Suchergebnisse

N°653 ; Numéro du 1910-10-21 ; Le Syndicat est menacé par les attaques de M. Briand; pourtant les travailleurs doivent s'y regrouper pour accroître leur force. ; Bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse

Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : RsAlis000 ; Appartient à l'ensemble documentaire : RsAlis013

Erstes Kapitel Einleitung -- Zweites Kapitel Einige Vorläufer -- Drittes Kapitel Kameralwissenschaft: Johann Heinrich Gottlob v. Justi (1717–1771) -- Viertes Kapitel Die Physiokraten: François Quesnay (1694–1774) -- Fünftes Kapitel Der klassische Liberalismus: Adam Smith (1723–1790) -- Sechstes Kapitel Theorie am Modell: Johann Heinrich v. Thünen (1783–1850) -- Siebentes Kapitel National-Ökonomie: Friedrich List (1789–1846) -- Achtes Kapitel "Wissenschaftlicher" Sozialismus: Karl Marx (1818–1883) -- Neuntes Kapitel Kathedersozialismus: Adolph Wagner (1835–1917) -- Zehntes Kapitel Historismus: Gustav Schmoller (1838–1917) -- Elftes Kapitel Methodenstreit und Grenznutzenschule: Carl Menger (1840–1921) -- Zwölftes Kapitel "Logische" und "soziologische" Theorie: Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) -- Dreizehntes Kapitel Neo-Klassik: Alfred Marshall (1842–1924) -- Vierzehntes Kapitel Geld- und Konjunkturtheorie: Knut Wicksell (1851–1926) -- Fünfzehntes Kapitel Institutionalismus: Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929) -- Sechzehntes Kapitel Makro-Ökonomik: John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) -- Siebzehntes Kapitel Entwicklungs- und Wachstums-Theorie: Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883–1950) -- Achtzehntes Kapitel Heutige Forschungsrichtungen -- Namensregister.

Desde los inicios de su Universidad, hace 400 años, Córdoba ha sobresalido como ámbito propicio para el fomento del conocimiento. Las geociencias no han estado apartadas de este marco general y desde la fundación de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias y de la FCEFyN, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, Córdoba ha sido un importante centro para su desarrollo. Alfred Stelzner (1840-1895) arribó en 1872 y fue el primer geólogo en el conjunto de los científicos europeos contratados por el gobierno nacional. En lo que podría denominarse una segunda generación es posible destacar a Adolf Döering (1848-1925) y a Ludwig Brackebusch (1849-1906). Más adelante, en una tercera, se sumaron Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911), Wilhelm Bodenbender (1857-1941), Richard Stappenbeck (1880-1963) y Robert Beder (1888-1930). Ya en el siglo XX, varios investigadores sostuvieron la tradición: Windhausen, Rimann, Frenguelli, Olsacher, García Castellanos, entre otros, pero en el resurgimiento de la investigación en geociencias y, fundamentalmente, en la formación de recursos humanos, corresponde destacar los méritos de Hebe Gay (1927), Armando Leanza (1919-1975), Carlos Gordillo (1925-1984) y Mario Hünicken (1926-2013), como maestros y científicos que cimentaron las bases del crecimiento que hoy es posible apreciar. El Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), como institución notable de la ciencia argentina, ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en el fomento de las geociencias, estableciendo en 2007, conjuntamente con la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba y en la FCEFyN, el Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA). Hoy es un centro científico reconocido, genuino continuador de una meritoria tradición en las Ciencias de la Tierra. ; Since the beginning of its university, 400 years ago, Córdoba stood out as a favorable site to promote human knowledge. The geosciences have been a significant part of this general framework since the foundation of the National Academy of Sciences in 1869,due to President Sarmiento's foresight. Alfred Stelzner (1840-1895) arrived in 1872 as the first geologist in the group of European scientists hired by the national government to foster natural sciences. Adolf Döering (1848-1925) and Ludwig Brackebusch (1849-1906) were conspicuous members ofthe second generation of scientists. Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911), Wilhelm Bodenbender (1857-1941), Richard Stappenbeck (1880-1963) and Robert Beder (1888-1930) joined the Academy soon afterwards. During the first two decades of the 20thcentury several others contributed to sustain geosciences research, such as Windhausen, Rimann, Frenguelli, Olsacher, García Castellanos, among others. However, the merit of what could be called an "Earth Sciences renewal" and, above all, of the initiation of a generation of disciples, rests on Hebe Gay (1927), Armando Leanza (1919-1975), Carlos Gordillo (1925-1984) and Mario Hünicken (1926-2012) which, as teachers and scientists laid the cornerstone of what is now perceived as a significant growth in Earth Sciences research. Argentina's CONICET, as the leading scientific institution, has played a major role in geosciences' promotion by establishing in 2007,in the FCEFyN,as a joint-venturewith the Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, the Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra (CICTERRA). Currently, the center is a well-known scientific institution and a genuine follower of Argentina's plentiful tradition in geosciences research and development. ; Fil: Depetris Gallino, Pedro Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina

Books reviewed in this article:Friedrich Lütge. Deutsche Sozial‐und Wirtschaftgeschichte. Ein Überblick. 3rd edn.Karl Dinklage, Konrad Erker, Helmut Prasch, Franz Koschier. Geschichte der Karntner Landwirtschaft und bäuerliche Volkskunde Kärntem.Erich V. Lehe. Die Märkte Hamburgs. Von den Anfangen bis in die Neuzeit (1911).Heinz Wiese and Johnn Bölts. Rinderhandel und Rinderhaltung im nordwesteuropaischen Küstengebiet vom 15. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert.Christian Heimpel. Die Entwicklung der Einnahmen und Ausgaben des Heiliggeistspitals zu Biberach an der Riβ von 1500 bis 1630.Eike Eberhard Unger. Die Fugger in Hall i. T.Reinhard Hildebrandt. Die "Georg Fuggerischen Erben". Kaufmannische Tätigkeit und sotialer Status, 1555–1600.Fritz Blaich. Die Reichsmonopolgesetzgebung im zeitalter Karls V. Ihre ordnungspolitische Problernatik.Ulrich Troitzsch. Ansätze technologischn Denkens bei den Kameralisten des 17, und 18. Jahrhunderts.Heinrich Schnee. Die Hoflnanz undder moderne Staat. Geschichte und +stem der Hofaktoren an deutschen Fürstenhöfen im zekitalter des Absolutismus.Joachim Runge. Justus Mosers Gewerbetheorie und Gewerbepolitik im Fürstbistum Osnabrück in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts.Gerhard Slawinger. Die Manufaktur in Kurbayern. Die Anfänge der groβgewerblichen Ent‐wicklung in der Übergangsepoche vom Merkantilisrnus zum Liberalismus, 1740–1833.Nikolaus V. Preradovich. Die Führungsschichten in Oesterreich und Preussen (1804–1918). Mit einem Ausblick bis Zum Jahre 1945. 2nd edn.Christian Kurtz. Verbände der deutschenpapiererzeugenden Industrie, 1870 bis 1933.Karl W. Hardach. Die Bedeutung wirtschaftlicher Faktoren bei der Wiedereinführung der Eisen‐ und Getreide zölle in Deutschland, 1879.Hans Rosenberg. Grosse Depression und Bismarckzeit. Wirtschaftsablauf, Gesellschaft und Politik in Mitteleuropa.Hans Jaeger. Untemehmer in der deutschen Politik, 1890–1918.Roswitha Leckebusch. Entstehung und Wandlungen der Zielsetzungen, der Struktur und der Wirkungen uon Arbeitgeber‐Verbänden.Jürgen Nötzold. Wirtschftspolitirche Alternativen der Entwicklung Ruβlands in der Aera Witte und Stolypin.Wolfram Fischer. WASAG. Die Geschichte eines Unternehmenr, 1891–1966.Hartmut Kaelble. Industrielle Interessenpolitik in der Wilhelminischen Gesellschaft. Centralverband Deutscher Industrieller, 1895–1914.Hans Hermann Hartwich. Arbeitsmarkt, Verbände und Staat, 1918–1933. Die öffentliche Bindung unternehmerischer Funktionen in der Weimarer Republik.Carl Böhret. Aktionen gegen die "kalte Sozialisierung", 1926–1930. Ein Beitrag Zum Wirken ökonomischer Einfluβverbände in der Weimarer Republik.Valentin Chesi. Struktur und Funktionen der Handwerksorganisation in Deutschland seit 1933. Ein Beitrag zur Verbandstheorie.FRANCEPierre Deyon. Amiens, capitale provinciale; éude sur la société urbaine au XVIIe siècle.Guy Thuillier. Asbects de l'économie niuernaise au XIXe siècle.Bertrand Gille. Histoire de la Maison Rothschild, vol. II (1848–1870).Alfred Sauvy. Histoire économique de la France entre les deux guerres (1931–1939).J. Ruwet, E. Hélin, F. Ladrier, L. Van Buyten. Marché des ceréales à Ruremonde, Luxembourg, Namur et Diest aux XVIIe et XVIIIe sièles.André J. Bourde. Agronomie et agronomes en France au XVIIIe siècle.

Book review in this ArticleD. J. Steel. National Index of Parish Registers.J. W. Gough. The Rise of the Entrepreneur.H. P. R. Finberg. West‐Country Historical Studies.John Burnett. A History ofthe Cost of Living.W. B. Stephens (Ed.). A History of the County of Warwick.A. Willliams (Ed.). A History of the County of Dorset.Colin Platt. The Monastic Grange in Medieval England. A Reassessment. Calendar of Memoranda Rolls (Exchequer) preserved in the Public Record Office, Michaelmas 1326‐Michaelmas 1327. A. E. B. Owen (Ed.). The Records of the Commissioners ofSewers in the Parts of Holland, 1547–1603.Alfred Plummer and Richard E. Early. The Blanket Makers, 1669–1969: a History of Charles Early and MarriottF. G. Emmison. Guide to the Essex Record Office.A. F. J. Brown. Essex at Work, 1700–1815.David Bayne Horn. Great Britain and Europe in the Eighteenth Century.J. R. Harris (Ed.). Liverpool and Merseyside. Essays in the Economic and Social History ofthe Port and its Hinterland.Sheldon Rothblatt. The Revolution of the Dons: Cambridge and Society in Victorian England.Derek H. Aldcroft and Harry W. Righardson. The British Economy, 1870–1939.Derek H. Aldcroft and Peter Fearon (Eds.). Economic Growth in Twentieth‐Century Britain.D. E. Moggridge. The Return to Gold, 1925. The Formulation of Economic Policy and its Critics.Phyllis Deane and W. A. Cole. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959. Trends and Structure.S. Horrocks (Ed.). G. H. Tupling (compiler). Lancashire Directories, 1684–1957.Phyllis Deane and W. A. Cole. British Economic Growth, 1688–1959. Trends and Structure.S. Horrocks (Ed.). G. H. Tupling (compiler). Lancashire Directories, 1684–1957.R. B. Westerfield. Middlemen in English Business, particularly between 1660 and 1760.C. M. MacInnes. Bristol. A Gateway of Empire.John Copeland. Roads and their Traffic, 1750–1850.Arnold Toynbee. Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England.Ivy Pinchbeck. Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850.N. S. Buck. The Development of the Organization of Anglo‐American Trade, 1800–1850.Humphrey Household. The Thames & Severn Canal.J. Aikin. A Description of the Country from Thirty to Forty Miles Round Manchester.Edward Baines. History, Directory and Gazetteer, of the County of York. (Leeds MercurySir George Head. A Home Tour through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the Summer of 1835.W. Cooke Taylor. Notes of a Tour in the Manufacturing Districts of Lancashire.J. Geraint Jenkins. The Welsh Woollen Industry.Graham Turner. Business in Britain.Graham Turner. Business in Britain.ITALYLuigi dal Pane. La storia come storia del lavoro.Giorgio Doria. Uomini e terre di un Borgo collinare dal XVI al XVIII secolo.Domenico Sella. Salari e lavoro nell'Edilizia lombarda durante il secolo XVII.Bruno Caizzi. Industria, commercio e banca in Lombardia nel XVIII secolo.Giuseppe Felloni. Il mercato monetario in Piemonte nel secolo XVIII.Franco Bonelli. Evoluzione demografica ed ambiente economico nelle Marche e nell'Umbria dell'Ottocento.Vincenzo Giura. La Banca del Tavoliere. Una storia ignorata.Vincenzo Giura. Russia, Stati Uniti dAmerica e Regno di Napoli nell'età del Risorgimento.L. de Rosa. Iniziativa e Capitale straniero nell'industria metalmeccanica del Mezzogiorno, 1840–1904.Giulio Guderzo. Il Piemonte e le grandi Banche europee nel 1848–49.M. Abrate. La lotta sindicale nella industrializzazione in Italia, 1906–1926.

Introduction -- 1. William Petty (1623-1687) -- Tony Aspromourgos -- 2. Pierre Le Pesant de Boisguilbert (1646-1714) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 3. John Law (1671-1729) -- Antoin E. Murphy -- 4. Richard Cantillon (1680/90-1734) -- Antoin E. Murphy -- 5. Charles-Louis de Secondat de Montesquieu (1689-1755) -- Arnaud Orain -- 6. François Quesnay (1694-1774) and Physiocracy -- Arnaud Orain and Philippe Steiner -- 7. Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 8. David Hume (1711-1776) -- Daniel Diatkine -- 9. James Steuart [James Denham-Steuart] (1712-1780) -- Anthony Brewer -- Antonio Genovesi (1713-1769): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- 10. Adam Smith (1723-1790) -- Tony Aspromourgos -- Jean-Joseph-Louis Graslin (1727-1790): see French Enlightenment, Volume II -- 11. Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- Ferdinando Galiani (1728-1787): see French & Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- Pietro Verri (1728-1797): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- Cesare Bonesana Beccaria (1738-1794): see Italian Enlightenment, Volume II -- 12. Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat de Condorcet (1743-1794) -- Gilbert Faccarello -- 13. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) -- Marco E. L. Guidi -- 14. Achille-Nicolas Isnard (1749-1803) -- Richard van den Berg -- 15. Henry Thornton (1760-1815) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 16. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834) -- Catherine Martin -- 17. Jean-Baptiste Say (1767-1832) -- Alain Béraud -- 18. David Ricardo (1772-1823) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 19. Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de Sismondi (1773-1842) -- Francesca Dal Degan and Nicolas Eyguesier -- 20. Thomas Tooke (1774-1858) -- Neil Skaggs -- 21. Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1780-1850) -- Ludwig Nellinger -- 22. Robert Torrens (c.1780-1864) -- Christian Gehrke -- 23. Barthélémy-Charles Dunoyer de Segonzac -- Alain Béraud -- 24. Friedrich List (1789-1846) -- Stefan Kolev and Joachim Zweynert -- 25. Frédéric Bastiat (1801-1850) -- Alain Béraud -- 26. Antoine-Augustin Cournot (1801-1877) -- Alain Béraud -- 27. Jules Dupuit (1804-1866) -- Alain Béraud -- 28. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) -- Arrigo Opocher -- 29. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) -- Alain Béraud -- 30. Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810-1858) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 31. Bruno Hildebrand (1812-1878) -- Bertram Schefold -- 32. Wilhelm George Friedrich Roscher (1817-1894) -- Heinz D. Kurz -- 33. Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) -- Gilbert Faccarello, Christian Gehrke and Heinz D. Kurz -- 34. Clément Juglar (1819-1905) -- Muriel Dal Pont-Legrande -- 35. Gustave de Molinari (1819-1912) -- Alain Béraud -- 36. Walter Bagehot (1826-1877) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 37. Adolph Heinrich Gotthilf Wagner (1834-1917) -- Rudolf Dujmovits and Richard Sturn -- 38. Marie Esprit Léon Walras (1834-1910) -- Roberto Baranzini -- 39. William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882) -- John Creedy -- 40. Gustav Friedrich von Schmoller (1838-1917) -- Johannes Glaeser -- 41. Henry Sidgwick (1838-1900) -- Keith Tribe -- 42. Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) -- Tiziano Raffaelli -- 43. Carl Menger (1840-1921) -- Gilles Campagnolo -- 44. Philip Henry Wicksteed (1844-1927) -- John Creedy -- 45. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1845-1926) -- John Creedy -- 46. John Bates Clark (1847-1938) -- Marlies Hanna Schütz -- 47. Vilfedo Pareto (1848-1923) -- Michael McLure -- 48. Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851-1914) -- Carl Christian von Weizsäcker -- 49. Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 50. Friedrich von Wieser (1851-1926) -- Richard Sturn -- 51. Maffeo Pantaleoni (1857-1924) -- Marco Dardi -- 52. Thorstein Bunde Veblen (1857-1929) -- Alfonso Giuliani -- 53. Antonio De Viti de Marco (1858-1943) -- Amedeo Fossati -- 54. John Atkinson Hobson (1858-1940) -- Michael Schneider -- 55. Georg Simmel (1858-1918) -- Dieter Bögenhold -- 56. Enrico Barone (1859-1924) -- Marco Dardi -- 57. Max Weber (1864-1920) -- Keith Tribe -- 58. Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovsky (1865-1919) -- Vladimir Avtonomov and Natalia Makasheva -- 59. Gustav Cassel (1866-1945) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 60. Irving Fisher (1867-1947) -- Harald Hagemann -- 61. Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz (1868-1931) -- Christian Gehrke and Heinz D. Kurz -- 62. Vladimir Karpovich Dmitriev (1868-1913) -- Christian Gehrke -- 63. Louis Bachelier (1870-1946) -- Alain Béraud -- 64. Arthur Spiethoff (1873-1957) -- David Haas -- 65. Albert Aftalion (1874-1956) -- Muriel Dal Pont-Legrand -- 66. Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874-1948) -- Malcolm Rutherford -- 67. Edwin Walter Kemmerer (1875-1945) -- Rebeca Gómez Betancourt -- 68. Arthur Cecil Pigou (1877-1959) -- Hansjörg Klausinger -- 69. Ralph George Hawtrey (1879-1975) -- Jérôme de Boyer des Roches -- 70. Evgeni Evgenievich Slutsky (1880-1948) -- Irina Eliseeva -- 71. Ludwig Heinrich von Mises (1881-1973) -- Richard Sturn -- 72. John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) -- Victoria Chick and Jesper Jespersen -- 73. Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-1950) -- Richard Sturn -- 74. Frank H. Knight (1885-1972) -- Ross B. Emmett -- 75. Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) -- Peter Kalmbach -- 76. Walter Eucken (1891-1950) -- Hauke Janssen -- 77. Erik Lindahl (1891-1960) -- Christian Gehrke -- 78. Adolph Lowe (1893-1995) -- Harald Hagemann -- 79. Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch (1895-1973) -- Olav Bjerkholt -- 80. Jacob Marschak (1898-1977) -- Harald Hagemann -- 81. Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987) -- Hans-Michael Trautwein -- 82. Lionel Charles Robbins (1898-1984) -- Andreas Rainer -- 83. Piero Sraffa (1898-1983) -- Heinz D. Kurz and Neri Salvadori -- 84. Edward H. Chamberlin (1899-1967) -- Rodolfo Signorino -- 85. Friedrich August von Hayek (1899-1992) -- Peter Boettke -- 86. Michał Kalecki (1899-1970) -- Michaël Assous -- 87. Roy Forbes Harrod (1900-1978) -- Michaël Assous -- 88. Abba Ptachya Lerner (1903-1982) -- Volker Caspari -- 89. John von Neumann (1903-1957) -- Manfred J. Holler -- 90. Frank Plumpton Ramsey (1903-1930) -- K. Vela Velupillai and Ragupathy Venkatachalam -- 91. Joan Violet Robinson (1903-1983) -- Harvey Gram -- 92. George Lennox Sharman Shackle (1903-1992) -- Brian J. Loasby -- 93. Jan Tinbergen (1903-1994) -- Mark Knell -- 94. John Richard Hicks (1904-1989) -- Harald Hagemann -- 95. Oskar Ryszard Lange (1904-1965) -- Michaël Assous -- 96. Richard Ferdinand Kahn (1905-1989) -- Geoffrey C. Harcourt -- 97. Wassily W. Leontief (1905-1999) -- Olav Bjerkholt -- 98. Heinrich von Stackelberg (1905-1946) -- Ulrich Schwalbe -- 99. James Edward Meade (1907-1995) -- Volker Caspari -- 100. Nicholas Kaldor (1908-1986) -- John E. King -- 101. Ronald Harry Coase (1910-2013) -- Élodie Bertrand -- 102. Richard Abel Musgrave (1910-2007) -- Richard Sturn -- 103. Tibor Scitovsky (1910-2002) -- Viviana Di Giovinazzo -- 104. Maurice Allais (1911-2010) -- Alain Béraud -- 105. Milton Friedman (1912-2006) -- Christian Philipp Schröder and Peter Spahn -- 106. Abram Bergson [Abram Burk] (1914-2003) -- Antoinette Baujard -- 107. Paul Anthony Samuelson (1915-2009) -- Carl Christian von Weizsäcker -- 108. Herbert Alexander Simon (1916-2001) -- K. Vela Velupillai and Ying-Fang Kao -- 109. James Tobin (1918-2002) -- Robert W. Dimand -- 110. James M. Buchanan (1919-2013) -- Viktor Vanberg -- 111. Hyman Philip Minsky (1919-1996) -- L. Randall Wray -- 112. Kenneth Joseph Arrow (1921) -- Maurice Salles -- 113. Gérard Debreu (1921-2004) -- Alan Kirman -- 114. Don Patinkin (1922-1995) -- Goulven Rubin -- 115. Michio Morishima (1923-2004) -- Toichiro Asada -- 116. Robert Merton Solow (1924) -- Peter Kalmbach -- 117. John Forbes Nash (1928-2015) -- Robert W. Diamand and Khalid Yahia -- 118. Robert Alexander Mundell (1932) -- Oliver Sauter and Peter Spahn -- 119. Takashi Negishi (1933) -- Toichiro Asada -- 120. Amartya Kumar Sen (1933) -- Wulf Gaertner -- 121. Robert E. Lucas (1937) -- Arash Molavi Vasséi snd Peter Spahn -- 122. George Akerlof (1940) -- Olivier Favereau -- 123. Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (1943) -- Max Gödl -- 124. Paul Robin Krugman (1953) -- Max Gödl.