Suchergebnisse

In our thesis entitled "Place of molecular biology in the epidemiology, the diagnosis and the evaluation of P. falciparum drug resistance of in DR Congo", we wanted to explore the impact of the use of molecular biology on some aspects of malaria: diagnosis, epidemiology and evaluation of the chemo sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum. To do this, 7 studies were carried out, almost all (6/7) have been published in peer-review journals. ; Des progrès majeurs ont été accomplis dans presque toutes les sciences médicales ces deux dernières décennies grâce à l'essor et surtout à la vulgarisation des techniques de biologie moléculaire dans le monde. Dans la présente thèse, nous avons voulu explorer l'impact de l'utilisation de cette discipline pour certains aspects du paludisme à savoir le diagnostic, l'épidémiologie ainsi que l'évaluation de la chimiosensibilité du Plasmodium falciparum, agent responsable de cette pathologie. Pour ce faire, 7 études ont été réalisées, regroupées en deux parties distinctes. Dans la première partie, consacrée au diagnostic et à l'épidémiologie moléculaire du paludisme en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), nous avons réalisés 4 travaux afin de répondre à des objectifs propres. La première étude décrit la mise au point au laboratoire d'une technique d'extraction d'ADN plasmodial à partir des gouttes épaisses, en remplacement au sang total liquide ou séché sur du papier-filtre généralement employé. La seconde reprend l'application de cette technique dans une situation réelle sur des échantillons collectés en milieu hospitalier et la comparaison d'un diagnostic par PCR en temps réel versus par microscopie conventionnelle. La troisième étude de cette première partie concerne l'utilisation de ce diagnostic moléculaire d'infections à Plasmodium pour évaluer la prévalence du portage plasmodial chez des sujets asymptomatiques. Finalement, pour la 4è étude, toujours à l'aide d'une PCR en temps réel diagnostique, nous avons investigué dans une contrée de la RDC la possibilité de transmission ...

This volume focuses on antibiotics research, a field of topical significance for human health due to the worrying increase of nosocomial infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria. It covers several basic aspects, such as the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the influence of antibiotics on the gut microbiota, and addresses the search for novel pathogenicity blockers as well as historical aspects of antibiotics. Further topics include applied aspects, such as drug discovery based on biodiversity and genome mining, optimization of lead structures by medicinal chemistry, total synthesis and drug delivery technologies. Moreover, the development of vaccines as a valid alternative therapeutic approach is outlined, while the importance of epidemiological studies on important bacterial pathogens, the problems arising from the excessive use of antibiotics in animal breeding, and the development of innovative technologies for diagnosing the "bad bugs" are discussed in detail. Accordingly, the book will appeal to researchers and clinicians alike

This report addresses the role of antibiotic residues for the development or dissemination of antibiotic resistance in environmental compartments. A literature study summarizes data on fate and occurrence of antibiotics in the environment. Next, an overview of the existing information on effects of antibiotics at environmentally-relevant concentrations is provided. It is concluded that there is too limited information to judge whether antibiotic residues in the environment can exert effects on resistance, but that such effects cannot be ruled out, when extrapolating from collections of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and from data on minimum selective concentrations. A range of test methods for the detection of antibiotic resistance are described and evaluated with respect to their suitability as regulatory test systems. A combination of culture-based and molecular methods appears most promising, in combination with tests for resistance gene transfer. The methods generally lack standardisation. An inclusion of the effects of environmental antibiotic residues on resistance in the environmental risk assessment procedures of human and veterinary antibiotics is discussed. Given that manure and sewage effluent can be relevant hotspots and sources of resistant bacteria in the environment and that other chemicals such as heavy metals can also increase resistance, surveillance of environmental resistance is also recommended. Finally, a possible test system is described, research needs are identified, and the results of an international expert meeting are summarized.