Suchergebnisse

Describes the meeting of the author, while a lowly attache, with A A Gromyko in Bucharest, Hungary, at the end of the 1960's. This revealed Gromyko to be truly human and down-to-earth in his treatment of even the lowest members of the Soviet diplomatic offices. From this, attempts to discern the characteristics that made Gromyko so popular with so many Soviets. Details issues that arose during the man's career, as the issue of the second front against Hitler, to be led by the Americans, the founding of the United Nations, the formation of the Nonaligned Movement, and the vast number of General Assembly sessions which he formed and led. Furthermore, he was a big proponent of disarmament, as evinced by his role of the Moscow Treaty during the Kennedy administration and the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The writing is spiced with other aspects of Gromyko, much taken from his memoirs, such as his love for literature, painting, and other forms of art. Adapted from the source document.

This paper focuses on the analysis of the relationship between business cycles and innovative activity in a small open economy. Small economies benefit from imports of foreign technologies through international trade and foreign investments and are subjects to significant exogenous shocks that impact their business cycle. The economic analysis is based on the demand and supply theories of innovation and economic fluctuations. Hypotheses about long term and short term (Granger) effects are tested on Austrian historical data (1852-1979) about the economic output (gross domestic product and industry production) and innovation output (granted patents). The econometric analysis utilizes vector error correction procedure to estimate time-series models of the economy. The results are interpreted in Austrian historical context. The economic-historical analysis suggests that there is no long-term relationship between business cycles and innovative activity between 1852 and 1937. The long-term relationship manifested only between 1948 and 1979. This relationship is very complex and influenced by the historical context, and it is not easy to grasp by the econometric analysis. In the short run, there is no compelling evidence trough-out the analyzed time period (1852-1979). However, we cannot fully reject the hypothesis suggesting a relationship between economic cycles and innovative activities. In the most recent period (1948-1979), we can observe a negative impact (Granger causality) of granted patents on the real GDP. Future research taking into account more countries using parametric as well as non-parametric approach could shed some light on the demand hypothesis in the pre-war and post-war development of small open economies. This paper showed that there is a long-term equilibrium between economic output and innovation activity. This result suggests that long term factors such as political stability are behind the complex relationship.

Austria was active in the CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) negotiations, primarily in the contentious areas of humanitarian issues and human rights. Despite consistent claims of neutrality, Vienna supported the Western position on all important questions. Benjamin Gilde's broadly researched study offers major insight into the history of the humanitarian aspect of the CSCE.