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- Index of Biographical Portraits in Japan Society Volumes -- PART I: JAPAN IN BRITAIN -- THINGS JAPANESE -- 1. The Great Japan Exhibition, 1981-1982 -- 2. Haiku in the British Isles: A Tale of Acceptance and Non-acceptance -- 3. Japanese Gardens and the Japanese Garden Society in the UK -- 4. Three Ages of British Kendo: The Introduction of a Unique Sporting and Cultural Activity -- 5. The Nippon Club, 1881-2014 -- 6. Japan and Ye Sette of Odd Volumes and London's Thirteen Club in the 1890s -- PART II: BRITAIN IN JAPAN -- TRADE -- 7. British Week in Tokyo, 1969 -- 8. EXPO '70 at Osaka: A British View -- 9. The British Export Marketing Centre and the Promotion of British Exports from 1972 -- 10. Scotch Whisky in Japan -- BRITISH ACTIVITIES -- 11. Mountaineering in Japan: British Pioneers and the Pre-war Japanese Alpine Club -- 12. Cricket in Late Edo and Meiji Japan -- 13. Introduction of Football from Britain into Nineteenth-century Japan: Rugby Football and Soccer -- 14. Freemasonry in Japan -- MISSIONARIES -- 15. Christ Church, Yokohama, and its First Incumbent: Michael Buckworth Bailey, 1862-1872 -- 16. British Bible Societies and the Translation of the Bible into Japanese in the Nineteenth Century -- 17. Bishop Kenneth Sansbury (1905-1993): College Lecturer and Chaplain -- MUSIC, DRAMA AND FILM -- 18. John William Fenton (1831-1890) and the Japanese National Anthem Kimigayo -- 19. Britain and Japan: Musical Exchanges before World War II -- 20. Kazuo Kikuta (1908-1973), Japanese Impresario and Lover of Charles Dickens: A Personal Memoir -- 21. Kawakita Nagamasa (1903-1981) and Kawakita Kashiko (1908-1993): Film Ambassadors -- 22. Sessue Hayakawa (1886-1973): International Film Star -- EPISODE -- 23. The Return of Japan's Lost Telescope after 400 Years -- PAINTERS -- 24. Ella Du Cane (1874-1943): Watercolourist -- 25. Alfred Parsons, RA, PRWS (1847-1920) and the Japanese Watercolour Movement -- JOURNALISTS -- 26. R.V.C. Bodley ('Bodley of Arabia') (1892-1970): Soldier, Adventurer, Journalist and Writer in Japan, 1933-1934 -- 27. Norman Macrae (1921-2010): Pioneering Journalist of The Economist on Japanese Affairs -- JAPANESE WOMEN PIONEERS -- 28. Yamamoto Yao (1875-1955) and Japanese Nursing -- 29. Ōe Sumi (1875-1948) and Domestic Science in Japan -- PART III: SCHOLARS AND WRITERS -- JAPANESE -- 30. Yanaihara Tadao (1893-1961) and His Tour of Britain, 1920-1921 -- 31. Ichikawa Sanki (1886-1970): Expert in English Philology and Literature -- 32. Michio Morishima (1923-2004): An Economist Made in Japan -- 33. Honma Hisao (1886-1981): Expert on Oscar Wilde -- 34. Shimamura Hōgetsu (1871-1918): Pioneer of Shingeki (Western-style Theatre) in Japan -- 35. Mutō Chōzō (1881-1942), and A Short History of Anglo-Japanese Relations -- 36. Yanada Senji (1906-1972): Teacher of Japanese at SOAS -- 37. Sakurai Jōji, (1858-1939): Leading Chemist and No¯ Drama Specialist -- BRITISH -- 38. Edward Divers (1837-1912) and Robert William Atkinson (1850-1929): Influential Teachers of Chemistry in Meiji Japan -- 39. Edward Vivian Gatenby, CBE (1892-1955): Distinguished Teacher of English as a Foreign Language -- 40. Wolf Mendl (1926-1999): Leading Scholar in the Field of International Relations -- 41. John Sargent: Respected Geographer of Japan -- 42. Grace James (1882-1965) and Mrs T.H. (Kate) James (1845-1928): Writers of Children's Stories -- PART IV: POLITICIANS AND OFFICIALS -- JAPANESE -- 43. Katō Hiroharu (1870-1939) and Japan's Last Foreign-built Cruiser -- 44. Fukuda Takeo (1905-1995): Japanese Prime Minister who Spent Three Years in London -- 45. Shirasu Jirō (1902-1985): A Complicated and Enigmatic Personality -- BRITISH OFFICERS -- 46. Sir Henry Keppel (1809-1904): 'Probably the Most Universally Popular Naval Commander Ever Sent by England to the East' -- 47. Major C.A.L. Yate VC (1872-1914): A Gallant British Officer and Admirer of Japan -- BRITISH JUDGES AND A DIPLOMAT -- 48. Sir Nicholas John Hannen (1842-1900): Judge of the British Court for Japan -- 49. Robert Anderson Mowat (1843-1925): Judge of the British Court for Japan, 1891-1897 -- 50. Sir Francis Bertie (1844-1919): Key Figure in Framing the Anglo-Japanese Alliance -- BRITISH POLITICAL FIGURES -- 51. Lord Granville (1815-1891): A Pragmatist at the Foreign Office -- 52. Arthur Balfour (1848-1930): A Skilled Politician Managing the Emergence of Japan as a Great Power -- 53. Sir John Simon (1873-1959) and 'This Manchurian Briar Patch' -- 54. Lord Halifax (1881-1959): A Reassessment of British Far Eastern Policy, 1938-1941 -- 55. Sir Anthony Eden (1897-1977): Managing the Challenge of Anglo-Japanese Relations, 1936-1955 -- 56. Ernest Bevin (1881-1951) and British Policies towards Occupied Japan, 1945-1952 -- 57. Margaret Thatcher (1925-2013): Pragmatist Who Radically Improved Britain's Image in Japan and Successfully Promoted Japanese Manufacturing Investment in Britain -- Index

LINZER HESSEN Linzer Hessen ( - ) Einband ( - ) Impressum ( - ) [Abb.]:Kaiser Franz Josef I. ( - ) [Abb.]: Kaiser und König Karl I. ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Impressum ([2]) [Begleitworte]: ([3]) [Begleitworte]: ([4]) [Begleitworte]: ([5]) Vorwort des Verfassers ([6]) [Gedicht]: ([7]) [Abb.]:Ernst Ludwig Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein ([8]) Aus der Geschichte der Hesseninfanterie vor dem Weltkrieg (9) Der Bestallungsbrief (9) [Abb.]: Kaiser Karl VI. (10) [Abb.]: Eugenio von Savoyen (11) Organisation, Besoldung, Fahnen. Höhere Führung und innere Ordnung (12) Pflichten und Strafen (12) [Abb.]: Österreichische Infanterie zur Zeit der Regimentsgründung 1733 (13) Kulturhistorisches um 1733 (14) Musterliste aus dem Jahre 1754 (15) [Abb.]: Offiziere und Grenadier um die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts (15) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Schlacht bei Kolin (2)Die Schlacht bei Kolin. Sturmangriff des Regiments Salm (16) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Leopold Graf Daun in der Schlacht bei Hofkirch (17) [Abb.]: Die Schlacht bei Landshut (18) [2 Abb.]: (1)Belagerung von Glatz (2)Gefecht bei Freyberg (19) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Gideon Freiherr von Laudon nimmt die Übergabe Belgrads entgegen (2)Die Schlacht bei Belgrad (20) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Nikolaus Fürst zu Salm-Salm ( - ) Erste Inhaber des Regimentes (21) [4 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschalleutnant Franz Graf Ferraris (1770 - 1775) (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Josef Freiherr von Tillier (1775 - 1788) (3)Feldzeugmeister Wilhelm Baron Kiebeck (1788 - 1811) (4)Kardinal Erzherzog Rudolf von Österreich (1811 - 1831) (21) [3 Abb.]: (1)Feldzeugmeister Franz Richter von Binnenthal (1832 - 1840) (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Johann Hrabovsky von Hrabova (1840 - 1848) (3)Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Freiherr von Wolgemuth (1849 - 1851) (22) Todesmutige Vierzehner an der bayrisch-salzburgischen Grenze 1805 (23) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ludwig III., Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein (1851 - 1877) (2)Ludwig IV., Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein (1877 - 1892) (23) Kämpfe auf heimatlichem Boden (25) [Abb.]: Das Gefecht bei Ebelsberg (25) Napoleon geschlagen (26) [Abb.]: Generalissimus Erzherzog Carl in der Schlacht bei Aspern (27) [Abb.]: Klebek-Infanterie im Sturm auf Aspern (28) Das Regiment der Befreiungskriege 1813 - 1815 (28) [Abb.]: Einzug der Verbündeten in Paris (31) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Carl Fürst Schwarzenberg meldet den verbündeten Monarchen - Kaiser Franz I. von Österreich, Zar Alexander I. von Rußland und König Friedrich Wilhelm III. von Preußen - den Sieg bei Leipzig ( - ) [Abb.]: Feldzeugmeister Franz Richter von Binnenthal mit seinem Stabe (35) [2 Abb.]: (1)Fahnenweihe beim k. k. Linien-Infanterieregiment Nr. 14 im Jahre 1841 am Linzer Hauptplatz (2)Major Johann Wanivenhaus Edler von Spangfeld (1805 - 1841) (Grenadier, Leutnant, Oberleutnant und Hauptmann im Regiment) (36) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Josef Graf Radetzky (37) [Abb.]: Leutnant Moritz Crammer erhielt 1848 die Goldene Tapferkeitsmedaille (38) Aus dem "Reiße-Büchl" meines Großvaters (38) [2 Abb.]: (1)Infanterist unter Feldmarschall Radetzky (2)General und Grenadier in der napoleonischen Zeit (39) [Abb.]: Hesseninfanterie im Sturme auf Ponte vecchio di Magenta ( - ) Rangliste der Offiziere 1859: (41) Magenta. Ponte-vecchio achtmal gestürmt (42) [Abb.]: Hessen im Kampf mit französischer Garde in der Schlacht bei Solferino (43) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Ritter von Benedek bei Solferino (45) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant Ludwig Pauli rettete in der Schlacht bei Magenta im Handgeemenge die Fahne des 1. Baons (46) [Abb.]: Heldentod des Obersten Ferdinand Mumb von Mühlheim bei Solferino (47) Solferino - Översee - Veile (48) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Freiherr von Gablenz begrüßt die Schwarzgelbe Brigade - I. R. 14 und I. R. 27 - bei Oeversee ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen, die ersten in Veile (2)Hessengedenktafel in Böhmisch-Leipa (49) Königgrätz (50) [2 Abb.]: (1)Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe 1866 (2)Gefreiter Johann Jax, nachmaliger Fabrikbesitzer, lebt 93jährig in Linz (50) [Abb.]: Bischof Franz Josef Rudigier weiht 1882 die Fahne des IV. Hessenbataillons im Linzer Dome ( - ) Lorbeeren im Süden (51) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Albrecht nach dem Siege bei Custozza (51) [Abb.]: Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe vor dem Ausmarsch auf den italienischen Kriegsschauplatz im Jahre 1866 (53) Die Hessen in der Krivoschije 1882 (54) [Abb.]: Die Borche di Cattaro mit der Lovcengruppe (54) [Abb.]: Der Hessenobelisk am Friedhof von Cattaro (55) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Karl Watzek † Mitkämpfer von 1866 und 1882 (2)Leutnant i. d. Res. Max Ritter v. Ulrich (1882) (3)Leutnant i. d. Res. Heinrich Taschauer Mitkämpfer von 1882 (56) [3 Abb.]: (1)Innsbruck (2)Innsbruck: Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe der 8. Feldkompagnie (Sitzend: Feldwebel Anton Steinkellner, Oberleutnant Karl Zeller, Hauptmann Cölestin Kahler, Leutnant Viktor Grundner, Reserveunteroffizier Josef Stöhringer) (3)1901: Fünzigjähriges Hessen-Inhaberjubiläum in Bozen (57) [3 Abb.]: (1)Bregenz (2)Bodensee-Reunion in Bregenz 1907 General der Kavallerie Erzherzog Eugen beim Empfang der bayerischen und württembergischen Offiziere (3)S. M. Kaiser Franz Josef besichtigt das Regiment nach einer Manöverübung in Kärnten (58) [3 Abb.]: (1)1908: Empfang des Linzer Hausregiments am Franz-Josef-Platz (2)Offiziers- und Mannschaftsgruppe der 8. Feldkompagnie (Mitte: Leutnant Hermann Seif, Leutnant i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eppinger) (3)Linz 1911: Das Offizierskorps des Regimentes (Sitzend: Hauptmann Freiherr v. Saar, Hauptmann Freiherr v. Mayer, Hauptmann Walter, Hauptmann Heissig, Major v. Rizetti, Major Pöschmann, Major Lewandowski, Oberleutnant Michl, kaiserlich japanischer Major Hildekadzu Kashi, Oberst Edler v. Hinke, Oberstleutnant Rabatsch, Major Benesch, Major Markovic, königlich rumänischer Oberleutnant Parajanu, Major Vitzthum, Major Tenner, Stabsarzt Dr. Hubka, Hauptmann Malina) (59) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberst v. Hinke mit Offizieren in der Manöverstation Mayerhofen Zillertal (2)Regimentstambour Josef Bilek (1914 - 1918) (60) [4 Abb.]: (1)1911: Sand bei Bruneck (2)Die 8. Feldkompagnie nach Überquerung des Schwarzensteingletschers (3)Das Regiment bei Landro am Marsche nach Cortina d'Ampezzo (4)Plätzwiese mit Monte Cristallo (61) Oberste und Kommandanten des Regimentes: (62) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Ferdinand Mumb v. Mühlheim (2)Oberst Adolf Schütte Freiherr v. Waxensberg (62) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Hugo Ritter Taulow v. Rosenthal (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Ludwig Edler v. Cornaro (3)Generalmajor Gustav Scharinger Ritter v. Olósy (4)Oberst Oskar Negrelli Ritter v. Moldelbe (63) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Siegmund Klug Edler v. Klugenwald (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Wilhelm Lahousen Edler v. Vivremont (3)Oberst Heinrich Polaczek (4)Oberst Johann Linhart (64) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Alfred Edler von Hinke (2)Generalmajor Friedrich Edler von Löw (3)Oberst Artur von Pöschmann (ad interim) (4)Oberst Thomas Benesch (65) [Abb.]: Oberst Richard von Vittorelli (66) [Widmung]: (66) Kämpfe und regimentsgeschichtliche Ereignisse (1739 - 1882) (67) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberstleutnant Ing. Karl Heppner (ad interim) (2)Oberst August von Ontl (67) [Abb.]: General-Feldzeugmeister Christian Reichsritter von Vogelsang, kommandierender General in den Niederlanden, Gouverneur von Luxemburg (68) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Alexander, Prinz von Hessen und bei Rhein, erwarb 1859 als Divisionär bei Solferino das Ritterkreuz des Militär-Maria-Thersia-Ordens (69) Theresien-Ordensritter vor dem Weltkriege (70) [Abb.]: Feldmarschalleutnant Maximilian Prinz zu Salm-Salm, als Major 1757 erster Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens im Regiment (70) [Abb.]: Generalmajor Adam Freiherr Krammer von Obereck, als Oberst 1757 zweiter Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens im Regimente (71) [Tabelle]: Verzeichnis der dem Regimente vor dem Weltkriege verliehenen Tapferkeistmedaillen (71) Die Garnisonen der Vierzehner (72 - 73) [2 Abb.]: (1)Garnisonsstadt Linz im Hintergrund die Alpenkette (2)Eidesleistung der Rekruten in der Schloßkaserne zu Linz 1902 (72 - 73) Hochgestellte Persönlichkeiten die im Regimente in Diesntleistung standen (74) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Joseph Fürst Lobkowitz (2)Feldzeugmeister Maximilian Graf Baillet de Latour, Hofkriegsratspräsident (74) [3 Abb.]: (1)Karl, regierender Fürst zu Ysenburg (2)Feldzeugmeister Franz Marquis Lusignan (3)Feldzeugmeister Franz Flliot de Crenneville, Oberstkämmerer Sr. Majestät des Kaisers Franz Josef (75) [4 Abb.]: (1)Oberst Erzherzog Ernst (2)General der Infanterie Franz Schaedler, Armeeinspektor, Inhaber des I.-R. 30 (3)Generaloberst Adolf Freiherr von Rhemen zu Bärenfeld, Generalgouverneur von Serbien (4)General der Infanterie Ludwig von Fabini (76) [2 Abb.]: Ferdinand I., Zar von Bulgarien, k. u. k. Feldmarschall (77) Das Hessen-Regiment Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg (78) Mobilisierung (78) [Abb.]: Titelbild der Kaiser-Manifeste (79) Manifest Kaiser Franz Josefs vom 28. Juli 1914. An meine Völker! (79) Armee- und Flottenbefehl Kaiser Franz Josefs. Kaiser Wilhelm. An das deutsche Heer und die deutsche Marine. (80) Die Kommandobesetzung zeigt folgendes Bild: (81) [Abb.]: Die Hessenfahne am Ausmarschtage des Regimentes (Fahnenträger Kadett i. d. R. Leidinger, rechts Oblt. v. Pospischil) (81) Heerführer und höhere Kommandanten im Weltkriege (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Eugen, Kommandant der Südwestfront (2)Feldmarschall Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf, Chef des Generalstabes bis Februar 1917, sodann Kommandant der "Heeresgruppe Conrad" (82) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Friedrich, Armeeoberkommandant bis Februar 1917 (2)Feldmarschall Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna, Kommandant der Isonzoarmee, 1918 Kommandant der "Heeresgruppe Boroevic" (83) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst Erzherzog Josef Ferdinand Kommandant der IV. Armee (2)Generaloberst Alois Fürst Schönburg-Hartenstein, Kommandant des Edelweißkorps, 1918 Kommandant der VI. Armee (84) [2 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst Viktor Graf Dankl, Landesverteidigungskommandant von Tirol, 1916 Kommandant der XI. Armee (2)Generaloberst Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanów, Kommandant des XIV. Armeekorps, 1916 Landesverteidigungskommandant von Tirol (85) [2 Abb.]: (1)General der Infanterie Horsetzky Ernst Edler v. Hornthal Kommandant der 3. Infanteriedivision, 1918 Kommandant des XXVI. Armeekorps (2)Feldmarschalleutnant Heinrich Wieden von Alpenbach, Kommandant der Edelweißdivision (86) Der Feldzug gegen Rußland 1914 - 1915 (87) Ausmarsch und Aufmarsch (87) [Abb.]: Ausmarsch der Maschinengewehrabteilung II/14 (Hauptmann Agathon Kotschy) (88) Rangliste der Offiziere und der Offiziersaspiranten im Februar 1914 (88) [2 Abb.]: (1)Budapest: Oberleutnant Richard Tenner mit Offizieren des II. Feldbataillons (2)Menageverteilung am Bahnhof in Budapest (89) Die Feuertauf (91) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rudki bei Sambor (2)Kaiserfeier des 2. Feldbaons in Rudki östlich Sambor (91) [Karte]: 28. August 1914. (92) [Abb.]: Mittagsrast bei Oserdów (92) [Abb.]: Gefechtsentwicklung des Regimentes zur Weltkriegsfeuertaufe im Gefechte bei Oserdów-Przewadów (93) Lehrgeld im Bewegungskrieg (93) [Abb.]: Gefechtsstandpunkt des 3. Infanterie-Divisionskommandos (Feldmarschalleutnant Roth) bei Oserdów (93) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erste Feuerstellung des Feldkanonenregiments Steyr Nr. 14 bei Oserdów (2)Die ersten Kriegsgefangenen in Oserdów (94) [3 Abb.]: (1)Das russische Grenzwachhaus nördlich Liski (2)Die erste feldmäßigen Deckungen (Schützenlöcher) des Regimentes nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (3)Die ersten Schützengräben des Regimentes nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (95) [2 Karten]: (1)31. August 4 h früh (2)30. August 2 h 30 min - 31. August 3 h 30 min früh (96) Grauenvolles Erwachen (96) [Abb.]: Die Weltkriegs-Feuertaufe der Hessen bei Oserdów ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Regiment lagert nach dem Gefecht bei Liski (2)Regimentstrain bei Liski (97) Strapazenreicher Rückzug (98) Der Überfall bei Michalówka (98) Das erste Marschbaon (99) [Karte]: Wegskizze nördlich von Lemberg (99) Der vereitelte Finkenfang (100) [Abb.]: Sanitätspatrouille des 2. Feldbaons bei Lemberg (100) Heiße Kämpfe am San (101) Der rollende Rubel (102) [Abb.]: Ruthenische Bauern bringen Schlachtvieh (103) Der Vorstoß nördlich Krakau (103) [Abb.]: Krakau (104) Die Fahne in Gefahr (104) [Abb.]: Kloster Lezajsk am San (105) Aus Gefechtsberichten (105) Die Schlacht von Limanowa - Lapanów (107) [3 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Limanowa nach Norden (2)Umgebung von Limanowa (3)Höhen nordwestlich von Limanowa (107) [Abb.]: Esrtürmung eines russischen Schützengrabens bei Limanowa (108) Kriegsgeschichte im Telegrammstil (108) [3 Abb.]: (1)Westlich von Limanówa (2)Gelände um Lapanów (3)Sicht von der Stradomkahöhe gegen Südwest (109) Die Stradomka-Brücke (110) [Karte]: Buczyna (8. XII. 1914) und Grabina (9. XII. 1914) (111) [Abb.]: Die Gegend um Sobolów (112) Hessen-Weihnacht (112) Im Sicherungsdienst am Dunajec (113) [2 Karten]: (1)Radlów - Niwka 19. - 27. XII. 1914 (2)Wielka - Wies, Dunajec - Sicherung 1./I. - 18./I. 1915 (114) [Abb.]: Höhe 419 (115) [3 Abb.]: (1)Feldmarschalleutnant von Korsetzky im Schützengraben bei Janowice links Oberstleutnant Ontl (2)Maschinengewehrstand nördlich Janowice (3)Stellung der 16. Feldkompagnie bei Janowice (116) Der Durchbruch bei Tarnów (116) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bei Janowice. Sicht vom Maschinengewehrstützpunkt III/14 (2)Stellung mit Unterstand bei Janowice (117) [4 Abb.]: (1)Deckung des Regimentskommandos bei Janowice (2)Maschinengewehrstützpunkt III/14 bei Janowice (3)Baum-Beobachtungsstand in der Stellung bei Janowice (4)Stellung der 10. Feldkomapagnie bei Janowice (118) Der Sturm bricht los (119) [4 Abb.]: (1)Russischer Schützengraben (2)Stellungen am Lubinkabach (3)Schützengraben bei Lubinka (4)Eigene Stellung bei Lubinka (119) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Waldstellung bei Lubinka (2)Feindliche Stellung bei Lubinka (120) Hinter den Russen her (121) [3 Abb.]: (1)42-cm-Mörser vor Tarnów (2)Der Mörser feuerbereit (3)Laderaum des Mörsers (121) [3 Abb.]: (1)Trichter nach dem Einschlag eines 30.5-cm-Mörsergeschosses (2)Erbeutetes russisches Maschinengewehr (3)Heldengräber bei Tarnów (122) [2 Karten]: (1)Bildbaumhöhe- 456 (2)M. H. Woźniczna, Kłokowa (123) [2 Karten]: (1)Zdol 306 (2)Zawada (124) Der russische Zusammenbruch (124) Atempause am San (124) [2 Abb.]: (1)Russische Gefangenenkolonne nach dem Durchbruch bei Gorlice - Tarnów (2)Russische Schützengräben am San (125) [2 Abb.]: (1)Nachrichtenpatrouille am San (2)Mannschaftsgruppe in einem Gefechtsunterstand am San (links: Zugsführer Johann Reischl, rechts: Feldwebel Franz Weixelbaumer) (126) [2 Abb.]: (1)Gefechtsunterstände am San (2)Russische Gefangene werden beim Divisionskommando verhört (127) Zum zweitenmal über die Grenze (128) [Abb.]: Das Regiment überschreitet die russische Grenze - Vorbeimarsch an Obst v. Vittorelli (128) [Abb.]: Oberst v. Vittorello besichtigt die Gefechtsstellungen bei Letownia (129) Die Julikämpfe an der Bystrzyca (130) [Karte]: (130) [2 Karten]: (131) Kosaken attackieren (131) Letzte Reserve (132) [Abb.]: Abwehr der Kosakenattacke an der Bystrzyca (2. Schlacht bei Krasnik - Lublin). - Bildmitte: Hauptmann Ernst Eisner, rechts: Oberleutnant Walter Vogt ( - ) [Abb.]: Zuckerfabrik Zakrzówek (133) [Abb.]: Lublin (134) Direktion Lublin (134) Allein voraus (135) [Abb.]: Oberleutnant Burian überschreitet mit einem Nachrichtendetachement die Reste einer Brücke bei Turka (136) Marsch durch die russische Unendlichkeit (137) [2 Abb.]: (1)Im "Fuchsloch" (2)Eingang zum "Fuchsloch" (137) [2 Abb.]: (1)Infanteriebeobachtungsstand im Schützengraben (2)Wellblechunterschlupf (138) Fall der Festung Luck (139) [Abb.]: Luck (139) [2 Abb.]: (Eigener Fesselballon bei Luck (2)Verankerter Fesselballon bei Luck (140) Vor dem russischen Haustor (140) [Abb.]: Kompagnieküche bei Luck (140) [2 Abb.]: (1)Reservestellung vor Olyka (2)Stellung vor Olyka (141) [Abb.]: Postenunterstände bei Olyka (142) Halten bis zum letzten Mann (142) Schwankendes Kriegsglück (142) [3 Abb.]: (1)Stellung bei Krupy (2)Straßensperre vor Krupy (3)Hundegespann (143) [Abb.]: Von den Russen gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke über den Styr, rechts eigen Kriegsbrücke (144) Winter im fernen Osten (144) Das Leben im Schützengraben. Hessenrobinsonade (145) [Abb.]: Kriegsbrücke über den Styr (145) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unterstand in der Reservestellung bei Pokalzczewo (2)Feldmesse im "Hessenwäldchen" bei Pokalzczewo (146) Post im Niemandsland (146) [Abb.]: Unterstand des Regimentskommandos in der Stellung bei Pokalzczewo (im Vordergrund Oberstleutnant v. Ontl und Hauptmann Eisner) (147) Das Abschiedsgefecht (147) [Abb.]: Kompagnie Hauptmann Vogel in der Stellung bei Pokalzczewo (147) Ins heilige Land Tirol (148) [Abb.]: Erzherzog-Thronfolger Karl Franz Josef beim Regimente in Chorlupy. Vor Seiner kaiserlichen Hoheit Oblt. i. d. Res. Adalbert Neuhauser (148) [Karte]: Russischer Kriegsschauplatz (149) Erlebnisse des Infanteristen Moser (150) Die ersten Gefechte Ende August 1914 (150) Das 1. Marschbaon des Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14 in der Schlacht bei Lemberg (152) Tapfere Vierzehner am San und nördlich von Krakau (153) Das Regiment in der Schlacht von Komarów (156) [Karte]: Lage der Gruppe Erzh. Josef Ferdinand (3., 8. ITD. und 41. HITD.) am 28. August 1914, ca. 5h nachm. (157) [Karte]: Feuertaufe, 28. VIII. 1914 1h nachm. Beginn der Entwicklung (158) [Karte]: Feuertaufe, 28. VIII. 1914 5h30 nachm. Einbruch, Verfolgung, Nächtigung. (159) [Karte]: Lage des IR. 14 am 30./8. 