome requires study and integration of many likely scenarios into the contract terms, which is complicated and time-consuming. If the process of examining the financial parameters and uncertainties of a BOT project could be automated, this would be a milestone in objective decision-making from various stakeholders' points of view. A soft computing model would let the user analyze many probable scenarios more accurately. In this study two soft computing methods, artificial neural network (ANN) and gene expression programming (GEP) are applied onto two distinct BOT case studies to illustrate automation of their assessment processes. First a case study of BOT model on dormitory projects in Cyprus is analyzed. An ANN model with correlation coefficient of 0.9064 is developed to model the relationship between important project parameters and risk variables. Significant factors, used in ANN model development, were extracted from sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation results obtained from conventional spreadsheet data. The resulting consensus based on this model would yield to fair contractual agreements for both the government and the concession company. iv Second financial viability of undertaking a BOT contract for sewer and water projects in California, USA is analyzed. Furthermore by aid of sensitivity analysis, risk parameters are identified. Sensitivity analysis results demonstrated that project construction cost factor determines the financial viability of undertaking a BOT contract. Therefore, reliable construction cost prediction, based on limited information, at early stages of the project planning phase is crucial for development of an objective BOT agreement. This study utilized gene expression programming (GEP) which is a derivative of genetic algorithm (GA) and genetic programming (GP), and developed a prediction model with correlation coefficient of 0.8467 for estimating the construction cost of water and sewer rehabilitation/replacement projects. Contribution of this thesis to knowledge is by exploiting ANN model's capability to incorporate many scenarios, we developed an automated tool to define concession terms considering potential risks; and by utilizing GEP model 's ability to create an explicit equation, we developed a formula for a project construction cost prediction to help improve objective financial appraisal of a BOT project. Author keywords: Public-Private-Partnership; Build-Operate-Transfer; Monte Carlo simulation; Contracts; Cost Estimation; Artificial Neural Network; Gene Expression programming; Dormitory Projects; Water and Sewer Replacement/Rehabilitation Projects. ; Bütçe kısıtlamalarıyla karşı karşıya ülkelerde objektif Yap-İşlet-Devret (YİD) sözleşmelerinin kavramsal aşamada değerlendirilmesi, gelecekde positive degerli projelerin uygulamasina yol açacaktır. Çeşitli risk değişkenleri ve YİD projenin gelecek, sonuclarin üzerindeki etkileri objektif bir analiz yapmak karmaşık ve zaman alıcıdır; çünkü sözleşme şartları içine birçok muhtemel senaryolar entegrasyonunu gerektirir. YİD projenin mali parametreleri ve çeşitli belirsizliklerin incelenme süreci otomatik olursa, bu yaklaşım birçok paydaşların objektif belirleme açısından bir dönüm noktası olabilir. Soft Computing modelleri kullanıcıya daha çok senaryoları analiz etmesine izin verdiyi icin, objective karar vermesine yol vermekdedir. Bu çalışmada iki Soft Computing yöntemleri, Yapay Sinir Ağları (ANN) ve Gen tabir programlama (GEP), projelerin etkili parametrelerini belirlemek için, uygulanmiştir. İlk Kıbrıs'ta yurt projelerinde YİD modelinin bir vaka çalışması analiz edildi. 0.9064 korelasyon katsayısı ile bir YİD modeli önemli proje parametrelerinin ve risk değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi modellemek için geliştirildi. YİD modelinde kullanılan önemli faktörler, Hassasiyet analizi ve Monte Carlo simülasyonun konvansiyonel elektronik tablo verilerinin uzerine yapilan sonuçlara dayanarak geliştirilmiştir. Bu modele dayalı ortaya çıkan uzlaşma, hükümet ve imtiyaz şirketine adil sözleşme ortami doğuracaktir. Bu araştimada, bir de Kaliforniya ABD kanalizasyon ve su projeleri için YİD sözleşmesinin finansal kapasitesi analiz edildi. Ayrıca hassasiyet analizi yardımıyla, risk parametreleri belirlenmiştir. Hassasiyet analizi sonuçları YİD projenin inşaat vi maliyetinin mali geliri belirleyen factor oldugunu göstermiştir. Bu nedenle, proje planlama aşamasının sınırlı bilgiye dayalı, güvenilir inşaat maliyet tahmini, objektif bir YİD sözleşmesi gelişimi için çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan Gen tabir programlama (GEP) model sonucunda su ve kanalizasyon rehabilitasyonu / değiştirme projelerinin inşaat maliyetini tahmin etmek için 0.8467 korelasyon katsayısı ile tahmin modeli geliştirmiştir. Bu tezin bilgiye katkisi, birçok senaryolari dahil etmekle, ANN modelin yeteneğini kullanarak, potansiyel riskleri göz önüne alarak, sözleşme terimleri tanımlamak için otomatik bir araç geliştirdi; ve basit bir denklem oluşturmakla GEP modelin yeteneğini kullanarak, bir YİD projenin mali değerlendirmeye yardımcı olmak üzere inşaat maliyet tahmini için bir formül geliştirdi. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kamu-Özel-Ortaklığı; Yap-İşlet-Devret (YİD); Monte Carlo simülasyonu; Sözleşmeler; Maliyet Tahmini; Yapay Sinir Ağları (ANN); Gen tabir programlama (GEP); Yurt Projeleri; Su ve Kanalizasyon Yedek / Rehabilitasyon Projeleri. ; Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2015. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tahir Çelik.