1914 als Divisionsreserve. (162) [Karte]:30.(8. 1914 4./14 Geschützbedeckung bei 2. Bt./GHD. 14, rückt in den Nachmittagsstunden ein und nimmt abends am Angriff des Rgts. teil. (163) [Karte]:Nächtigung des IR. 14 vom 30. auf den 31./8. (4h30 vorm. russischer Überfall). (165) Der erste Offensivtag bei Gorlice 1915 (166) [Abb.]: Drahtverhau vor eigenen Stellungen am russischen Kriegsschauplatz (167) Aus meinem Kriegstagebuch. Im Brückenkopf Krupy (169) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundsicht von Luck (2)Oberleutnant Steffan mit der Fahnenkompagnie vor dem Empfang des Erzherzog-Thronfolgers Karl Franz Josef bei Chorlupy (170 - 171) Der italienische Feldzug 1915 - 1918 (172) Die Offensive auf der Hochfläche von Vielgereuth (172) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kastell Trient (2)Straße Calliano - Vielgereuth (Folgaria) (173) [2 Abb.]: (1)Etschtal bei Calliano (2)35-cm-Kanone (174) Der Monte Coston erstürmt (175) [3 Abb.]: (1)Gardolo im Etschtal (2)Typisches Etschtaler Bauerngehöft (3)30.5-cm-Mörser feuerbereit (175) [Abb.]: Vielgereuth (176) Ein harter Bissen (176) [Abb.]: Angriff auf den Monte Coston ( - ) [4 Abb.]: (1)Gefechtsvorrückung am Hang des Monte Coston (2)Am Monte Coston (3)Am Monte Coston erbeutete italienische Mitrailleuse (4)Einvernahme gefangener Alpini (177) [3 Abb.]: (1)Monte Coston, Coston d'Arsiero, Monte Campomolon (2)Italienisches Fort Campomolon (3)Erbeutetes Festungsgeschütz im Fort Campomolon (178 - 179) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die Tonezzaspitzen (2)Campana am Tonezzaplateau (180) Der Monte Cimone fällt (180) [Abb.]: Ladestation am Passo della Vena (180) [2 Abb.]: (1)Erbeutete italienische Minenwerfer (2)Motorisierte Fliegerabwehrkanone auf der Hessen-Rainerstraße (181) [Abb.]: Rio Freddotal. Links Monte Cimone, rechts Seluggio. Im Hintergrund Priofora und Novegnomassiv (182) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die "Zweifelsturmrippe im Rio Freddotal (2)Unterstand im Rio Freddotal. Vor der Deckung Leutnant Oskar Pöschl (3)Feldwache im Abschnitt Cimone-West (183) [Abb.]: Rundsicht: Monte Cengio, Monte Sumano, Monte Cimone, Monte Priafora (184 - 185) Der Gegner über die Maioffensive 1916 (184 - 185) Coston und Coston d'Arsiero (184 - 185) Monte Cimone d'Arsiero (184 - 185) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant Panitschka beschießt vorgehenden Feind am Osthang des Monte Cimone (2) Am Monte Cimone erbeutetes italienisches Langrohrgeschütz (186) [Abb.]: Die Priafora (187) Im Becken von Arsiero (187) [Abb.]: Beim Konservenabkochen (187) [Abb.]: Arsiero (188) [Abb.]: Posinatal und Priafora (189) [2 Abb.]: (1)Werk Lusern nach heftiger Beschießung (2)38-cm-Haubitze auf der Hochfläche von Lafraun (Lavarone) (190) Halt vor der Poebene (190) [Abb.]: Werk Verle. Im Hintergrund die Tonezzaspitzen (191) [Abb.]: Das Coe-Lager (192) Das 3. Baon in der Hölle des Karstes (193) [2 Abb.]: (1)30.5-cm-Mörser am Borcolopaß (2)Häuser in Opachiasella (193) [Abb.]: Das Pasubio Massiv (194 - 195) Am Heldenberg der Kaiserjäger (194 - 195) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldwache am Pasubio (2)Proviantträger am Pasubio (196) Der Grabenkrieg geht weiter (196) [4 Abb.]: (1)Vallestellung mit Tonezzaspitzen (2)Cima Pajle (3)Feldmarschall Erzherzog Friedrich besichtigt das 25. Marschbaon (Divisionsreserve) bei San Sebastiano. Rechts Hauptmann Jkawetz (4)Feldmarschall Graf Conrad besichtigt Teile des Regiments bei der Malga Fratte d'Arsiero. Links Edelweißdivisionär Feldmarschalleutnant Ernst von Horsetzky (197) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bischof Dr. Johannes Maria Gföllner erteilt den Segen nach der Feldmesse bei Malga secondo posto (2)Menageausgabe in der Stellung Cimone-West (198) [2 Abb.]: (1)Deckung in der Stellung Cimone-West (2)Südstollen am Monte Cimone (199) [3 Abb.]: (1)Im Laghibecken. Von links nach rechts. Oberleutnant Keller, Oberst v. Vittorelli, Erzherzog Karl Albrecht, Major Sauer (2)Lawinenkreuz am Passo della Vena (3)Im Soldatenheim an der Hessen-Rainerstraße (200) [2 Abb.]: (1)Feldmesse beim Regimentskommando im Laghettotal (2)Der "Blitzweg" bei Molino (201) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Cadine gegen Terlago mit Paganella (2)Terlago (202) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hauptmann v. Pospischil mit dem Offizierskorps des 29. Marschbaons in Terlago (2)Offiziersgruppe des 29. Marschbaons in Terlago (3)Schloß Terlago. Lt. Kuß, Lt. Meisl und Fhnr. Kloimstein (203) [3 Abb.]: (1)Kirche in Pedescala (Asticotal) (2)Das zerstörte Pedescala (3)Die "Gibraltar" - und die "Tiger"-Stellung beiderseits des Asticotales. Rechts der Ostabfall des Monte Cimone (204) [4 Abb.]: (1)Zerstörte Häuser in Forni (Asticotal) (2)Soldatenheim "Horsetzky" an der Hessen-Rainerstraße (3)Schützengraben in der "Gibraltar"-Stellung (4)Forni im italienischen Scheinwerferlicht (205) [Abb.]: Sieben Gemeinden. Links Cimone-Ost (206) [Abb.]: Friccastraße. Im Hintergrund Carbonare und Tonezzaspitzen (207) Hessenabwehr im Raume Ortigara - Porta Lepozze (207) [Karte]: Die Ortigara - Schlacht. Lage am 10. Juni 1917 früh und der italienische Angriff an diesem Tage. (208) [Karte]: Die Ortigara - Schlacht. Lage am 19. Juni 1917 früh und der italienische Angriff an diesem Tage. (209) [Abb.]: Im heißen Ringen am Monte Ortigara (211) [Abb.]: Das Kampfgelände der Ortigaraschlacht (212 - 213) Italienische Darstellungen (212 - 213) Die mißglückte Ortigara-Offensive (212 - 213) [Abb.]: Lager Dosso del Fine (214) [Abb.]: Straßenverkehr am Monte Rover zwischen Caldonazzo und Cost'alta (215) [Abb.]: Caldonazzosee vom Monte Rover (216) Nach einer italienischen Stimme. "Ortigara", 10. bis 26. Juni 1917 (216) [Abb.]: Der Caldonazzo- und der Levicosee mit der Brentagruppe (217) [Abb.]: Das Regiment auf der Piazza d'armi in Trient (218) Der Kaiser kommt (218) [Abb.]: Seine Majestät Kaiser Karl verabschiedet sich vom Regiment nach der Besichtigung am Monte Rover (219) Begrüßung durch Erzherzog Eugen (220) [3 Abb.]: (1)Lager Monte Rover (2)Zur Erholung in Cost'alta (3)Barackenlager Cost'alta (220) Erholung in Trient (220) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Erzherzog Eugen beim Regimente am Monte Rover. Vor Seiner kaiserlichen Hoheit Oberst v. Vittorelli, Oberst v. Ontl, Major Schuldes, Major Sauer, Oberleutnant Pernklau (221) [Abb.]: Hochfläche von La Fraun (Lavarone) (222) Das Ringen um den Heldenberg (222) [Abb.]: Asticotal mit Campolongo (223) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundsicht v. Monte Zebio (2)Deckungen beim Gruppenkommando am Monte Zebio (224 - 225) Die "Nothelfer" treten an (224 - 225) [Abb.]: Italienischer Schützengraben auf der "Katze". Im Hintergrund der Monte Zebio (224 - 225) [2 Abb.]: (1)Schützengraben am Monte Zebio (2)Sandsackstellung am Monte Zebio (226) [4 Abb.]: (1)Offiziersfeldwache (Lt. Ernst Meisl im Keller der Schule in Pedescala) (2)Unterstand in der Reservestellung bei Pedescala (3)Kirche in San Pietro (Asticotal) (4)Vor einer Kaverne in der Pedescalastellung (227) [2 Abb.]: (1)San Pietro im Asticotal (2)Hessengedenkstein für die Gefallenen im Asticotal (228) [Karte]: Skizze aus dem Manuskripte "Mt. San Gabriele, 17. August bis 24. Oktober 1917" (229) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rundblick auf Monte Santo und Monte San Gabriele (Westhänge). Standpunkt bei Kirche Sveta Katherina, Höhe 307 (2)Laufgraben, Kronbergsattel Kote 408, zum Trigonometer Monte San Gabriele (230 - 231) [Abb.]: Monte San Daniele mit Ternovaner-Wald, Blick vom Monte San Gabriele (232) [Abb.]: Die Erstürmung des Monte San Gabriele. Bildmitte: Oberleutnant Franz Kern, im Vordergrund Leutnant Dr. Karl Staufer ( - ) [Abb.]: Monte San Gabriele mit österreichischer C-Linie, Blick gegen Kote 552 (233) [2 Abb.]: (1)Unterstände in einer Doline östlich Kote 552 auf dem Monte San Gabriele vor der Schlacht (2)Oberes Drittel des Laufgrabens zum Trigonometer 646 des Monte San Gabriele (234) [2 Abb.]: (1)Blick von Kote 552 (Mitte des Gabrielerückens) gegen Kote 526 (Veliki Hrib) (2)Italienische Gefangene des Regimentes am Monte San Gabriele (235) [3 Abb.]: (1)Maskierte Straße nach Ternova (2)Menageverteilung im Ternovaner Wald (3)Zeltlager im Ternovaner Wald (236) Was der Feind darüber sagt (236) Il Monte della Morte (236) [Karte]: Italienischer Kriegsschauplatz (237) Der Gabriele und höhere Führung. Das Generalstabswerk über den Angriff des Infanterieregiments 14 auf den Blutberg (238) Der Siegeszug gegen Italien 1917 (238) [Abb.]: Feldmarschall Freiherr v. Boroevic nach der Besichtigung des Regimentes in Idria. Links Oberst Vittorelli, Hptm. Hingler, Oblt. v. Kenzian, Oblt. P. O. Schmidt (239) Marsch in den Aufmarschraum (239) Schulter an Schulter ins Feindesland (240) [Abb.]: Italienischer Schützengraben nach dem Durchbruch bei Flitsch (241) [Abb.]: Rundsicht von Tolmezzo (242 - 243) Vom Tagliamento an den Piave (242 - 243) [Abb.]: Belluno (244) [Abb.]: Arten bei Fonzaso mit Monte Aurin (245) [Abb.]: Feltre (246) Im Durchbruchstale der Brenta (247) [Abb.]: Monte Grappa (247) [Abb.]: Monte Pertica (248) [Abb.]: Brentatal bei Vanini (249) [Abb.]: Vanini im Brentatal (250) [Abb.]: Blick von Incin in das Brentatal bei Vanini (251) [Abb.]: Talsperre Primolano (252) Am Col del Orso (252) [Abb.]: Enego (252) [2 Abb.]: (1)Monte Cismon (2)Straße in Cismon (253) [Abb.]: Posten im Stizzonetal (254) Ein rätselhaftes Marschziel. - In der Kaiserstadt (254) [Abb.]: Oblt. Franz Kern, der meistausgezeichnete Frontoffizier der Armee, nach der Dekorierung mit dem Orden der Eisernen Krone zweiter Klasse, auf der Schmelz in Wien (255) [2 Abb.]: (1)Ausmarsch des Regimentes aus dem Breitenseer Barackenlager in Wien zur Front (2)Einwaggonierung des Regimentes in Wien (256) Offizierseinteilungsliste im Felde 1917 (256) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oberleutnant in Paradeuniform (2)Gefreiter in Feldadjustierung (257) Die Junischlacht 1918. A, Col del Rosso (258) [Abb.]: Truppenunterstände in der Frenzellaschlucht (259) [Abb.]: Volltreffer in einem Unterstand in der Frenzellaschlucht (260) [Abb.]: Der eigene und der feindliche Stellungsverlauf am Col del Rosso (261) [Abb.]: Col del Rosso. Unter den Racheln die Frenzellaschlucht (262 - 263) Mein Ehrentag im Felde (262 - 263) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kampfstellung und Deckung am Cil del Rosso (2)Das Regimentskommando am Col del Rosso (Oberst v. Ontl, Hauptmann Hingler, Oberleutnant v. Wellenreiter) (262 - 263) [2 Abb.]: (1)Lager Barricata (2)Barricata Lagerkommando (264) [Karte]: Bereitstellung der Edelw.-Div. zum Angriffe. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 1. (265) Das Kommando der Edelweißdivision über den Col del Rosso (266) [Karte]: Lage am 15./6. ca. 11h vorm. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 6. (267) [2 Abb.]: (1)Straße bei Foza (2)Oberleutnant Kariopp mit den Resten seiner Maschinengewehr-Kompagnie nach dem letzten Großkampf des Regiments am Col del Rosso (269) [2 Abb.]: (1)In Auer: Se. Majestät Kaiser Karl empfängt eine Abordnung des Regiments. Vor Sr. Majestät Oberleutnant Johann Kellermayr (2)Die nach dem Großkampf am Col del Rosso verbliebenen Offiziere des I. Baons im Retablierungsquartier in Piagora (Lt. Forstner, Oblt. Kern, Lt. Rachbauer, Lt. Czulik, Lt. Schmid, O.-A. Dr. Wagner, Oblt. Kretschmer, Lt. Breuer, Lt. Schulz, Lt. Meisl) (270) [Karte]: Italienische Kriegsschauplatz (271) Rangliste der Offiziere und Offiziersaspiranten im Mai 1918 (272) [Abb.]: Die Hessenregimentsfahne ( - ) Einzeldarstellungen (Italienischer Teil) (275) Galghera! (275) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Roder (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Max Aigmüller (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Schild (275) Porta Lepozze (Ortigara). Vorereignisse (279) Gefechtsbericht des Hauptmanns Edmund Spazil, Baonskommandant-Stellvertreter (279) [Abb.]: Rundsicht v. Alte Chiesa (Nördl. Teil) (280 - 281) Wegverhältnisse (280 - 281) Das Gelände (280 - 281) Der Feind (282) Situation vor dem Einsetzen der Vierzehner (282) [Karte]: Angriff am 15. Juni 1917 (283) Meine Einrückung (284) [Abb.]: Angriffsgelände am Fuße des Monte Ortigara (285) [Abb.]: Die von der Kompagnie Oberleutnant Kern rückeroberte Kote 2007 (286) Die Aktion "Anna" (286) Der Gegenangriff der Italiener am 15. Juni 1917 (Siehe Skizze Seite 283.) (287) [Abb.]: Blindgänger einer italienischen Mine auf dem Monte Ortigara (287) [Abb.]: Die Überlebenden der 8. Feldkompagnie nach der Ortigara-Schlacht (289) [Abb.]: Reste des 3. Feldbaons nach der Ortigara-Schlacht (291) Die Stimme des Feindes: (291) Le grande italiane della primavera 1917 (Die großen italienischen Offensiven im Frühjahr 1917) (292) Der Kalvarienberg der "Stumpfen Federn" (Monte Ortigara). "L'Opera degli Alpini, Littorio-Roma" (293) Die Hessen halten und verbluten (295) Leutnant Josef Hörmanseder am Gabriele. Der Mann in der Schlacht (296) Am Heldenberg der Hessen. Die Gruppe Major Heinrich Sauer. (297) [Karte]: Der Mt. S. Gabriele. Lage am 10. IX. 1917, wie sie vermutet wurde. (299) [Abb.]: Serpentinenstraße über Schloß Kronberg nach Görz. Blick auf Süd- und Osthang des Monte San Gabriele. Standpunkt Nordwesthang Monte San Daniele. Höhe ca. 450 m (300 - 301) [Abb.]: Der Inhalt: "Nach links Verbindung, nach rechts unmöglich, da unter dem schwersten Minenfeuer, Feinde nichts zu bemerken, alles ruhig. (305) [Abb.]: Salcano-Brücke bei Görz. Links Hang des Monte San Gabriele. Rechts Monte Sabatino. Im Hintergrund das Görzer Becken (306) [Abb.]: Nächtliches Trommelfeuer am Isonzo. Mitte: Eisenbahnbrücke bei Salcano (307) [Abb.]: Görz (308) [Abb.]: Bahnhof in San Daniele (309) Von den heldenmütigen Kämpen, die alle für eine höhere Dekoration vorgeschlagen wurden, seien ehrend hervorgehoben: (310) Auf der anderen Seite (Italienische Kampfschilderungen) (311) L'azione del San Gabriele (311) [Abb.]: Tragtierkolonne beim Lager Pri Peci (311) Der Angriff auf den San Gabriele (312) Der Regimentsheld erzählt vom Monte San Gabriele (312) Die österreichische Offensive im Trentino - Die italienische Gegenoffensive - Der Col del Rosso (316) Die erste Phase des Angriffes. Plateau von Folgaria (316) Die zweite Phase der Offensive (316) Abschiedsworte des Obersten Regimentskommandanten Richard v. Vittorelli (317) Das X. Marschbataillon des oberösterr. k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes "Ernst Ludwig Großherzog von Hessen und bei Rhein" Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg (318) Aufstellung des Baons und Ausmarsch ins Feld (Mai 1915.) (318) Die ersten Kämpfe (Hornischek - Schöntalhöhe - Eisenreich.) (24. Mai bis 5. Juni 1915.) (318) [Abb.]: Hauptmann Ritter v. Hantken mit dem Offizierskorps des X. Marschbaons (319) [Abb.]: Hornischek. Fernblick gegen Tonrast, Rotwand, Fischleintal, Drei Zinnen und Innergsell (320) Auf Dolomitenhöhen (Gottres, Son Pauses, Fanes, Il Falé, Monte Piano.) (7. Juni bis 22. Juni 1915.) (320) [Abb.]: Landro. Blick gegen die Drei Zinnen (321) [3 Abb.]: (1)Landro mit Monte Piano (2)Straßensperre Landro (3)Landro mit Nordhang des Monte Piano (322) Einsame Talwacht (Die 2. Kompagnie im Fanes- und Travenanzestal.) (9. Juni bis 21. Juli 1915.) (323) [2 Abb.]: (1)Sandsackstellung am Monte Piano (2)Unterkünfte am Monte Piano (323) [Abb.]: Monte Piano und Schwalbenkofel (324) [2 Abb.]: (1)Travenanzestal und Tofana (2)Wolf Glanvell-Hütte im Travenanzestal (325) Kein Wanken und kein Weichen (Rothek - Matzenboden - Seikofel.) (31. Juli bis 29. August 1915.) (326) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rothek (2)Sexten (327) "Selbst ist der Mann!" (Monte Coston.) (5. bis 24. September 1915.) (328) [Abb.]: Der Monte Coston von Südost (329) "Die immer fest dreinschlagenden Vierzehner" (Plaut - Pioverna.) (3. bis 8. Oktober 1915.) (331) [Abb.]: Abgewiesener italienischer Angriff am Plaut (333) Abwehrkämpfe und Angriffsvorbereitungen (Cost Alta und Trient.) (Oktober 1915 bis April 1916.) (334) Im ewigen Eis (Adamello, Doß bei Morti.) (29. April bis 12. Mai 1916.) (334) [Abb.]: Im Lager Cost Alta (335) Doch noch dabei (Bei Arsiero, Priaforà, Monte Giove.) (1. bis 22. Juni 1916.) (335) Wie sie in die Falle gingen (Monte Cimone.) (23. Juni bis 5. Juli 1916.) (336) [Abb.]: Rechts: Cimone [Südabsturz] - Mitte: Caviojo - Hintergrund: Priafora (337) Von Sommerkämpfen, Winterleiden und kühnen Taten (Im Val Sugana, Civaron - Coalba - Colazzo.) (6. Juli 1916 bis 8. Juni 1917.) (337) [Karte]: Skizze der eigenen und feindlichen Stellungen auf Colazzo. (338) [3 Abb.]: (1)Colazzo (Kote 1010) im Val Sugana (2)Blick von den Colazzohängen gegen den West-Civaron und ins Val Sugana (3)Unterabschnitt Colazzo, Val Sugana, links vorne Kote 1010, rechts Maorahänge (339) Auf der Grenzwacht (Cima Dieci - Ortigara - Porta Lepozze - Kote 2007.) (11. Juni bis 17. Juli 1917.) (340) [Karte]: Übersichtsskizze der Kämpfe im Ortigara-Raume (342) Wandern und Bauen (Wieder im Val Sugana und auf den Sieben Gemeinden.) (17. Juli bis 30. Oktober 1917.) (343) Am Monte Meletta (11. November bis 15. Dezember 1917.) (343) [Abb.]: Am Monte Meletta (344) [Abb.]: Der Monte Meletta (345) [Karte]: Der Kampf um Mte. Meletta. (4. u. 5. Dezember 1917) (346) [Abb.]: S. M. Kaiser Karl empfängt eine Offiziersabordnung in Auer (X Major v. Szilley) (347) Reiche Mitgift (Errichtung des k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes Nr. 114.) (5. Dezember 1917 bis 26. Jänner 1918). (348) [Gedicht]: Stille Helden (349) Adamello, Mai 1916 (X/14) (349) Italienische Urteile (350) L'impresa dell' Adamello, aus "L'opera degli Alpini" (350) Am Grappa und an dem Piave (350) Das k. und k. Infanterieregiment Nr. 114 (351) Teilnahme des Infanterieregiments Nr. 114 an den Kämpfen um den Col del Rosso (352) [Abb.]: Oberstleutnant Rudolf Freiherr v. Handel-Mazetti (353) [Abb.]: Das Angriffsgelände des VI. Korps - in der Bildmitte Frenzelaschlucht und Racheln des Col del Rosso (354) [Karte]: Lage am 25./6. früh. K. u. k. "Edelweis"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12, Beilage 20. (355) [Abb.]: Oberstleutnant Alfons Marbach mit dem Offizierskorps des 1. Feldbaons des Infanterieregiments 114 (356) [Karte]: Bis 4h nachm. bekannte Lage. 30./6. K. u. k. "Edelweiss"-Div. Kmdo. Gefechtsbericht Op. Nr. 266/12 Beilage 32. (357) [Abb.]: Kaltern: Überreichung des vom Offizierskorps dem Regimentskommandanten gewidmeten Ordens der Eisernen Krone II. Klasse mit KD. und den Schwertern (359) [Abb.]: Vittorio (361) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hauptmann Rudolf Edler von Polak. 1. Regimentsadjutant (2)Oberleutnant Walter Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen. 2. Regimentsadjutant (362) [Abb.]: Rückmarsch nach dem Waffenstillstand. Im Hintergrund der Panarotta (363) Offizierseinteilungsliste des k. u. k. Infanterieregiments Nr. 114 Ende Oktober 1918 (364) Nachwort des ehemaligen Regimentskommandanten (365) Das Edelweißsturmbaon (365) [Abb.]: Monte Majo. Kote 1472 von der Stellung der 13. Kompagnie aus gesehen (366) [Tabelle]: Hauptmann Kwasnievsky hatte für den Angriff die erste Sturmkompagnie, entsprechend der von Major Burger vorgesehenen Formierung, folgendermaßen eingeteilt: (367) [2 Abb.]: (1)Kommando des 4. Baons am Monte Majo (2)Blick vom Monte Majo gegen Toraro und "Blitzweg" (367) [Abb.]: In Bruck a. d. Leitha. Von links nach rechts: Lt. Hüttner, Lt. Eder, Oblt Pierer, Lt. Fischer, Lt. Schwetz, Lt. Hamberger (368) [Gedicht]: (368) [2 Abb.]: (1)In der Frenzelaschlucht (2)Offiziere des Sturmbaons in Pinzon (369) Darüber ein persönlicher Bericht (369) [Abb.]: Der Übungsplatz des Sturmbaons in Pinzon (369) [2 Abb.]: (1)Übung mit Flammenwerfern im Strumkurs (2)Das Sturmbaon im Cordevoletal (370) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hauptübung des Sturmbaons in Levico (2)Rückmarsch des Sturmbaons im Cordevoletal (371) Die Maschinengewehrkompagnie ///14 beim Edelweißsturmbaon (372) [Abb.]: Feindstellung unter Flammenwerferwirkung (373) [Abb.]: Quartier in Lacosta auf dem Marsche nach Fonzaso. Von links nachr rechts: Lt. Bock, Lt. Gangl, Lt. Hamberger, Lt. Schwetz (374) [2 Abb.]: (1)Rast des Baons in Alleghe im Cordevoletal (2)Auf der Heimfahrt nach Linz (375) Offiziere und Offiziersaspiranten des Regimentes (376) [11 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Karl Edler von Staskiewicz (2)Gmjr. Hugo von Leeb (3)Gmjr. William von Einem (4)Obst. Gustav Kuchta Edler von Megiasi (5)Obstlt. Georg Böhm (6)Obst. Franz Nickerl von Ragenfeld (7)Obstlt. Aurel von Bászel (8)Obstlt. Heinrich Schuldes (9)Obstlt. Ludwig Kirchner von Neukirchen (10)Obstlt. d. Gstbskps. Franz Zimmermann (11)Obstlt. Theodor Erhard (376) [12 Abb.]: (1)Mjr. August Schediwy (2)Obstlt. Eduard Lehmann (3)Mjr. Waldemar Ritter von Brunner (4)Obstlt. Julius Scazigino Edler von Medeazza (5)Mjr. Maximilian Ehnl (6)Obstlt. Alfons Marbach (7)Mjr. Friedrich Ritter Hantken von Prudnik (8)Mjr. Heinrich Freiherr von Saar (9)R.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Franz Kruckenhauser (10)Mjr. Theodor Malina (11)Mjr. Heinrich Sauer (12)Mjr. Ottokar Podhalsky (377) [11 Abb.]: (1)Hptm.-Rf. Johann Horak (2)Hptm. Robert von Rehberger (3)Hptm. Erwin Hingler (4)Hptm. Stanislaus Ritter von Kwasniewski (5)Hptm. Emil Freiherr von Tkalcsevich (6)Hptm. Friedrich Vogel (7)Rtm. i. d. Res. Karl Urban (8)Hptm. i. d. Res. Karl Angel (9)Hptm. Voktor Grundner (10)Fk. i. d. Res. Apois Bader (11)R.-A. Dr. Josef Bochskanl (378) [11 Abb.]: (1)Hptm.-Fp. Heinrich Schartner (2)Hptm.-Rf. Stephan Schuller (3)Hptm. Georg Hoffmann (4)Hptm. i. d. res. Walter Vogt (5)Hptm. Rudolf Sanetti (6)Hptm. Ernst Eisner (7)Hptm. Karl Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen (8)Hptm. Alois Zadrazil (9)Hptm. Edmund Spacil (10)Hptm. Eduard Steffan (11)Mjr. Josef Heindl (Hnewkowsky) (379) [12 Abb.]: (1)Hptm. Johann Jkawetz (2)Hptm. Max Jaschke (3)Hptm. Rudolf Fischer (4)Hptm. Josef Herberg (5)Hptm. i. d. Res. Ing. Rudolf Burgholzer (6)Hptm. Josef Wittek von Saltzberg (7)Hptm. Alois Ritt (8)Fk. Franz Josef Hämmerle (9)Hptm. Rudolf Pospischil Edler von Wolsegger (10)Hptm. Maximilian Wagmeister (11)Hptm. Lambert Popp (12)Hptm. i. d. Res. Ferdinand Neßler (380) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Lasser (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Magauer (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Semenitz (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Lettner (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Gustav Leidinger (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Bock (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Dr. Eduard Straßmayr (8)O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Franz Dangl (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Wonnebauer (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Alois Bruneder (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Lechner (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Georg Laher (381) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Scharmüller (2)Oblt. Ernst Benkiser Ritter von Porta Comasina (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Fehringer (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Viktor Knörlein (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Leo Zaunmüller (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Marian (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Jedlitschka (8)Oblt. Ludwig von Erler (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Duffek (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Sieber (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eibuschütz (12)Oblt. Eugen Burian (382) [14 Abb.]: (1)Ldst.-Oblt. Josef Reith (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Stemberger (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Max Ottenweiler (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Albert Neuhauser (5)O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Leopold Straß (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Hörmanseder (7)Oblt. Arthur Breindl (8)Oblt. i. d. res. Rudolf Pierer (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ludwig Gärtner (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Perl (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Piesche (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Plakolm (13)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Staudacher (14)Oblt. Josef Müller (383) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Schenkenfelder (2)Oblt. Josef Freiherr Roth von Limanowa-Lapanow (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Dichtl (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Adolf Haasbauer (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Engelbert Griedl (6)Oblt. Max Sturm (7)Oblt. i. d. res. Georg Frauscher (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Bahn (9)Oblt. Max Tenschert (10)Oblt. Viktor Du Rieux de Feyau (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Peham (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Martin Sporn (384) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Hermann Krejci (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Scharitzer (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Greinöcker (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Ehrenmüller (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Hofstadler (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ludwig Plakolb (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Nowotny (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Hainböck (9)Oblt. i. d. Res. Karl Pernklau (10)Oblt. Friedrich Ebner (11)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Eppinger (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Bruckner (385) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Neuß (2)Oblt.-P.-O. Karl Schmidt (3)Oblt. Richard Witt (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Wolfgang Heiß (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Commenda (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Buchmayr (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Julius Müller (8)Oblt. O.-A. i. d. Res. Dr. Georg Wagner (9)Oblt. Wenzel Mlcoch (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. August Rettenbacher (11)Oblt. Erwin Lahousen Edler von Vivremont (12)Oblt. Alfred Stolz (386) [12 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Jirsa (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Josef Ortner (3)Oblt. i. d. Res. Max Panitschka (4)Oblt. Franz Kariopp (5)Lt. Hanns Schöndorfer (6)Oblt. Andreas Gugenbichler (7)Oblt. i. d. Res. Ernst Adam (8)Oblt. Adolar Schusta (9)Oblt. Helmut von Görtz (10)Oblt. i. d. Res. Johann Haager (11)Oblt. Alois Mayer (12)Oblt. i. d. Res. Alfred Schwetz (387) [14 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Reinhold Baumgartner (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Aigner (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Scheiber (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Steinkogler (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Otto Vogscha (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Matthias Breuer (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Dr. Josef Aigner (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Edmund Ebner (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Gruber (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Otto Gerstl (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Landl (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Buchberger (13)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedirich Müller (14)Lt. i. d. Res. Rupert Dunzendorfer (388) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Gangl (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Steppan (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Leo Markl (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Hamberger (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Viktor Stemberger (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Rhomberg (7)Lt.-Rf. i. d. Res. Josef Hauschild (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Grüll (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Haider (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Ferdinand Meßmer (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Emmerling (12Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Meisl (389) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Hennemann (2)Lt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Bünker (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Hermann Korensky (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Dworschak (5)Lt. i. d. Res. Adolf Neumüller (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Hugo Eder (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Johann Zapototzky (8)Lt. Wolgang Garzarolli Edler von Turnlackh (9)Lt. i. d. Res. August Kowaczik (10)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Klapper (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Gottfried Tschoner (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Grünseis (390) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Anton Tomann (2)Lt. Leopold Roder (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Christophori (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Eberstaller (5)Lt. Gustav Brandstetter (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Matthias Hemmel (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Anton Gschwandtner (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Oskar Leiner (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Franz Schmid (10)Lt. Leopold Müller (11)Lt. i. d. Res. Karl Wigidak (12)Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Baumgartner (391) [12 Abb.]: (1)Lt. i. d. Res. Friedrich Richter (2)Lt.-Rf. i. d. Res. Josef Fleischmann (3)Ldst.-Lt. Karl Gattermeyer (4)Lt. i. d. Res. Emmerich Steiner (5)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Otto Czepl (6)Lt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Todeschini (7)Lt. i. d. Res. Walter Sturm (8)Lt. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Schulz (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Theodor Peer (10)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Max Brandstetter (11)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Oskar Mühlgrabner (12)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Wilhelm Stemberger (392) [12 Abb.]: (1)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Friedrich Kammer (2)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Karl Stöger (3)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Ernst Unger (4)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Rudolf Mayer (5)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Felix Enkner (6)Ldst.-Fhnr. Dr. Otto Richter (7)S.-Fhnr. i. d. Res. Franz Bauer (8)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Hermann Dobler (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Vinzenz Forer (10)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Alois Fridrich (11)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Johann Kainberger (12)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Hermann Berger (393) [12 Abb.]: (1)Kd. i. d. Res. Josef Brunner (2)S.-Fhnr. i. d. Res. Gustav Windischbauer (3)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Gottfried Kurzwernhart (4)Kd. i. d. Res. Friedrich Kiffe (5)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Moritz Lebschy (6)E.-F. Gft. Kdtasp. Johann Pröll (7)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Leo Adler (8)E.-F. Kdtasp. Karl Northen (9)E.-F. Korp. Kdtasp. Paul Vlasaty (10)E.-F. Kdtasp. Franz Lobinger (11)E.-F. Kdtasp. Maxim Freiherr Reinlein von Marienburg (12)E.-F. Gft. Kdtasp. Kurt Hamberger (394) Der Zusammenbruch (395) Die im Weltkriege 1914 - 18 gefallenen Hessen (398) [Gedicht]: (398) Offiziere, Offiziersaspiranten, höhere Unteroffiziere (398) [Abb]: Soldatenfriedhof bei Luck (399) Mannschaft. (400) A (400) B (400) C (402) D (402) E (403) F (404) G (405) H (406) I, J (409) K (409) L (412) M (413) N (415) O (415) P (416) Q (417) R (417) S (419) T (422) U, V (423) W (423) Z (425) [Abb.]: Soldatenfriedhof bei Cost' alta (425) Auszeichnungen im Weltkriege (426) Die jüngsten Theresienritter der Hessen. Militär-Verdienstkreuz II. Klasse mit Kriegsdekoration und Schwertern. Kriegsauszeichnungen 1914 - 1918 im Infanterieregiment Nr. 14 (426) [3 Abb.]: Major Béla von Szilley, Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens (2)Oberleutnant Alois Windisch Ritter des Militär-Maria-Theresien-Ordens (3)Oberleutnant Franz Kern, der bestausgezeichnete Subaltern-Offizier der k. u. k. Armee. (427) Die Besitzer der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille (428) [2 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Johann Hierzenberger (2)Stfw. Karl Stingeder (430) Besitzer der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille für Offiziere (431) [9 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Theodor Angele (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. dr. Karl Staufer (3)Oblt. Julius Wellenreiter (4)Hptm. Josef Vichytil (5)F. M. L. Otmar Panesch Edler v. Hohenstegen (6)Hptm. Moritz Edler v. Barisani (7)Lt. Max Nickl (8)Oblt. i. d. Res. Rudolf Feßl (9)Lt. i. d. Res. Ernst Schatzbergera (431) [9 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Feldpilot Eduard Appel (2)Oblt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Ehrenreiter (3)Lt. i. d. Res. Eduard Jetel (4)Oblt. i. d. Res. Leonhard Bielaz (5)Oblt. i. d. Res. Heinrich Roder (6)Oblt. i. d. Res. Franz Getzendorfer (7)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Leopold Bleimer (8)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Stephan Nemes (9)Fhnr. i. d. Res. Otto Gabriel (432) [9 Abb.]: (1)Stbsfw. Karl Stark (2)Fw. Karl Schiefermeier (3)Stbsfw. Richard Mayer (4)Fw. Josef Mahringer (5)Offzstv. Karl Heuberger (6)Stbsfw. Franz Weixelbaumer (7)Zgsf. Franz Breit (8)Fw. Alois Gütlbauer (9)Zgsf. Johann Lehner (433) [9 Abb.]: Zgsf. Karl Gsöllpointner (2)Ldst.-Zgsf. Franz Pils (3)Ldst.-Zgsf. Ferdinand Wimmer (4)Gft. Karl Pfennigberger (5)Korp. Florian Breitwieser (6)Ldst.-Korp. Leopold Karigl (7)Ldst.-Inf. Leopold Reichetseder (8)Inf. Matthias Hubauer (9)Ldst.-Gfr. Karl Bachler (434) Besitzer der Silbernen Tapferkeitsmedaille I. Klasse (435) [12 Abb.]: (1)Offzstv. Karl Bauernfeind (2)Offzstv. Hugo Greifeneder (3)Offzstv. Johann Apfolter (4)Stbsfw. Matthias Dornetshumer (5)Stbsfw. Franz Krenmayer (6)Stbsfw. Karl Gsöllpointner (7)Stbsfw. Johann Janak (8)Stbsfw. Johann Gangl (9)Stbsfw. Michael Wiesinger (10)Stbsfw. Johann Ecker (11)Stbsfw. Anton Reisinger (12)Stbsfw. Franz Reitböck (435) [14 Abb.]: (1)Fw. Felix Kaltenbrunner (2)Stbsfw. Josef Kühberger (3)Stbsfw. Johann Frühwirth (4)Stbsfw. Josef Datterl (5)Fw. Karl Kern (6)Fw. Johann Achleitner (7)Fw. Anton Derntl (8)Fw. Johann Lehner (9)Fw. Franz Hartmayr (10)Fw. Josef Hochmayer (11)Fw. Josef Rahaberger (12)Fw. Ferdinand Schatz (13)Fw. Karl Pum (14)Fw. Leopold Haslinger (436) [12 Abb.]: (1)Fw. Franz Cernoch (2)Fw. Ernst Walter (Kalivoda) (3)Fw. Leopold Ertl (4)Fw. Peter Kaser (5)Fw. Franz Kern (6)Fw. Johann Eppinger (7)Zgsf. Georg Scharsching (8)Fw. Franz Prikler (9)Zgsf. Franz Weigl (10)Zgsf. Roman Falkner (11)Zgsf. Viktor Mayer (12)Zgsf. Johann Wöhrer (437) [14 Abb.]: (1)Zgsf. Alois Donnerbauer (2)Zgsf. Michael Feilmaier (3)Zgsf. Karl Gruber (4)Zgsf. Alois Krottenhofer (5)Zgsf. Wenzel Pruschek (6)Zgsf. Karl Haas (7)Zgsf. Josef Froschauer (8)Zgsf. Karl Winkelmayer (9)Zgsf. Wilhelm Resch (10)Zgsf. Johann Söllinger (11)Zgsf. Franz Schauberger (12)Zgsf. Leopold Lettner (13)Korp. Franz Fischerlehner (14)Korp. Josef Gföllner (438) [12 Abb.]: (1)Korp. Ferdinand Danzmayer (2)Gft. Klement Schippel (3)Gft. Josef Sieghartner (4)Korp. Ludwig Palnstorfer (5)Korp. Josef Huber (6)Gft. Georg Lehner (7)Gft. Franz Diensthuber (8)Korp. Johann Körner (9)Inf. Franz Weiß (10)Inf. Karl Kickinger (11)Inf. Josef Fuchs (12)Inf. Josef Keferböck (439) Kriegserfahrungen und besondere Formationen in Einzeldarstellungen (440) Der Krieg im Gebirge (440) [Abb.]: Fannesscharte (Dolomiten) (441) [Abb.]: 38-cm-Haubitze beim Abschuß (443) Mit der "Technischen Kompagnie" an der italienischen Front (445) [Abb.]: Stollenbau am Monte Cimone (447) [Abb.]: Artilleriebeobachtungsstand (449) [Abb.]: Kavernenbau am Monte Cimone (450) [2 Abb.]: (1)Soldatenheim "Erzherzog Eugen" auf der Hessen-Rainerstraße (2)Oblt. Feldpilot Franz Müller (451) [Abb.]: Soldatenfriedhof Folgaria (453) [Abb.]: Seilbahnstation Grigno (Val Sugano) (455) [Abb.]: Bau der Barricatastraße (457) [Abb.]: Gesprengte Eisenbahnbrücke bei Moggio (459) Vom Sanitätsdienste beim Infaterieregiment 14 im Weltkriege (460) [Abb.]: Regimentshilfsplatz im Herrenhaus Liski (463) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport aus Liski (465) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport bei Gorlice (467) [Abb.]: Verwundetentransport im Hochgebirge (469) [Abb.]: Hilfsplatz am Monte Piano (471) [Abb.]: Hilsplatz am Fuße des Monte Ortigara (473) [Abb.]: Sanitätsunteroffizier Feldwebel Schlager (477) Das Ersatzbataillon (480) [Tabelle]: Es wurden beim Ersatzbaon gezeichnet: (481) [Abb.]: Das Ersatzbaonskommando und seine Referenten. Unterste Reihe von links nach rechts: Lt. i. d. Res. Oskar Remele; Oblt. Josef Herberg; Hptm. Adolf Spitzl; Hptm. Anton Malina; Obst. Franz v. Nickerl; Hptm. Ferdinand Mühlbauer; Hptm.-Rechnungsführer Hans Horak; Lt. i. d. Res. Josef Lutz. Mittlere Reihe von links nach rechts: Feldw. Alfred Holzner; Zfr. Max Eckstein; Gfr. Franz Winkler; E.-F. Grill; E.-F. Zfr. Franz Palfinger; Zfr. Karl Becker; Feldw. Max Lukesch; Zfr. Franz Hink; Feldw. Hans Latzelsberger; Feldw. Georg Böcksteiner; Feldw. Josef Guggenberger; Feldw. Max Krepper; Feldw. Josef Leimer; Feldw. Karl Heinzl; Feldw. Leopold Alzinger; Zfr. Borcik; E.-F. Zfr. Andreas Lischka; Feldw. Alois Weichselbaumer. Obere Reihe von links nach rechts: Gefr. Schaffenberger; Feldw. Bruno Scharitzer; E.-F. Gefr. Filnkößl; Gfr. Karl Fellöcker; Korp. Franz Seiler; Gfr. Hermann Wimmer; L.-Inf. Johann Schimanek; Korp. Johann Fürst; Zfr. Fuchs (483) Oberst von Nickerl und sein Stab (485) In russischer Gefangenschaft (486) Die Umstände meiner Gefangennahme (487) Im Spital in Kiew und Moskau. Reise nach Sibirien (487) Durch Sibirien nach Chabarowsk - Krasnaja-Rjetschka (488) Dienstbetrieb (488) [Abb.]: Offiziers-Kriegsgefangenenpavillon in Krasnaja-Rjetschka, Sibirien (Ostasien) 1914/15 (489) Die Wohnungsverhältnisse. Die Ernährung (489) Die Bekleidung. Die sanitären Verhältnisse (490) Beschäftigung und Arbeit (490) Die Arbeitsverhältnisse der Mannschaft (491) Gagen und Löhnungen (491) Strafbestimmungen. Die Post (492) Der Gottesdienst (492) Fürsorge durch Delegation und Vertretungen. Rückreise - Heimkehr (493) Hessengedichte (494) [Gedicht]: Salm-Infanterie Nr. 14 - Hessenregiment (494) [Gedicht]: Linzer Reimchronik (495) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Musketier-Lied (2)Italien (3)Mailand (4)Die Hessenfahne bei Ponte vecchio di Magenta (496) [Gedicht]: Ein tapferer Vierzehner! Schleswig Holstein (497) [Gedicht]: Die "Hessen" in der Krivoschije (497) [Gedicht]: Liski, 2. September 1914 (498) [Gedicht]: Das Kreuz von Liski (498) [3 Gedichte]: (1)Vor Lubynka 1915 (2)Ein neu Hessenlied (3)Vierzehner-Lied (499) [Gedicht]: Einem Vermißten (499) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Einer von Vielen! (2)Ich hab' ein Hüglein im Polenland. (3)Mein Oberösterreich! (4)Marschlied des X. Hessenbaons (500) [3 Gedichte]: (1)Auf der Priafora (2)Triest! (3)Stilles Heldentum (501) [Gedicht]: November 1918 (501) [2 Gedichte]: (1)Nur dieses nicht! (2)Dö 14er als Nothelfá (502) [Gedicht]: Vierzehná - Kennzoachá (502) [4 Gedichte]: (1)Stellung 1936 (2)Willkommengruß an die Hessenfahne (3)Soldatentag. (4)Tiroler Gruß zum Hessen-Feste (503) Das Hessendenkmal in Linz (504) [Gedicht]: 's Vierzehná-Denkmal (504) [Abb]: Das Hessendenkmal ( - ) Stimmungsbilder aus dem Weltkrieg (505) Meine Assentierung (505) Wie ich den Krieg kennen lernte (506) Ein eherner Hessengruß (509) Faschingsende und Fastenanfang am Dunajec 1914/15 (511) Osterfrieden 1915 am Dunajec (512) Weihnachtserinnerungen (513) Ernste und heitere Erinnerungen an die Maitage 1916 (514) Olga (515) Ein Hessenoffizier im Lande der Skipetaren (516) Aus der Geschichte der österreichischen Militärmusik (517) Die Regimentmusik der "Hessen". (518) Die Hessen-Musik vor 100 Jahren (518) Philipp Fahrbach beim Hessen-Regiment (519) Die letzten Hessen-Kapellmeister (519) [Abb]: Militärkapellmeister Gustav Mahr mit der Regimentsmusik (1918) (520) [Abb.]: Militärkapellmeister d. R. Gustav Mahr mit Fahnenbläsern am Festabend der Monte San Gabriele-Feier 1925 (521) Hessen-Tonstücke (522) [Noten]: Salm-Salm (522) [Noten]: Hessen-Marsch (525) [Noten]: Marsch des X. Hessenbataillons (527) [Noten]: Österreichischer Generalmarsch (529) Regimentsgeschichte 1918 - 1936 des Oberösterreichischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen (531) 1918 - 1919 (531) 1920 - 1924 (531) [4 Abb.]: (1)Obstlt. Friedrich Langer 1. April 1920 bis 30. Juni 1920 (2)Obst. Rudolf Jonke 1. Juli 1920 bis 31. Jänner 1924 (3)Obst. Anton Schenk 1. Februar 1924 bis 31. Oktober 1924 (4)Obst. Wilhelm Wraschtil 1. November 1924 bis 31. Jänner 1925 (532) [4 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Franz Puchmayr 1. Februar 1925 bis 31. Dezember 1927 (2)Obst. Wilhelm Zehner 1. Jänner 1928 bis 30. Juni 1931 (3)Obst. Franz Fischer 1. Juli 1931 bis 31. Juli 1932 (4)Obst. Ferdinand Pichler 1. August 1932 bis 28. Februar 1933 (533) [2 Abb.]: (1)Obst. Anton Kienbauer 1. März 1933 bis 31. Dezember 1934 (2)Obst. Erwin Hingler 1. Jänner 1935 bis heute (534) 1925 - 1932 (534) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die neue Regimentsfahne (2)Oberst Zehner an der Spitze seines Regimentes am Heldenplatz in Wien, September 1930 (535) [3 Abb.]: (1)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Das Karls-Eisfeld mit dem Hohen Dachstein (2996 m) (2)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Berglager Krippenbrunn (1618 m) (3)Dachsteinübungsplatz: Talkaserne und Tallager Obertraun. Im Hintergrund: Mittagskogel (2109 m) und Hoher Krippenstein (1634 m) (536) [4 Abb.]: (1)Beobachtungsstand (2)Regimentsübung im Mühlviertel 1927. Oberst Puchmayr hält bei Eidenberg die Besprechung (3)Aufstieg zum gefechtsmäßigen Schießen bei der Simonyhütte 1928 (4)Oberst Zehner mit dem Offizierskorps am Wetterberg 1929 (537) [2 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung des Regimentes in Wien als Abschluß der Manöver 1930 (2)Allerseelenfest 1930 am Heldenfriedhof (538) 1933 - 1936 (538) [Abb.]: Dekorierungsfeier 1934: Oberst Kienbauer mit dem Offiziers- und Unteroffizierskorps (538) [3 Abb.]: (1)200-Jahrfeier der Hessen am 11. Juni 1933: Oberst Kienbauer kommandiert die Parade (2)Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier 1933: Bundesminister G. g. I. Vaugoin schreitet mit Landeshauptmann Dr. Schlegel die Front ab (3)1933 Linz: Defilierung nach der Jungmännervereidigung am Exerzierplatz (539) [6 Abb.]: (1)Manöverbesprechung (2)Infanteriekanone M 35 in Feuerstellung (3)Schützengruppe im Gefecht (4)Minenwerfer in Deckung (5)1935: Schweres Maschinengewehr in Feuerstellung (6)1935: Leichtes Maschinengewehr in Feuerstellung (540) [2 Abb.]: (1)1935 Linz: Feldaltar am Franz-Josef-Platz bei der Fahnenweihe (2)Fahnenübernahme 1935: Landeshauptmann Dr. Gleißner und Oberst d. R. Sauer befestigen die Fahnenbänder (541) [3 Abb.]: (1)1935 Linz: Die Ehrenkompagnie bei der Fronleichnamsprozession (2)Schwur zur neuen Fahne (3)1936: Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler stellt Oberst d. R. Richard v. Vitorelli das Infanterieregiment Nr. 14, früher Hessen vor. (542) [Abb.]: General der Infanterie Wilhelm Zehner, Staatssekretär für Landesverteidigung (543) [2 Abb.]: (1)Offizierskorps: (2)Unteroffizierskorps: (544) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Offizierskorps des III. Baons (Steyr): Von links nach rechts: Hptm. Franz Wrbik, Hptm. Nobert Colli, Mjr. Heinrich Linhart, Hptm. Josef Fasching, Mjr. Karl Treitinger, Oblt. Karl Wallergraber, Hptm. Albert Getzner, Obstl. Rudolf Zaar, Oblt. Josef Illes, Obst.