A look into projects under the Philippine program of public-private sector partnerships during the period 1999-2003 showed that participation of the private sector has been declining. This paper postulates that some of the reasons for dwindling investor appetite are related to contract design and implementation. It examines the nature of BOT-type contracts, their design and content and conducts a case study of a challenging BOT-type contract and identifies issues and problems faced by the government and private investors in implementing the contract. Finally the paper recommends that further amendments to the present BOT Law and its IRR must be explored to identify ways in which contractual incompleteness may be minimized. A thorough examination of the integration of law and economics in contract design as future research was also suggested.

AbstractThe construction of the toll road itself must be based on the Toll Road Concession Agreement which is handled by the Toll Road Regulatory Agency (BPJT) and the Toll Road Business Entity (BUJT). BPJT gives the authority to BUJT to work on toll roads and the section of toll roads. In every toll road construction it is required for BUJT to build a toll road rest area in accordance with what is mandated in Government Regulation No. 15/2005 concerning Toll Roads. BUJT in managing the Rest Area can be done by self-management or by collaborating with partners or investors. In collaborating with partners there are alternative methods of collaboration, namely with Build Operate Transfer and Build Operate Own. This method of cooperation will later be outlined in the Toll Road Rest Management Cooperation Agreement which must refer to Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 concerning toll roads and Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Regulation No.1 / PRT / M / 2017 Regarding Procedures for Implementing Agency Procurement Business for concession of toll roads and refers to the legal requirements of the agreement.Keywords: Toll Road Concession; Build Operate Transfer; Toll Road Rest Management Agreement.AbstrakPembangunan jalan tol sendiri harus berdasar pada Perjanjian Pengusahaan Jalan Tol yang ditantangani oleh Badan Pengatur Jalan Tol (BPJT) dan Badan Usaha Jalan Tol (BUJT). BPJT memberi kewenangan kepada BUJT untuk mengusahaakan jalan tol dan ruas jalan tol. Dalam setiap pembangunan Jalan Tol di haruskan bagi BUJT untuk membangun Rest Area jalan tol sesuai dengan apa yang diamanatkan dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 2005 Tentang Jalan Tol. BUJT dalam melakukan Pengelolaan Rest Area tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan swakelola maupun dengan cara melakukan kerjasama dengan mitra atau investor. Dalam melakukan kerjasama dengan mitra terdapat alternatif metode kerjasama yaitu dengan Build Operate Transfer dan Build Operate Own. Metode kerjasama ini nantinya akan dituangkan dalam Perjanjian Kerjasama Pengelolaan Rest Area Jalan Tol yang harus berpedoman pada Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 15 Tahun 2005 tentang jalan tol dan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat No.1/PRT/M/2017 Tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Pengadaan Badan Usaha Untuk Pengusahaan Jalan Tol serta mengacu pada syarat sah perjanjian. Kata Kunci: Pengusahaan Jalan Tol; Build Operate Transfer; Perjanjian Pengelolaan Rest Area Jalan Tol.