-Arzt Dr. Franz Widhalm, Wi.-Oblt. Michael Pureber (2)Das Unteroffizierskorps des III. Bataillons (Steyr): Sitzend von links nach rechts: Stwchtm. Konrad Ammerer, Vzlt. Matthias Demmelmayr, Vzlt. Alois Wiedermann, Zvzlt. Ferdinand Exler, Vzlt. Gratian Andraschko, Wi.-Vzlt. Karl Auer, Wi.-Vzlt. Josef Obermüller.- Stehend von links nach rechts: Wchtm. Josef Pernsteiner, Wchtm. Karl Daschill, Wchtm. Ludwig Forstner, Wchtm. Johann Steirl, Wchtm. Franz Schaden, Wi.-Wchtm. Heinrich Klaffenböck, Wchtm. Johann Mülleger, Wchtm. Anton Feichtner, Wchtm. Rudolf Prenn, Wchtm. Maximilian Gstöttenmayr, Wchtm. Jaroslav Moraver (545) Hessenunterkünfte in Linz (546) [Abb.]: Linz: Schloss 1600 (546) Aus der Geschichte des Schlosses (546) [Abb.]: Die Schlosskaserne (547) [3 Abb.]: (1)Der Brand des Linzer Schlosses und des Landhauses im Jahre 1800 (2)Säulengang in der Schloßkaserne. Links Eingang zur Hessenkapelle (3)Die Toreinfahrt (548) [3 Abb.]: (1)Festbeleuchtung anläßlich der Fahnenweihe 1925 (2)Das aus dem Jahre 1614 stammende Portal der Schloßkaserne (3)Gedenktafel für die im Februar 1934 gefallenen Alpenjäger und der Schloßbrunnen (16. Jahrhundert) (549) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Römertor der Schloßkaserne (2)Das Friedrichstor mit dem Wappen Kaiser Friedrichs III. (15. Jahrhundert) (550) Die Fabrikskaserne (550) [3 Abb.]: (1)Vorplatz der Schloßkaserne mit dem Ausblick auf den Pöstlingberg (2)Der Hofberg mit dem Aufgang zur Schloßkaserne (3)Stiegenaufgang zur Schloßkaserne (551) [3 Abb.]: (1)Speisesaal der Offiziersmesse am Regimentsfeiertag (2)Vorraum der ehemaligen Offiziersmesse in der Schloßkaserne (3)Salon der Offiziersmesse (552) [3 Abb.]: (1)Aussicht vom Hessenmuseum auf das Donautal, St. Magdalena und auf den Kulmberg (2)Blick vom Hessenmuseum gegen den Mariä-Empfängnis-Dom und den Landhausturm (3)Das Linzer Stadtbild mit dem Alten Dom, der Stadtpfarrkirche und dem Pfenningberg vom Hessenmuseum aus gesehen. (553) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die jetzige Fabrikskaserne (rechts im Vordergrunde) um das Jahr 1840 (2)Die Fabrikskaserne (3)Fabrikskaserne: Gedenktafel der im Februar 1934 Gefallenen (554) Die Hessenbünde (555) Der Hessen-Offiziersbund (555) [2 Abb.]: (1)Major Karl Kenzian Edler von Kenzianshausen (2)Eröffnung des Hessenmuseums 1926 (556) [3 Abb.]: (1)Inhaber-Saal mit der alten Hessenfahne (2)Zehnjahrfeier des Hessenmuseums. Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner spricht. (3)Inhaber-Saal. (557) [3 Abb.]:(1)Maler Hayd-Saal (2)Blick vom Eingangssaal in das Waffenzimmer (3)Lichtbilder-Saal (558) [Abb.]: Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer (559) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Hessenfahne bei der Weihe des Kaiserjäger-Ehrengrabes am Berge Isel 1923 (Oblt. Roder, Feldw. Walter, Lt. Tschoner) (2)Die Hessenfahne bei der Enthüllung der Kaiserschützen-Gedenktafel am Untersberg 1924 (3)Die Hessenfahne mit altösterreichischen Regimentsfahnen beim deutsch-österreichischen Kameradschaftstag in München 1926. Feldmesse vor dem Armeemuseum (Fahnenoffizier Oblt. Roder, Fahnenführer Fw. Bohdanowicz (560) [4 Abb.]: (1)Fahnenband für das Nachfolgeregiment, gestiftet vom Hessen-Offiziersbund und vom Hessen-Mannschaftsbund (2)Rechts oben: Die Hessenfahne mit den Fahnen des ehemaligen k. u. k. Infanterieregimentes Nr. 91 und des früheren kgl. bayerischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 16 beim deutsch-österreichischen Wiedersehensfest in Passau, 1927. Rechts: Prinz Alfons von Bayern mit Gefolge am Defilierungsplatz (3)Bild Mitte: Die Hessenfahne bei der Enthüllung des Kriegerdenkmals in Helfenberg, 1927. (4)Rechts unten: Oberst d. R. Karl Watzek, Mitkämpfer von 1866, schlägt den Nagel im Namen der Hessenbünde in die neue Regimentsfahne (1925). Links Fürstin Fanny Starhemberg (561) [3 Abb.]: (1)Die Hessenfahne bei der Gedenkmesse für Kriegsgefallene in der Stiftskirche St. Florian, 1930 (2)Die Regimentsfahne vor dem enthüllten Hessendenkmal in Linz, 1928 (3)Landeshauptmann Dr. Josef Schlegel übernimmt das Hessendenkmal in die Obhut des Landes (562) [Abb.]: Gedenkfeier 1933 an die vor 200 Jahren erfolgte Errichtung des Regimentes (563) [3 Abb.]: (1)Bild oben: Die Hessenfahne mit den Regimentsfahnen vor dem Feldaltar am Franz-Josef-Platz (2)Bild Mitte: Die Fahnen der bestandenen k. u. k. Infanterieregimenter Hoch- und Deutschmeister Nr. 4 (Wien), Albert I. König der Belgier Nr. 27 (Graz), Graf Beck Nr. 47 (Marburg), Freiherr von Heß Nr. 49 (St. Pölten), Erzherzog Rainer Nr. 59 (Salzburg), Freiherr von Succovaty Nr. 87 (Cilli), Freiherr von Czibulka Nr. 91 (Budweis), Freiherr von Waldstätten Nr. 97 (Triest), des k. k. Schützenregiments Nr. 2 (Linz), des k. k. II. Kaiserschützenregimentes (Bozen), des k. k. Freiwilligen oberösterreichischen Schützenregimentes (Linz) und die Flagge S. M. Schiff "Novara" (3)Bild unten: Die Festteilnehmer bei der Feldmesse (564) Die Ortsgruppe Wien (565) [4 Abb.]: (1)Generaloberst d. R. Erzherzog Franz Salvator mit Generalmajor d. R. Oskar von Englisch-Popparich, Gendamerieoberst Franz Vogelhuber, Oberleutnant a. D. Peter Graf Revertera, Generalmajor d. R. Hugo Freiherr von Lederer (2)Generalmajor d. R. Friedrich von Löw hält die Festansprache (3)Feldmarschalleutnant d. R. Ottmar von Panesch und Generalmajor d. R. William von Einem vor der Fahnenfront (4)Generaloberst d. R. Erzherzog Josef Ferdinand defiliert mit dem I. Hessenbataillon. Links Generalmajor d. R. Hans von Kobbe, rechts: Oberst d. R. Karl Edler von Staskiewicz, Oberst d. R. Theodor Malina (565) [4 Abb.]: (1)Bild links oben: Oberst d. R. Richard von Vittorelli überreicht die vom Großherzog Ernst Ludwig von Hessen verliehenen Philippsorden (2)Bild rechts oben: Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer überreicht die vom Großherzog Ernst Ludwig verliehenen Silbernen Medaillen für Kriegsverdienste und die vom Regimentsinhaber gestifteten Hessen-Jubiläumsmedaillen (3)Bild Mitte: Generalmajor d. R. von Löw überreicht den Besitzern der Goldenen Tapferkeitsmedaille die von den Hessenbünden zur Zweihundertjahrfeier gestiftete Hessendankplakette (4)Bild unten: Die Hessenmusik (566) [Abb.]: Professor Eduard Lorenz (567) [4 Abb.]: Blattseiten aus dem Goldenen Ehrenbuch (1)Das Reichswappen Österreich-Ungarns (Aquarell) (2)Das Landeswappen Oberösterreichs mit einem Widmungsspruch (Aquarell) (3)Schriftseite (4)Schriftseite (568) [Abb.]: Das Goldene Ehrenbuch der Hessen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Das Heldenehrbuch der Hessen, geschaffen zur 200-Jahrfeier (2)Das Goldene Ehrenbuch vor der Hessenkapelle (569) [2 Abb.]: (1)Bischof Dr. Johannes Gföllner, Bundesminister für Landesverteidigung General der Infanterie Carl Vaugoin und Landeshauptmann Dr. Josef Schlegel bei der Feldmesse vor dem Hessendenkmal am Regimentsgedenktag 1933 (2)Oberst d. R. Friedrich Ritter Hantken von Prudnik bei Eröffnung der Hessen-Rainerstraße in Schärding 1933 nach der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier (570) Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz (570) [3 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung der Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant Oblt. a. D. Kern) und des Fahnenzuges (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) bei der Enthüllung des Armeedenkmals in Wien, 1934. Im Vordergrund Fähnrich Dobler (2)Das Ehren-Signalhorn des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes nach der Weihe am Regimentsgedenktag 1934. Hornist Feldwebel Hans Baumgartner (3)Am Hessenplatz in Linz (571) [3 Abb.]: (1)Oblt. Dr. Hasenöhrl-Gedenkfeier der Wiener Ortsgruppe des Hessen-Offiziersbundes in der Aula der Universiät, 1935 (2)Oblt. a. D. Franz Kern defiliert mit der Hessenfahnengruppe beim Kameradentag des Eisernen Korps in Graz, 1935. Anschließend der Fahnenzug (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) (3)Die Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant i. d. Res. Marian) bei der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier in Steyr, 1935. Rechts Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner (572) [Abb.]: Feldmesse während der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier im Turnierhof der Schloßkaserne in Linz, 1935 (573) Hessengruppe Innsbruck (573) [2 Abb.]: (1)Divisionspfarrer Militärkurat Josef Seelos bei der Ansprache während der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier, 1935, im Turnierhof der Schloßkaserne (2)Die Hessenfahnengruppe (Kommandant Major d. R. Viktor Grundner) vor der Front des Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen, am Regimentsgedenktage 1935. Rechts: Regimentskommandant Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler (573) [3 Abb.]: (1)Ehrengäste beim Soldatentag in Aspern, 1936 (2)Bundeskanzler Dr. Kurt Schuschnigg enthüllt die Hessengedenktafel in Aspern (3)Oberst a. D. und Hofrat d. R. Maximilian Ehnl hält die Ansprache bei der Enthüllung der Hessengedenktafel (574) [2 Abb.]: (1)Die 1936 vom Hessenbund Wien in Aspern errichtete Gedenktafel (2)Divisionspfarrer Militärkurat Josef Seelos vor der Weihe der Hessengedenktafel (575) Hessenbund Wels (575) Hessenbund Enns (576) [3 Abb.]: (1)Defilierung des Hessenfahnenzuges (Kommandant Oblt. i. d. Res. Gärtner) in Aspern (2)Oberst d. R. Heinrich Sauer überreicht in Aspern Generaloberst d. R. Viktor Graf Dankl das Hessen-Ehrenabzeichen (3)Die Hessenmusik in Aspern: Links Kapellmeister Karl Stark (576) [2 Abb.]: (1)1936 Linz: Die Hessenfahne bei der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier. Rechts Oberst d. R. Richard von Vittorelli, Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner, Divisionär Generalmajor Anton Kienbauer (2)1936 Linz: Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner schreitet die Front der Hessenbünde ab. Rechts Divisionär Generalmajor Anton Kienbauer, Regierungsdirektor Dr. Otto Richter, Generalstabschef Oberst Karl Wöhrle, Regimentskommandant Oberleutnant Erwin Hingler (577) Hessenbund Vorarlberg (577) [Abb.]: Regimentsgedenktag Linz, 1936: Major d. R. Viktor Grundner mit der Hessenfahnengruppe und der Ehrenabteilung (577) Gruppenbilder einzelner Hessenbünde aus dem Jahre 1916 (578) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenoffiziersbund: (2)1936 Linz: Kameradschaftliche Zusammenkunft der Hessenbrüder nach der Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier im Kasinosaal (Vereinsheim d. Hessenoffiziersbundes). Ehrenmitglied Buchdruckereibesitzer Georg Schreiber, München, spricht. Beim Hessenschild: Ehrenmitglied Landeshauptmann Dr. Heinrich Gleißner Oberst d. R. Richard v. Vittorelli, Bürgermeister Dr. Wilhelm Bock (578) [2 Abb.]: (1)1936: Monte-San-Gabriele-Feier der Ortsgruppe Wien des Hessen-Offiziersbundes im Hessenstüberl (2)Hessenbund Wien: (579) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz: (580) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Mannschaftsbund Linz: (2)Linz: Hessenstüberl im Vereinsheim des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes (581) Hessenbund Steyr (581) [Abb.]: Linz: Hessenkaverne im Vereinsheim des Hessen-Mannschaftsbundes (581) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Innsbruck: (2)Hessenbund Salzburg: (582) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Hallein: (2)Hessenstüberl Hallein (583) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessenstraße in Wels (2)Hessenstüberl Wels (3)Hessenkaverne Wels (584) [Abb.]: Wappen des ersten und des letzten Inhabers, verbunden mit dem Hessenschild und dem Regimentsspruch im Goldenen Ehrenbuch der Hessen ( - ) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Wels: (2)Das Hessen-Ehrengrab in Wels (585) [2 Abb.]: Hessenbund Enns und Umgebung: (586) [Abb.]: Hessenbund Enns und Umgebung: (587) Hessenbund Kirchdorf an der Krems (587) [Abb.]: Hessenbund Ens (Gruppe St. Valentin): (587) [2 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (2)Das Steyrer Hessenstüberl (588) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (589) [2 Abb.]: Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Steyr: (590) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Eferding: (2)Hans Emmerstorfer, Gründer des Hessenbundes Eferding (3)Hessenbund Braunau am Inn: (591) [3 Abb.]: (1)Hessenbund Vorarlberg: (2)Der Hessengedenkstein in Bregenz (3)Hessen-Kameradschaftsbund Kirchdorf an der Krems: (592) [Abb.]: Die alte Hessenfahne ( - ) [Gedicht]: ( - ) Schlußwort ( - ) Inhaltsverzeichnis ( - ) Aus der Geschichte der Hesseninfanterie vor dem Weltkrieg ( - ) Das Hessenregiment Nr. 14 im Weltkrieg ( - ) Die im Weltkrieg 1914 - 1918 gefallenen Hessen. Auszeichnungen im Weltkrieg. Kriegserfahrungen und besondere Formationen in Einzeldarstellungen ( - ) Hessengedichte. Regimentsgeschichte 1918 - 1936 des oberösterreichischen Infanterieregimentes Nr. 14, früher Hessen. Die Hessenbünde. ( - ) Berichtigungen ( - ) [Abb.]: Die Adamello-Gruppe. 1 = Val di S. Valentino. 2 = Monte Caré Alto (3465). 3 = Corno di Cavento (3400). 4-5 = Passo di Lares (3255). 6 = Crozzon di Lares (3354). 7 = Lobbia-Gletscher. Hinter dem Lobbia-Gletscher von Wolken verhüllt der Monte Adamello (3548). 8 = Crozzon di Fargorida (3082). 6-8 = Passo di Topette (2901). 9 = Monte Stablel (2868). 10 = Menicigolo (2685). ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Monte Cristallo. 1 = Antolao. 2 = Sorapiß. 3 = Cristallin-Spitze. 4 = P. Popena. 5 = Monte Cristallo. 6 = Tofana (I, II, III). 7 = Fanes-Spitzen. 8 = Furcia-Rossa-Spitze. 9 = Vallon Bianco. 10 = Conturines-Spitze. 11 = La Varella. 12 = Hohe Gaisl (Croda Rossa). 13 = Monte Piano. 14 = Tal von Schluderbach. ( - ) [Abb.]: Der Krieg in den Dolomiten. Aufnahme von der Fanesscharte aus. 1 = Tofana III. 2 = Tofana II. 3 = Forcella Fontana nigra. 4 = Tofana I. 5 = Schreckstein (Castelletto). 6 = Antelao. 7 = Froda da Lago. 8 = Nördl. Lagazuoi. 9 = Mittl. Lagazuoi. 10 = Ciatta. 11 = Südl. Lagazuoi. 12 = Kleiner Lagazuoi. 13 = Im Vordergrund: Travenzestal. 14 = Im Vordergrund: Stellung im "Gasserdepot". 15 = Col dei Bois. 16 = Im Hintergrund das Ampezzotal mit Sorapiß. 17 = Cima Falzanego. 18 = Im Vordergrund: Großer u. Kleiner Lagazuoi ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )

Issue 8.1 of the Review for Religious, 1949. ; 0 A.M.D.G. ~ Review for Religious JANUARY 15, 1949 Sancta~ EcclesiaCatholica . . . . . . . . . . . ocafionsCosfMoney.'~,.-~, ~. . PeterM. Miller .B.a.p. ~t i.s.m. . Cal r e n Mce :A c ull fet The Spirit of Poverty ~.~ . . . ¯ . . . . . Joseph F. Gallen Decisions of the Holy See Ouestlons Answered s~ Book Reviews VOLU~E VII}. .~. NUrvIBEP, I RI VII::W FOR Ri:::LIGIOUS VOLUME VIII JANUARY, 1949 -NUMBER 1 CONTENTS SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICAMJ. Putz, S.J . 3 VOCATIONS COST MONEY--Peter M. Miller, S.C.J .1.8. OUR CONTRIBUTORS . 24 BAPTISM--A DEATH AND RESURReCTION--Clarence McAuliffe, S.J2.5 A REPRINT SERIES--MAYBE! . 34 THE SPIRIT OF POVERTY--Joseph F. Gall n, S.J .3.5 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS-- 1. Jubilee Gifts and the Spirit of Poverty . 43 2. Moderator Keeps Acrit~itg Funds in his own Room . 44 3. Asperges at Community Mass . 44 4. Alms to Beggars . 44 5. Vows of Novice Postponed Five Days . 45 6. Report by Administrator of Patrimony . 4~ 7. Sunday Mass Obligation of Excommunicated Persons . 45 DECISIONS OF THE HOLY SEE . 46 BOOK REVIEWS-- Discourses on Our Lady; The Prayer Life of a Religious; In Spirit and in Truth . ~ . 47 BOOK NOTICES . 49 VOCATIONAL LITERATURE . 54 MY MASS . ' . ~ ¯ . ¯ 55 BOOK ANNOUNCEMENTS . 56 REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, January. 1949. Vol. VIII, No. 1. Published bi-monthly: January, March. May, July, September, and November at the College Press. 606 Harrison Street, Topeka, Kansas, by St/Mary's College, St. Marys, Kansas, with ecclesiastical approbation. Entered as second class matter January 15, 1942, at the Post Office, Topeka, Kansas, under the act of March 3, 1879. Editorial Board: Adam C. Ellis, S.J., G. Augustine Ellard, S.J., Gerald Kelly, S~J. Editorial Secretary: Alfred F, Schneider, S.J. Copyright, 1949, by Adam C. Ellis. Permission is hereby granted for quotations of reasonable length, provided due credit be given this review and the author. Subscription price: 2 dollars a year. Printed in U. S. A. Before writing to us. please consult noflce on fnsrde back cover. Review f:or Religious Volume VIII January--December, 1949 Published at THE COLLEGE PRESS Topeka, Kansas Edi÷ed by THE JESUIT FATHERS SAINT MARY'S COLLEGE Sf. Marys, Kansas REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS is indexed in fhe CATHOLIC PERIODICAL INDEX Sancta I::cclesia Ca hollca J. Putz, S.J. THE world needs saints; in our time especially. It needs them not only for their supernatural merits and the great works they achieve; it needs saints to lo6k up to, to admire, to venerate. The more it is sunk in scepticism and mediocrity, in selfishness and materialism, the more it needs saints, witnesses of the invisible, living proofs of what human nature is capable of--a standard and an inspiration. The mere presence or'memory of saints is a blessing for mankind. To behold the saints is, in Newman's comparison, like coming out of a dark cave and discovering the sunlight. In the saints man-kind discovers the meaning of human dignity, the true standards of right and good. "It is the great mystics," wrote the French phi- Iosopher Bergson, "that have carried and still carry along with the'm the civilized societies. The recollection of what they have been, of what they have done, haunts the memory of mankind." Carlyle';~ well-known utterances on hero-worship apply particularly to the cult of the saints, mankind's most genuine heroes: "The manner of men's hero-worship," he wrote, "verily it is the innermost.fact of their existence and determines all the rest. [What would he say if he came back and found that the chief "heroes" of countless boys and girls are now the movie stars?] No nobler feeling than this of admi-ration for one higher than himself dwells in the breast of man. It is to this hour, and at all hours, the vivifying influence in man's life . No sadder proof can be given by a man of his own littleness than disbelief in great men . Not by flattering our appetites; no, by awakening the Heroic that slumbers in every heart, can any religion gain followers." (On Heroes and Hero-worship.) Holiness inanifested in great saints has ever been a mark of tbe Church of Christ. -. "Holiness begins from Christ; by Christ it is effected . His inexhaustible fulness is the fount of grace and glory. Our Saviour is continually pouring out His gifts of counsel, fortitude, fear and piety, especially on the leading members of His Body, so that the whole Body may grow daily in spotless holiness . J. PUTZ Review for Religious "He not only cares for each individual, but also watches over the whole Church: enligh~tening and fortifying her rulers for the faithful and fruitful discharge of their functions; and-~especially when times are difficult--raising up in the bosom of Mother Church men and women of conspicuous holiness, who will be an inspiration to the rest of Christendom, for the perfecting of the Mystical Body." (Plus XII, Mgstici Corporis; nn. 49 ~A 37 of the E.C.T.S. edition.) ?it all times, and especially during the dark periods of history, the Church has been rich in admirable saints. Canonized saints, it is true, are relatively few; for canonization has become a long and complicated process and consequently is reserved to those whom for special reasons the Church singles out from among the great army of men and women who in the cloister or in the world have closely and heroically followed in the footsteps of Christ. Since the beginning of his pontificate, Plus XII has proclaimed 44 new beati (among them 29 martyrs) and 12 saints. These Christian heroes, of whom we may well feel proud, represent a variety" of conditions and walks of life. Nearly all belong to the 19th century; some of them died in the present century, and their glorification could be witnessed by friends and relatives who had been the witnesses of their lives. Thus they prove by their example, as Plus XII pointed out (in his panegyric of Contardo Ferrini), that even in our own times it is possible to be a saint. In his "homilies" (at the canonization ceremony) and with greater detail in his allocutions to the pilgrims that crowd to Rome for these solemn functions, th~ Holy Father has underlined the char-acteristics of each saint and the lessons our times can learn from them. We shall borrow from him in the following survey. 1939-1946 We can give little more than a bare mention of those beatified or canonized before 1947, although the story of every one of them is a fascinating adventure. It will be noted that among those thus honored by the Church, the foundresses of new religious institutes predc~minate. This is but one sign of the steadily increasing share religious women have been taking in the work of the Church, both at home and in the mission field. June 18, 1939.--B1. Emily de Vialar (1797-1856), foundress of the Sisters of St. Joseph of the Apparition for the care of the poor, sick, and children (some 1,200 at present). June 25, 1939.-~B1. Justin De Jacobis (1800-1860), an danuar~, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA. Italian Lazarist, first vicar apostolic of Abyssinia. In spite of great difficulties, he converted 12,000 schismatics. May 2, 1940--St. Mary-Eupbrasia (1796-!868), foundress of the Good Shepherd of Angers (at present, 39 provinces with over I0,000 members) and of the Penitents of St. Magdalen (at present over 3,000). She was beatified in 1933. May 2, 1940.--St. Gemma Galgani (1878-1903), ~:irgin; famous mystic; prevented by her infirmities from becoming a reli-gious. Was beatified in 1933. May 12, 1940.--B1. Philippine Duchesne (1769-1852), of the Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus; went as a missionary to North America, where she established the Sisters of the Sacred Heart. May 19, 1940.--BI. Joaquina de Vedruna (1783-1854), first married to a nobleman of Vich (Spain), had nine children; after her husband's death founded the Carmelites of Charity of Vich, for the care of the poor and the sick (at present some 2,000 in Spain and Latin America). May 26, 1940.--B1. Mary-Crucified Di Rosa (1813-1855), foundress of the Servants of Charity of Brescia (Italy), for the care of the sick, the education of children and the preservation of young girls (at present, about 3,000 members). dune 9, 1940.--BI. Emily de Rodat (1787-1852), foundress of the Congregation of the Holy Famih.j of Villefranche (France). dune 16, 1940:--B1. Ignatius de Laconi (1701-1781), a Capuchin lay Brother; most of his humble but apostolic life was spent in Cagliari (Sardinia). December 7, 1940.--B1. Maddalena de Canosso (1744-1835), foundress of the Daughters of Charity, Servants of the Poor (3,500 members in 30 provinces). War conditions suspended all solemn functions during the next years. By decretal letter of November 19, 1943, Margaret of Hungary (1242-1271) was inscribed in the catalogue of saints on the strength of the liturgical cult she had been receiving uninter-ruptedly (equivalent to canonization). She was a daughter of Bela IV, Kin~ of Hungary; at twelve she made her religious pro-fession in a Dominican monastery, and not even the offer of the throne of Bohemia could bring her back to the world. The first canonization after the war (July 7, 1946) was that of Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini (1850-1917), foundress of the Institute of the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart. Though J. PUTZ Reoiew for Religious an Italian, most of her extensive and tireless work was done in America, where she became "the mother of the Italian emigrants in the United States." She crossed the Atlantic twenty-four times. Eventually she was naturalized an American, so that she is "the first American Saint." "With an exterior life extraordinarily active she joined an interior and contemplative life of rare intensity; that is the secret of her prodigious apostolate" (Plus XII). That same year saw three beatifications: October 20, 1946.--B1. Marie-Therese de Soubiran (1834- 1889). Born of an illustrious family, she founded in 1864 the Society of Marie Auxiliatrice, charac'terized by nocturnal adoration and the modern apostolate of the working girls. Ten years later, until her death, she underwent a trial that is probably unique in the history of religious foundations. Her assistant, an ambitious and scheming woman who wanted to take her place, accused her of mis-management and succeeded in convincing the ecclesiastical authorities as well as Teresa's first director, Fr. Ginhac. Abandoned by all, ignominiously expelled from the institute she had founded, she did not utter a word "lest souls might suffer greater scandal" and set out on her Calvary into the cold, dark night. After knocking vainly at the doors of contemplative convents, she found refuge in a hospital until she was received into the Order of Our Lady of Charity. There she spent the last fifteen years of her life, in agony of soul, while her own institute was being led towards ruin. For years she was assailed by doubts and temptations, yet with heroic resignation carried her cross till the end. She died a year beforethe true character of her rival and successor was found out and her institute saved from ruin. October 27, 1946.--BI. Teresa-Eustochium Verzeri (1801- 1852). Born in Bergamo, Italy; she attempted the Benedictine life three times, but attacks of epilepsy forced her to leave. Through her trials, Providence guided this gifted and strong woman towards the foundation of a new religious institute for the education of girls, the Daughters of the Sacred Heart, Nooerober 24, I946.--Twenty-nine Boxer Martyrs. The Chinese nationalist "Boxer" rising of 1900, anti-foreign and espe-cially anti-Christian, proved to be one of the bloodiest persecutions the Church has ever suffered. The victims are estimated to have been 100, 000, among them many missionaries: Franciscans, Lazarists, Jesuits, Foreign Missionaries of Paris, Scheutists. The cause of 6 danuarg, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA beatification of 2,418 martyrs of the Franciscan missions was intro-duced in 1926; but eventually, in order to speed up the process, 29 were singled out for beatification: 15 Europeans, viz., 8 Fran-ciscans (3 Bishops, 4 priests and 1 lay Brother), and 7 Franciscan Missionaries of Mary: among these 8 were Italian, 5 French, 1 Bel-gian, 1 Dutch; 14 Chinese, 5 of whom were seminarists and 9 mis-sion servants: all of these, except three servants, were Franciscan tertiaries. The brief "of beatification declares that they were killed not merely as foreigners, but in odium catholfcae £dei. In his panegyric the Holy Father observed that "the grace of martyrdom is generally, on the part of God, the crowning of a whole series of graces that gradually lead up to it; just as, on the part of man, the witness of blood is ordinarily the final gem of a long correspondence to grace." 1947 This year began with three beatifications, which were followed by five canonizations, giving us three new beati and eight saints (several saints being canonized together). April 13, 1947.~B1. Contardo Ferrini (1859-1902). "Most of those who reach the honours of beatification are religious men and women having lived far from the world. It would be useful, I think, for the edification of certain circles, to raise to the altars a marl who has magnificently united holiness of life and purity of faith with the scientific exigencies of a professorial chair. This would give the professors and students of our universities a worthy and appropriate patron." Thus wrote M~r. Duchesne when the cause of Contardo Ferrini was introduced. On April 13th of this year the Saint in the froch-coat (as he was cai~ed by Benedict XV, who greatly admired him) was beatified in the presence of a great number of professors and graduates, some of whom had been his colleagues or students. Born in Milan, Contardo Ferrini, after distinguished studies in Italy and Germany, occupied the chair of Roman Law at the uni-versities of Messina, Modena, and finally Pavia. That is the whole history of his short life. He wrote abundantly and soon acquired an international reputation as the leading specialist in his subject; no less an authority than Theodore Mommsen declared that, for the history of Greco-Roman Law, the primacy was passing from Germany to Italy thanks to Ferrini, and that the 20th century would be the century of Ferrini as the 19th century had been that of von Savigny. J. PUTZ Retffeto for Religious He shone no less by his'holiness. Man is an ens fnitum quod tendit ad infinitum, he wrote in one of his books--and he practised it. A Franciscan tertiary, he led a celibate and ascetical life in the world, seeking light and strength in his daily programme of spir-itual exercises: Communion, meditation, the rosary, and visit to the 131essed Sacrament. His arduous and highly specialized work wzs not something by the side of his spiritual life; he considered it as his way of serving God and the Church. His scientific achievements; his simple and deep piety--"he prayed like an angel," his exquisite charity, made of him "a living apology of the faith and of Catholic life." (Cardinal Pacelli, on Feb. 8, 1931, date of the decree on the heroism of Ferrini's virtues.) April 27, 1947. '131. Maria Goretti (1890-1902) virgin and martyr. It was fitting that our "aphrodisiac civilization" should see the glorification of one who died in defense of purity. Maria Goretti was born in a little village some 30 miles from Rome, from poor but deeply Christian parents. When she was not yet quite twelve, an 18 year-old neighbour, Alexander Serenelli, took a violent passion for her, but Maria ~efused to listen to his evil suggestions. On July 5, 1902, when she was alone in the house, Alexander approached her, carrying a dagger and decided to have his way. Exasperated by her resistance, he plunged the dagger into her breast. Her last words were words of forgiveness for her murderer. Alexander was sentenced to-30 years. In prison he repented and afterwards was a witness in the process of beatification. Among the unusually vast crowd that thronged St. Peter's on April 27tb were Maria's own mother, brother, and two sisters. In his allocution to the pilgrims (largely Catholic Actioia groups of girls) on the following day, the Holy Father congratulated, the mother for "the incomparable happiness of having seen her daughter elevated to the glory of the altars." Maria, he added, is the mature fruit of a Christian home with its old, simple method of education, "of a home where one prays, where the children are brought up in the fear of God, in obedience to their parents, in the love of truth and self-respect; accustomed to be satisfied with little and to give a helping hand . " Comparing Maria with St. Agnes, the Pope remarked that the delicate grace of these adolescent girls might make us overlook their fortitude; yet strength is the characteristic virtue of virgins and of martyrs. "How great is the error of those who consider virginity as an danuarg, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA effect of the ignorance and ingenuousness of little souls without passion, without ardour, without experience, and therefore accord it only a smile of pity! How can be who has surrendered without struggle imagine what strength it requires to dominate, without a moment of weakness, the secret stirrings and urgings of the senses and of the heart which adolescence awakens in our fallen nature? to resist, without a single compromise, the thousand little curiosities which impel one to see, to listen, to taste, to feel, and thus approach the lips to the intoxicating cup ,and inhale the deadly perfume of the flower of evil? to move through the turpitudes of the world with a fir'mness " that is superior to all temptations, to all threats, to all seductive or mocking looks? "No. Agnes in the vortex of pagan society; Aloysius Gonzaga at the elegantly licentious courts of the Renaissance; Maria Goretti living close to, and pursued by, the passion of shameless persons: they were neither ignorant nor impassible, but they were strong, strong with that supernatural strength of which every Christian receives the seed in baptism Idu[ which must be cultivated by a careful eduation . "Our Beata was a strong soul. She knew and understood; and that is precisely why she preferred to die . She was not merely an innocent 'ingenue,' instinctively frightened by the shadow of sin. She was not sustained solely by a natural feeling of modesty. No. Though still young, she already gave clear signs of the intensity and depth of her love for the divine Redeemer . " The Holy Father then denounced present-day public immorality and called on Catholics to react boldly. "Woe to the world because of scandals! "Woe to those who con-sciously and deliberately corrupt souls by the novel, the newspaper, the periodical, the theatre, the film, the immodest fashion! . . . Woe to those fathers and mothers who, through lack of energy and prudence, give in to every caprice of their sons and daughters, and renounce that paternal and maternal authority which is like a reflec-tion of the divine majesty! But woe also to so many Christians in name and appearance, who, if only they wanted could rise against the evil and would be supported by legions of right-minded persons ready to fight scandal with every means! "Legal justice punishes the child's murderer--and it is its duty to do so. But those who have armed his hand, who have encouraged him, who let him do with indifference or with an indulgent smile, J. PuTz Revfeu~ for Religious what human justice will dare or be able to strike these as they deserve? Yet they are the real guilty ones. On them--deliberate corrupters or inactive accomplices--weighs the terrible justice of God . "May the blood of the innocent victim joined to the tears of the repentant murderer, work the miracle of moving the perverted hearts, and of opening the eyes and shaking off the torpor of so man'? indifferent or timid Christians." May 4, 1947.--B1. Alix Le Clerc (1576-1622). Her spiritual career began when, after a somewhat worldly adolescence, she came under the influence of St. Peter Fourier, who was parish priest not far from her native Remiremont. With him she founded the Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Congregation of Our Lady. "The beginnings were very humble, that Christmas night of 1597, whet1 five young women consecrated themselves to God before the whole parish for the exercise of all kinds of good works among the poor, the peasants, the ignorant. No vows, no convent. Those conse-crated were to continue to live with their families, without a religious habit--neither nuns nor seculars." But in those days the world could not understand that kind of life and they were obliged to form a regular religious institute. Guided by circumstances, they made the education of girls their chief work. In that early 17th century they were pioneers in the education of women. Ma~t 15, I947.--St. Nicholas de Flue (1417-1487), a Swiss, born near the Lake of the Four Cantons, showed himself a great Christian in the military, civil, and married life before he became a hermit. As a young man he was for some years a soldier, fighting for his native canton and rising to the rank of captain. He then married Dorothy Wyss and was blessed with an offspring of ten children. A respected citizen, he tookan active part in the civil and political life of his country and held office as councillor and magis-trate- all the while spending whole nights in prayer. Suddenly, at the age of fifty, in 1467, after a vision of the Blessed Trinity, he resolved that he must leave all and go away to live entirely for God. Having obtained the consent of his wife and arranged the affairs of the family, he retired to the mountainous solitude of Ranft, where the people soon built him a little cell and chapel. Here he spent the last twenty years of his life in great austerity; many witnesses have testified that during those years he took neither food nor drink, but only Holy Communion. "Brother Klaus," as he was popularly 10 ,lanuar~J, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA known, was greatly venerated even beyond the Swiss border. People high and low flocked to his cell to seek his counsel and prayer. In 1481, when ~be deputies of the Swiss cantons were assembled at Stans and an open breach seemed inevitable, Brother Klaus was brought in and his farsighted patriotism saved the day and thus helped to lay the foundations of modern united Switzerland. He wa~ beatified in 1669 and venerated as the patron of Switzer-land. After the First World War, devotion to him greatly increased, as the people attributed the safety of their country to his protection. At the canonization, Plus XII pointed out his "providential actu-ality." Intimately mixed up with the concrete realities of his time. he remained deeply united with God and became a model of civic and domestic virtues. Only a return to that "synthesis of religion and life" can save our modern society. June 22, 1947.--Three great models for pri.ests: St. John de Britto, S.J. (1647-1693), the royal page who became a martyr in India, (beatified in 1852); St. Bernardine Realino, S.J. (1530- 1616), the lawyer and magistrate who at the age of 34 interrupted a promising career to become a religious and was for 50 long years the "apostle of the confessional" (beatified in 1895); St. Joseph Cafasso (1811-1860), a secular priest from Turin, the "Pearl of the Italian clergy," director of St. John Bosco and superior of the Seminary of Turin from 1848 (beatified in 1925). In his homily, the Pope set "the apostolic fire and the indomitable courage even unto death" of John de Britto as an example to all missionaries. From Realino and Cafasso he asked every priest to learn "a tireless alacrity, patience, kindness, and above all, constant application to prayer, gince all human labour is vain unless it be seconded by God." The following day, speaking to the numerous pilgrims, the Holy Father began by analyzing the "unity in variety" of the two new Jesuit Saints. They.,.were so different in their youth, the gay and intelligent student of" law and the pious and serious little page; different in their priestly life: the quiet page becomes the "imitator and emulator of St. Francis Xavier," leading a life of heroic adven-tures till his violent death; the ex-lawyer finds his India in his home country, in the town of l.ecce, where he spends his long life in the humble ministry of the confessional. Yet how alike the two were spiritually, for both express the same Ignatian ideal: Homines mundo crucifixos et quibus mundus ipse sit crucifixus: both these men broke all ties of earthly satisfactions, affections and 11 J. PUTZ Ret)ietu for Religlous ambitions, for the love of Christ crucified. ("John passed through the world as a ray through the shade of a dark forest.") In labor[bus: apostolic fire, heroic iabours; with John, "a tire-less movement of action without rest, until interrupted by martyr-dom"; with Bernardine, "'the immobility without impatience of the confessor and spiritual director, who sacrifices himself day after day, hour after hour, minute after minute." Their zeal knows no bounds, and in order to "multiply and extend their action beyond the limits of space and time" they train apostles among the laity (inspired in this by St. Ignatius and by the divine Master Himself) ; in this way John multiplies conversions by communicating his missionary spirit to his converts; Bernardine, through his sodalities, his groups of nobles and workers, penetrates into every corner of Lecce and makes his charity reach every misery spiritual and material. Maximam Dei gloriam semper intuentes: "the ardent desire to promote the glory of God was the illuminating flame, the fountain of the most intense energy in the life of both John and Bernardine; it made them brothers in indefatigable work for souls; it reveals to us the secret of their contempt for the world, of their heroic labours, of their indifference to all the hazards of the road." St. Joseph Cafasso was sent by Providence for "the supremely important and fruitful work of the formation and sanctification of the clergy." He himself was so imbued with the supernatural spirit of the Gospel "that it was no longer he who seemed to live, but Christ in him." "No one more than he has left his mark on the Piedmontese clergy of the 19th and 20th centuries; he has saved them from the dessicating and sterilizing climate of Jansenism and rigor-. ism . How many owe to his guidance their firmness in the "sentire cure Ecclesia," the holiness of their sacerdotal life, their fidelity to the many duties of their vocation . His influence con-tinues; for though the pastoral ministry must adapt itself to the ever-changing circumstances--thus v.g., the social duties which today rest on the shoulders of the priest are incomparably more grave and difficult than at the time of our Saint--yet the spirit, the soul of the sacerdotal life remains the same." "At all times the priest, according to the promise of the divine Master, has been made the butt of insults and persecutions, and in his heart he reckons this promise as a beatitude. But today he is so much more exposed to the crossfire of bitter criticisms not only from 12 ,lanuarg, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA unscrupulous adversaries who throw at him the mud of vilification and calumny, but what is more painful, sometimes also from our own ranks. As the present conditions leave the victims of such defamations practically defenseless, it is more necessary for you, beloved priests, to avoid giving to the critics not only a motive but even the slightest pretext. To this end the highest means will be to model your conduct on that of Joseph Cafasso, by the absolute abne-gation of yourselves, free from all earthly propensities and inter-ests; by a spotless life joined to that fine tact and delicate under-standing of souls which was in so high a degree the characteristic of our new Saint." The Pope .concluded with the wish that the union between the priest and his people may grow deeper. St. Cafasso had the confi-dence of all, young and old, rich and poor. "May he obtain from God, for his country and for the whole Church, a people filled with confidence in the priest, and priests worthy of that confidence!" July] 6, 1947.