BOT (Build Operate Transfer) as a form of agreement held by the government policy with private parties is a legal act by the agency or the State administration officials who make public policy as the object of the agreement. Although inherent in him as a body or public official, the government in implementing the contractual relationship with another party (private) legal act is not governed by public law, but based on the laws and regulations of civil law (privaat recht), as the case of legislation that underlie civil legal actions carried out a body of citizens and civil law. The research shows that in a contractual relationship, the government as a party to the BOT contracts have no equal footing with their counterparts. This will be discussed in more depth in the study of law with the approach of juridical normative or study in a BOT contract as an agreement policy. Key words : BOT contract, agreement, policy

AbstractThis paper reports on a nationwide field survey of wastewater plants under build–operate–transfer (BOT) contracts in China. The survey yielded information on contracting parties, size, duration and location of 37 BOT contracts. The key findings are that municipal governments feature as first parties to BOTs, and that many second parties are domestic rather than international entities. Municipalities favour BOT contracts because of familiarity with infrastructure BOTs and the access they offer to the capital market. A subsample of five BOT contract documents was examined. Gaps in contract specifications included clauses allocating responsibility for defects in plant design and environmental incidents, and coverage of commercial risk. Many of the BOT contracts examined qualify as public–public partnerships rather than public–private partnerships (PPPs) in the classic sense of the word. This dampens the risk of contract failure.

infrastructure projects represent a fundamental pillar to push thedevelopment process in any country, particularly, developing countries, but thehuge funding required is often a significant financial burden on the budgets ofstates. So should we search for other sources and alternative ways to financeand build these basic and important projects. The aim of our study is to providea new mechanism which could be adopted by governments and benefit from itsadvantages in order to finance the achievement of their projects. Namely, thebuild, operate and transfer system (BOT) in that the private sector plays animportant role in financing, and exploiting infrastructure projects and thushelping to achieve economic development without considerable state budgetsupport which can be financial burden leading to borrowing.

Tourism is one of the large foreign exchange earning fields for the country. The tourism ministry's performance target in 2019 is to bring in 20 million foreign tourists and 275 million local tourists with 260 trillion rupiah in foreign exchange. So that tourism is encouraged both at the Provincial, Regency and village level. This was done to meet the performance target of the ministry of tourism and improve the country's economy. One of the Attractions in West Kalimantan Precisely in the city of Pontianak, which is quite interesting to visit and is a cultural preserve, the Equator Monument. This Equator Monument attraction is one of the mainstay promotions of Pontianak City. To develop the equatorial monument in Pontianak City government in collaboration with several stakeholders to realize the development of a more attractive tourist attraction into the Equator Park. This is one of the reasons for research to see the collaboration carried out in the development and management of the Equator Monument. This research is a qualitative research with a case study approach which intends to see the activities carried out in the daily life of the community and also the interaction process in groups or individuals. Data collection in this study uses the method of observation, interviews and also documentation. Thus, any data that has been collected can be selected and described and conclusions can be drawn. The results of the research related to the cooperation in Build Operate Transfer in the development of tourism in the Equatorial Park showed that there was indeed a collaboration with the City Government and Private Parties. But the key stakeholders who are the driving actors in the development of tourism in Khatuistiwa Park are PT. Mitra Bangun Kota.