--Two Saints who were closely united durifig their lifetime. St. Elisabeth Bichier des Ages (1773-1838)', beati-fied in 1934. "Favoured in every way with the most varied gifts of nature and grace," Elisabeth proved her fearless and generous charac-ter during the troubled years of the French Revolution. God then made her meet a holy priest, Andre Fournet (canonized in 1933), who directed her towards high perfection and with whom she founded the Congregation of the Daughters of the Cross known as the "Sisters of St. Andrew." After the death of Andre Fournet she found another Saint to direct her, Michael Garicoits, who has now been canonized on the same day as herself. St. Michael Garicoits (1797-1863), born of poor parents, began life as a domestic servant and worked his way through the schools that he might become a priest. As a you.ng vicar he distinguished him-self by his enlightened zeal and was sent to the seminary of B~thar-ram (a famous sanctuary of Our Lady in the south of France), first as professor and then as superior. Here he became the director of St. Elisabeth Bichier and her institute. Encouraged by her, he also founded a religious congregation, the Priests of the Sacred Heart of desus of B~tharram. He was beatified in 1923. dulg 20, 1947.--St. Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673- 1716), a Breton, beatified in 1888. He had a special love for the poor, and after his ordination, at Saint Sulpice in 1700, he spent a ¯ few years as chaplain in a hosPital. In 1704 he found his true voca- 13 J. PUTZ Reviel~ [or Religious tion: he took to the road as an "apostolic missionary," and during the next twelve years went about preaching in the towns and villages of western France to revive the love of God which had grown cold. He was a fiery orator, and his extraordinary success angered the Jansen-ists, who persecuted him from town to town. He founded two reli-gious congregations: th~ Daughters o[ Wisdom, who were to devote themselves to hospital work and the instruction of the poor (at pres-ent they number about 5,000) ; and the missionaries of the Compan,.j o[ Mary, also called "Montfortists" (the initials S.M.M. stand for Societatis Mariae a Mont[ort). He is best known by his True Devotion to Mar~ , which consists in total self-dedication to Mary and through her to Jesus. In spite of the reserve of some theologians, it has been adopted with great fruit by many fervent souls, among them the Legion of Mary and numerous priests. Here are the words of Plus XII concerning it: "His great secret for attracting souls and giving them to Jesus was the devotion to Mary . Indeed he could not find a more effective means for his time. To the joyless austerity, the gloomy fear, the depressing pride of Jansenism he opposed the filial love-- confident, ardent, active--of the devout servant of Mary towards her who is the refuge of sinners, the Mother of divine grace, our life. our sweetness, our hope . "True devotion--that of tradition, of the Church, and, we might say, of Christian and Catholic common sense-~essentiaIly strives for union with Jesus, under the guidance of Mary. The form and prac-tice of this devotion may vary according to time, place, and personal inclination . True and perfect devotion to the Blessed Virgin is not so bound up with these modalities that any one of them could claim a monopoly. "Hence We ardently desire that, beyond the various manifesta-tions of this piety, all of you draw from the treasure of our Saint's writings and examples that which is the core of his Marian devo.- tion: his firm conviction of the powerful intercession of Mary, his resolute will to imitate her virtues, the burning fire of his love for her and for Jesus." dul~t 27, 1947.--St. Catherine Laboure (1806-1876) ; apeasant girl, the ninth of eleven children; at ten she lost her mother and spent her youth at home performing the duties of housekeeper. Meanwhile. having heard a call to the religious life, she applied herself to the practice of mortification arid of an intense interior life. In 1830 she 14 danuar~/, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA was allowed to join the Daughters of Charit~g of St. Vincent de Paul in the rue du ]dac at Paris. That same year, while still a novice, she was favoured with heavenly visions and received the mission to pro-mote the devotion to Mary, Mediatrix and Queen of the Universe, by having a medal struck and a statue made according to what she had seen in the vision. She .confided in her confessor, M. Aladel, who after careful investigations received permission from the Arch-bishop of Paris to have the medal struck. The medal, issued in 1832, soon spread over the whole world and came to be known as the "miraculous medal." All the time Catherine's identity remained secret, hidden even from the ecclesiastical authorities. After her novitiate she spent her remaining 46 years in the hospice d'Enghien in Paris. There she lived an unobtrusive life, working in the kitchen, in charge of the linen room or of the poultry, or looking after the aged who were supported in the hospice. All considered her as j.ust a simple, pious Daughter of Charity, a lover of poverty and of obedience. No one in the world or in the community suspected that this obscure nun was "the Sister who had seen the Virgin" and of whom everyon~ was speaking. She kept heroic silence. But one part of Our Lady's wish, that relating to the statue, was not yet fulfilled; that is why, on her deathbed, she revealed her secret to her superior. Her funeral was the occasion of an outburst of popular veneration. A child of twelve, crippled from birth, was cured at her grave. She was beatified in 1933 by Plus XI who declared that he knew "no more shining example of the hidden life." Her long life of self-effacement is summed up by Plus XII in the words of the Imitation of Christ: "'ama nescfrf.'" November 9, 1947.~Blessed Jeanne Delanoue (1666-1736) was the child of a French shopkeeper. She devoted herself to the tare of the poor, the aged, the sick, and the suffering, and eventually founded for this work the Sisters of St. Anne of Providence. In his panegyric the Holy Father spoke of the eminent dignity of the poor as illustrated in the life of B1. Jeanne. The voice of the poor is the voice of Christ; the body of the poor is the body of Christ; the life of the poor is the life of Christ. A Schoolmaster Beatfged On April 4, 1948, Brother Benildus, a member of the Congrega-tion of St. de la Salle, was solemnly beatified by Pope Plus XII. Born in Auvergne in 1805, he joined the Brothers of the Christian 15 d. PUTZ Review [or Religious Schools at sixteen. After ~eaching in various elementary schools, in 1841 be was sent with two colleagues to opena primary school at Saugues, a little market town, where he remained till his death on August 13, 1862. His beatification has a special significance for school teachers, for Brother Benildus is probably the first school master to be raised to the altars without any other claim to such honors than the exercise of his profession according to the rules of his institute. Other teachers have been canonized who were martyrs or miracle workers or ecstatic contemplatives or founders of great institutes; but Brother Benildus was nothing but a plain school master, whose whole uneventful life was spent in the classroom. The Holy Father stressed this point in his panegyric on April 5tb. He described Brother Benildus as a model no less imitable than admirable. His secret was perfect fidelity to dut~z--his rules and the daily grind of a schoolmaster. In this he practiced the heroic virtues which the Church requires for canonization. The Pope spoke of the "slow martyrdom" of teachers, which he compared to that of St. Cassian. Speaking of the new beatus, the Pope said: "He loved his children. Yet what a heavy cross they put on his shoulders! The martyrology mentions the execution of a school-master [St. Cassian] whose pupils became his executioners and made him suffer the more as their feeble stabs prolonged his torture. This is an isolated fact, but how many teachers for years, for the whole of a long religious life, have to bear a kind of slow martyrdom from the children who are u;aaware of the suffering they inflict. 'If we did not have the faith,' Brother Benildus once said, 'our profession would be painful indeed; the children are difficult. But with the faikh how everything changes!' " His constant fidelity, the Pope added, to all the detaiIs of his duty, his radiant charity, his serenity in difficulties could .flow only fr6m a deep and vigorous interior life and habitual union with God. In one of his panegyrics of the new saints, the Pope remarked: "More than once We have made you admire, in the variety of their physiognomies, the richness of the divine palette, of that raultiforrnis gratia (~1 Pet. 4:10) which, as it were, projects on the forehead of each saint, like the prism on the screen, one of the vari-ously coloured reflections of the one and infinite Uncreated Light; so that their conjunction gives Us an image--very faint, no doubt, yet marvellously beautiful-~of her who is called par excellence 16 January, 1949 SANCTA ECCLESIA CATHOLICA 'mirror of justice,' because she reflects the splendour of her Son who Himself is the candor lucis aeternae et speculum sine macula." (July 7, 1947.) The Saints are so different, yet fundamentally alike--like varia-tions on the same theme. The common theme of all holiness is love of God, total love which implies total self-sacrifice, utter selflessness. The saints were in love with God: they lived in deep union with Him. Yet this union, far from isolating them from the rest of man-kind, filled them with a universal love and urged them on to heroic self-devotion in the service of men. They. were absolutely humble, because they saw the truth: and being bumble, they had absolute trust in God; this is the secret of their amazing daring in undertaking great things, of their invincible courage and tenacity in carrying them out in the face of apparently insuperable obstacles: "Ego tecum ero." Every Saint, to be canonized, must have given clear signs of heroic virtue. But what strikes one in the lives of many saints is that God seems to take delight in testing their heroism by accumulating on them, as .on Job of old, every kind of affliction. In their most unselfish enterprises they meet with ingratitude, opposition, and failures such as would crush an ordinary man; to these are often added very trying diseases and bodily infirmities; and within their souls, instead of finding divine light and consolation, they pass through an agony of darkness, doubt, temptations, and disgust. Among the new saints, this is illustrated most strikingly in the life of, Blessed.Marie-Th6r~se de Soubiran. The Holy Father, in his panegyric of this heroic woman, indicated a twofold purpose of such trials which often leave our natural reason completely bewildered. The first is that the saints by this bitter experience learn "the secret of total detachment; which liberates them from all apprehension and diffidence of the heart, from all pride of spirit, and which shows them the nothingness and instability of all created things, mere playthinga in the hands of the Creator." The second meaning of those crushing afflictions, this "annihilation," is found in the words of St. John (12:24): "Unless the grain of wheat fall into the ground and die. itself remaineth alone;' but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit." That is why God tries His saints "as in a furnace," while giving them a supernatural strength which enables them to walk on heroically in spite of the darkness that fills their souls. [EDITORS' NOTE: The foregoing article is reprinted with permission from The Clergy Moothly, a magazine publishM in India.] 17 Vocal:ions CosE Money Peter M. Miller, S.C.J. RING the bells and shout the "Alleluias." Modern technique is being applied to religious vocations. Religious societies and congregations of both men and women are discovering that the gamble of advertising vocational wares to adventurous boys and girls can be a tremendous success. The increasing problem created by the shrinking personnel of too many religious groups is finding an adequate answer through the medium of modern advertising. This statement: "Each of my candidates for the Brotherhood is costing me $1,000," may leave a bad taste in the mouths of certain religious who affirm their greater concern for souls and a mediocre interest in "filthy lucre." Yet the vocational director who uttered the above statement discovers that be is leading noble young men to the service of Christ and is pleased that the monastery labor will be accomplished without spending thousands of dollars annually for outside labor. "Within six months," he asserts, "each of those Brothers will pay, penny for penny, the initial cost of advertising expended on them." And only the Angel of God will be able to balance the merits of their good works in the GoIden Book. Once I heard a missionary, weighing his pennies, decide to enter hospital work rather than the educational field in his mission, because statistics proved to him that the expended dollar has more value' for the lasting good of souls in that particular locality when it is used to relieve the wants of the sick and distressed. It is a pleasure then to hear of a successful method of spending dollars to relieve the vocational l~roblem confronting so many com-munities. Too long have we been idly waiting for these vocations. St. Augustine remarked that we must pray as if all depended on God (and thanks be to God, many prayers have been offered for voca-tions), but be also insisted that we must work AS IF ALL DEPENDED ON US. Centuries ago the abbot of the monastery was approached by the youth who begged for admission to the order. There are still too many who believe this is the sole method to be used in acquiring vocations. Sometimes these same persons unjustly condemn zealous vocational directors who are going out "into the highways and by- 18 VOCATIONS COST MONEY ways" as Christ did in the first century of the Church when he uttered His soul-stirring: "Follow Me!" Nor are we the only ones engaged in the vocational advertising field. The Army is lavishing thousands of advertising dollars to staff its diminishing post-war personnel. Theirs is. a high-powered technique of radio and slick, magazines, well beyond the reach of our efforts. (Or is it?) Professions, trades, and crafts are advertising the decided advantages of their mode of life to attract the youth. Should we hesitate then to adopt an organized advertising campaign that will relieve our present needs and be a glory to God for all of eternity~ ¯ Four years ago a certain priest of the Middle West was surprised to learn ,of an ordered campaign of advertising to secure vocations. One year later he had entered the field and discovered the happy taste of success. The cost was a pamphlet. A Sister was sold on the proposition, and the only advertising for which she was able to secure permission was a "blurb." Her Mother Superior was highly pleased with the results obtained. I have observed a small religious congregation increase both quality and quantity in their preparatory seminary through an organized advertising plan developed in their own experience. Eight years ago thirty students attended this seminary; this year the enrollment is 135 carefully chosen candidates. I was bi'tterly disappointed three years ago to learn of two girls who thought they would lik~ to be Sisters, but changed their minds when they could not learn enough about the congregation they wished to join. There is a great appeal in religious life, and adver-tising is a marvelous approach to.the boy or girl. It should be the concern of every order, society, and congregation to integrate such a vocational campaign to their program of winning the world for Christ. The answer of complacent satisfaction [n present personnel ~'/ supply is no answer to the tremendous world-wide demands for reli-gious vocations. The challenge of our era is the white harvest of souls. Eight out of every nine persons over the face of the earth stand in dire need of the true message of Catholicism. In our own country there are sixty million pagans, and another fifty-five million who sit in the darkness of error waiting, perhaps unknowingly, for the Light of Truth. Consider, is it worthwhile to sponsor a program whereby America will quickly have the 10,000 priests necessary? How shall we answer the "Call for 40,000" in South America? Should we 19 PETER M. MILLER Reoiew for Religious concern ourselves with the remaining countries of the world? And where shall we find the three or four Sisters that must complement the work of~every priest. Where to get the thousands of religious Brothers needed for building and maintaining? Whatever your answer may be, of this I am sure--modern adver-tising will be recognized as a powerful arm in securing the necessary vocations. But bow, you may ask, can such a campaign be organ-ized ? Fortunately there is a medium of advertising to suit every purse. While no advertiser will tell you that the element, of gamble can be totally eliminated, yet there are certain approved methods which can safely be said to guarantee results. You will admit that the product you are attempting to "sell," a religious vocation, is 100 per cent perfect. Actually only the ones whom Christ selects will be those who finally accept your message. The campaign is a combination of grace and human labor. Now where is the field for your advertising? Carefully consider the aims of your community, and even more carefully aim or direct your cam-paign. Your "sales talk" must be weighed in the balance to garner all possible vocations in your harvest. Netvspap~r Adoertisements In newspapers and magazines, which you have read, undoubtedly you have seen the vocational message of religious groups. Perhaps for years you have observed a particular advertisement in a certain magazine. That should be your first sign of encouragement. If the "ad" had failed to produce.the desired results, the advertiser would have withdrawn his message. Study the advertisement carefully. Adapt it to your message, or perhaps you can better your display. Right here I might say that we should not hesitate to call upon the technical advice of advertising experts. Certainly it is sound business to pay an experienced man for setting up your advertisement copy. You can capitalize on his knowledge of techniques. It is important to consider the type of magazine and newspaper in order that you may discover which readers your advertisement will reach. Perhaps (and I have met this isolated instance), for a reli-gious group of Sisters of one national extraction, the best organ would be a newspaper of the same national language which has a good Catholic circulation, although it might not be a Catholic news-paper. 2O danuarg, 1949 VOCATIONS COST MONEY Blurbs The blurb is a folder of i~our to six pages. It contains the salient features of your aims and vocation ambitions. Again, working under the capable direction of a display artist, you employ photographs and color, together with a good combination of display type styles, to produce a striking folder. It should be the purpose of this blurb to attract .vocationally minded youth to a contact with your com-munity. Usually different blurbs are enclosed in the letters which you send to a person who has answered your newspaper advertise-ment. This blurb could be given to all the eighth grade girls as an attractive leader for a vocational discussion. A boy of adventurous nature still responds to a color photograph of a missionary leaning against his motorcycle. Personal Contact Here is the most important step in the vocational field work. The one interested in following Christ must see a flesh-and-blood example of his or her ideal. This is concretely established in the vocational director. He (or it may be Sister . ) is your walking advertise-ment. Usually the entire vocation campaign is in his hands. Actually he is a traveling salesman "selling" a product of highest dignity. He knows better than anyone else that it is his important task to discover the vocations which God has destined for his community. The choice of vocational director is highly important. Above all, he (or she) must be an exemplary religious. He must be possessed of that electrical personality impulse which establishes friendly trust and confidefi'ce in the first few minutes of meeting. He must know thoroughly what a vocation is, and what a vocation to his com-munity is. He must be quick and accurate to analyze characters and perceive the elements of vocation or their deficiency in an individual. He must know why youth wants to partake in the great adventure. The vocational director must possess prudence and suavity to over-come the obstacles which many times stand in the path of progress to the vocational goal. His first contact with the boy might be in reply to a newspaper or magazine advertisement. He might have met the youth while showing vocational movies or slides to an eighth grade class. What-ever may have been the initial contact, the next and all-important step is to meet the individual in his home surroundings. The family background, the training field for the youth, is still an essential ele- 21 PETER M. MILLER Review for Religious ment to be considered when judg!ng the lasting qualities of a possible vocation. In the personal interview the vocation is taken from a general class and the candidate becomes an important individual whose great interest is conquering the world for Christ. Here the vocational ideals of the youth and the aims of the community are displayed for mutual consideration. This is the first visit at his home, and there may be two or three more before the candidate finds himself admitted into the seminary or convent school. Perhaps the voca-tional director will observe that the youth does not have the elements of vocation for his communit~ and then he does not hesitate to inform the boy or girl accordingly. Here let me stress the importance of instructing the youth in the necessity of prayer for his vocation during this time. Community Magazine or Newspaper Fortun~itely many religious congregations have a magazine. It is highly advantageous that the vocational director use this arm for his work. It should be his concern that timely vocational articles appear in the magazine. A convent school or seminary could initiate a monthly newspaper to be used in the same manner. Using either one or both of these methods of contact, the reli-gious community has a monthly pipeline of appropriate information flowing into the home of the possible candidate. It clears doubts, establishes a firmer desire through added knowledge, and gives the aspirant confidence in his new life by means of the truths be meets monthly. Correspondence The vocational director must be punctual in replying to ~11 let-ters and queries from the candidates. In more than one instance the students in the seminary were supplied with addressees interested in their mutual vocation. By this method the personal contact was stimulated to greater advantage. The candidate then feels that he is no stranger since for some time he continues in friendly correspon-dence. Pamphlets This is perhaps the most popular form of advertising copy in the vocational campaign. Again photographs, color, type styles, and fine paper are combined in attractive display to give the prospect a good view of his future life in a 24-, 32-, or 48-page booklet. This pamphlet may be concerned with a picture study of the different 22 ,]anuaGt, 1949 VOCATIONS COST MONEY stages of growth in his vocation. Or it may present to the youth the future fields of endeavor. Chiefly, these pamphlets are of an informative nature. However I have seen clever pamphlets that employed fictional characters of the ideal type to portray the vocational goal and attract youth. Some communities use a life of the founder of the religious group. And then again you may wish to imitate those who have a continuity of two, three, or four pamphlets in their vocational series. Whatever may be your plan, be certain that the presentation is a perfect approach, which is to say that it must employ the modern techniques of vivid writing and attractive advertising display. If, in true humility, you must admit that no person in your community could 'turn out an attractive copy, then it need only be necessary for you to gather the facts and present them to "a good writer skilled in modern techniques. He usually has a precise knowl-edge of the elements to be brought to the attention of the reader. More invaluable to you, he knows what technical processes can best illustrate the idea you wish to convey. It pays to seek perfection in the very beginning. What merely satisfies you, may not be suffi-ciently impelling to attract the candidate. Movies and Slides Every educator today knows the emphasis, that is attached to visual aids. Advertisers pay huge sums to have likely customers see their product in the glamor of a movie. Certain religious communi-ties have employed technicians to prepare a movie of their vocational attractions. Indeed some of these are in color and forcefully present their subject. Other groups have discovered' that they can establish better con-tacts with colored slides flashed upon the silver screen. Their advan-tage, they claim, is to modify the description to the reaction of the group. This is certainly evident when the slides are carried into the home. As a matter of economy it might be mentioned that the slides can be replaced conveniently with better shots and thus accomodate the rapid growth that characterizes some communities. Planning Your Campaign The above examples were not listed as separate advertising methods. All of them could be co-ordinated in one grand camPaign. Each is designed fo provoke the interest of the candidate. Of course, the alert vocational, director will discover that he can broaden and complement his advertising by using other mediums. He will have 23 PETER M. MILLER occasional outings, picnics, Christmas parties, and so forth, where the candidates may meet and join in social gatherings and fun with seminarians already forging ahead in their chosen vocation. This is a great advantage. Those who wish to present their message to the youth of today will choose some or all of the above methods. It is important that a wide selection be made, and then you must drive home one grand theme in all your mediums of advertising. At the risk of boring repetition let me state again that you can profit by sounding out good technical advice in founding your program. Then prepare to open your market: Vocations Cost Mone~l Your vocational budget should be a matter of deep concern to your community. If you consider only the expenditures, then the advertising campaign has the appearance of a costly move. How-ever, the budget is to be gauged by the results. Advertise, and dis-cover from your own experience why cigarette manufacturers are quite plea~ed to spend millions of dollars to attract their huge mar-kets. You can issue an attractive blurb for a small amount. Pam-phlets are not too costly either. It might be wise to caution the beginner. Limit your initial quantity of literature until you are convinced that your message is appealing and forceful. Then keep the printing presses busy With your project. Do not hesitate to print a message for even those of the seventh grade. Plant the seed early[ Guarantee a rich harvest by telling your community of your vocation work. Beg their prayers and sac-rifices to bring the project to a grace-filled conclusion. Then the Mystical Body of Christ will grow as the religious members lead other thousands into the Church. How much should you spend for your campaign? Tell me, what price did Christ pay for souls? OUR CONTRIBUTORS ' PETER M. MILLER has been active in the vocation field for some years and is now on the faculty of the Divine Heart Seminary, the seminary of the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart, at Donaldson, Indiana. JOSEPH F. GALLEN is professor of canon law at Woodstock College, Woodstock, Maryland. J. PUTZ is editor of The Clergy Monthly and a member of the faculty of St. Mary's Theo-' logical College, Kurseong, D. H. Ry., India. CLARENCE MCAULIFFE is a profes-sor of sacramental theology at St. Mary's College, St. Marys, Kansas. 24 I apt:ism--A Deat:h and Resurrect:ion Clarence McAuliffe, S.J. ~i MONG all the supernatural gifts showered upon each of us, the first and most fundamental is ordinarily the sacrament of baptism. Since most of us were baptized as infants, we can-not even recall the actual conferring of this gift. We know it from the testimony of our parents or guardians, or of the parish records. But we are certain that there was a day, not long after our birth, when we were borne in our mother's arms to the parish church. Once there we were transferred to the arms of our godfather or godmother. Certain rites were performed over us in the vestibule or rear of the church. We were then carried to the baptismal fo'nt or the Com-munion rail. The essential rite was accomplished when the priest poured water on our head and declared: "I baptize thee in the name of the Father and of "the Son and of the Holy Ghost." We squirmed when the cool water touched our sensitive skin. Outwardly we were unchanged by this sacred rite, but inwardly a profound change was enacted. We were put to death with Christ by dying to the devil and our natural selves, and at the same time we rose gloriously from death like Christ because our souls were spiritually renovated. Yes, it was a simple ceremony, a perfunctory washing of the head and the simultaneous pronouncement of a few words, but it was a ceremony that had th~ S'on of God for its originator, and laden with His merits, it was like an irresistible plea mounting to heaven from the. cross on Calvary. It was not a mere ablution. It was an ablu-tion performed by the dying Christ, the principal Minister of every sacrament. That is why the heart of God was touched when He witnessed our baptism. That is why He took in His hand this simple ceremony and used it as an instrument to work so many wonders in our souls. In the purely natural order, our souls before baptis.m were intact. They possessed the same faculties that Adam had before his fall, and these faculties were intrinsically unimpaired. But no descendant of Adam was ever born in a merely natural state. Humanity down to doomsday was elevated to a supernatural destiny at the very instant 25 CLARENCE MCAULI FFE Review [or Religious that Adam himself was gifted with it. That is why Adam, when be lost the means to attain this destiny, lost them not for himself alone but for all his de]cendants. Hence we say that every human being is born in original sin. Each of us at birth was confronted with a supernatural goal. But each of us, too, was born without the supernatural means to arrive at this goal because these means, our expected and lawful inheritance, had been squandered by our common father, Adam. Our souls, as a result, were at birth supernaturally paralyzed. They could not function towards the attainment of their sublime destiny until the paralysis was removed. It was baptism that cured this paralysis. It took away original sin. However, the expression "took away," though sanctioned by usage, might be misleading. It might incline us to picture original sin as a kind of black spot dis-figuring the soul. We would then imagine baptism as the divine cleanser that effaced this black spot. Such a picture would be incor-rect. In the pilrely natural sphere, our souls were unblemished, unmarred, whole, equipped with all the healthy faculties they deserved. But something was missing, something that should have been there, had Adam executed God's original plan. That some-thing was a golden light of exquisite beauty, a veritable supernatural organism which should have been superadded to arid commingled with our natural faculties. Baptism was the flame that rekindled that golden light and restored that supernatural organism. This is what we mean when we say that baptism '~takes away" original sin. Moreover, this restoratidn of supernatural gifts through baptism is not the restoratibn of mere passive qualities, however excellent these might be. It is a renewal of life, of supernatural life, a true regerleratior~. St. Paul is speaking of baptism when he tells Titus: "He saved us by the laver of regeneration, and renovation of the Holy Spirit" (Titus 3:5). By natural generation a peFson receives body and soul. He possesses a definite nature endowed with both faculties and instincts. He begins to live naturally. Similarly, by the supernatural generation of baptism a person shares iri the divine nature by the gift of sanctifying grace, and this nature also is accom-panied with its supernatural faculties and instincts. The person begins to live supernaturally. This supernatural generation is called a regeneration, a generating again or anew, because man must first be generated naturally before he can be generated supernaturally by baptism. Another reason Why the word "regeneration" is used, pro- 26 BAPTISM--A DEATH AND RESURRECTION ceeds from the fact that, if Adam had not sinned, we would have been endowed with supernatural life by mere natural generation. No baptism would have been necessary. Since, however, Adam lost this supernatural life by his sin, we are supernaturally dead at the moment of our natural conception and so must be generated again supernaturally through baptism. The very instant we were baptized, therefore, this supernatural nature with its accompanying faculties and instincts was restored to us. We were clothed with the kingly robe of sanctifying grace and thus became God's adopted sons, able to perform acts of supernatural merit and destined to the beatific vision as our inheritance. More'over, along with this grace God infused into our souls certain faculties called the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity. Once we reached the age of reason, these, virtues enabled us to elicit super-natural acts corresponding to them. It is probable that by reason of our baptism God also instilled within us additional faculties, the four cardinal, virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. Finally, through the agency of baptism God conferred upon us seven supernatural instincts which we call the gifts of the Holy Ghost. They are called wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, and fear of the Lord. Given all this we became super-naturally alive, equipped with an organism by which we could oper-ate in a sphere far beyond our natural powers. It is important to realize also that all these baptismal gifts are realities. Nor are they merely moral realities like the loye of a mother for her child. Neither are they simply juridical realities like the right of a human being to continue in life. They are, as a matter of fact, pbgsical realities. This means that they actually modify the soul. They are qualities that add to its beauty. True enough, they are not material, but spiritual qualities. But they have an entity of their own which is as physically real as the color of a block of granite or the light that emanates from a star. They are as physically real as a label on a box. They are so physically real that if they were material things, we could touch them with our hand or see them with our eyes. And yet they do not add anything substantial to our nature. They are accidental qualities inhering in our one substantial soul. This fact, however, should not derogate from either their intrinsic or their operational value. Even in this world the addition of a natural accidental quality can Work wonders in an object. Consider 27 CLARENCE MCAULIFFE Reoieu~ for Religious the electric bulb as it rests on the counter of a hardware store. It is substantially intact, a drab object to behold. But buy it, take it home, insert it in an electric socket and turn on the power. At once it is transformed into a thing of beauty and casts its light on all objects within its range. Yet it differs only accidentally from its condition in the hardware store. Consider also the example of water. If it is cold, it has certain accidental properties. When boiled, many of these accidental properties change. It still remains water, but now it can boil eggs or concoct a stew. It has new powers vastly superior to those of cold water, and yet it is but accidentally changed. Similarly, the baptized soul is altered only accidentally by. its reception of supernatural life, but it now is vested with powers far beyond those which it had before baptism. Indeed, it is now elevated to a supernatural plane so that it can place supernatural acts that completely transcend its natural capacities. When a Roman candle explodes in the night air on the Fourth of July it sends forth many fireballs of various hues, all of them pleasing to behold. So does baptism produce a brilliant array of supernatural gifts in the soul. But these unlike the fireballs stay within the soul, not outside it. Moreover, they do not vanish in an instant as do the fireballs, but they remain permanently unless driven out by sinful acts of the baptized person. Nor are they disparate 'elements like the fireballs, but they are intimately connected with one another. Finall~r, they are not endowed with mere chemical energy as are the fireballs, but they are forms of life. Each of them is like an eye or ear; and, when united together in an accidental union with the soul, they form a complete supernatural organism. Moreover, another physical effect, which, however, is not a form of life, is painted on the soul by baptism. It is called the sacramental character. It, too, is an accidental quality, but it is just as physical as the other gifts received. It truly modifies the soul, changes its appearance. It adds a tint to it, and this tint can never be effaced either in this life or the next. It is a sign to God and the angels and the beatified that the baptized person is consecrated to God. It is an indelible mark proclaiming to them that the baptized person belongs to the army of Christ. It is upon this ontological character that the various rights and duties flowing from baptism are based. It may be worth our while to recall now the nature of these rights and duties. First of all, the character is a sign that the baptized person has an obligation to remain always in the state of grace. This is his prime 28 danuar~t, 1949 BAPTISM--A DEATH AND RESURRECTION duty. If he loses his supernatural life by mortal sin, the character is forever declaring that he is in a state of violence, of infidelity, that he is obligated to take effective measures to restore by repentance the supernatural organism of grace, the virtues, and gifts of the Holy Ghost. If a soldier deserts the army, his uniform still notifies the world that he belongs in its ranks. In the same way, the character of baptism always marks a man as an adopted child of God even though he may have rejected this adoption by mortal sin. Moreover, the character as we have remarked, is ineffaceable. The faithless soldier can take off his uniform, burn it or sell it so that no physical sign remains to indicate that he should be in the army. But the character cannot be rejected. It is always etched on the soul, and its possessor is forever marked as one who should be Christ's friend even though be has sinned grievously. In short, baptism means a change in our allegiance. Before bap-tism we were children of darkness, not of light; we were enthralled by a powerful concupiscence whose thrusts would become more har-rowing in later life. We were, in a true sense, slaves of the devil. But we changed banners when baptism sealed us with its sacred character. We were baptized "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost." We were, therefore, consecrated to the Blessed Trinity. Through the agency of our godparents we promised sol-emnly to fulfill the obligations consequent upon the reception of bap-tism. We would observe the ten commandments ~nd the six precepts of the Church, and we would do so permanently. By their miracu-lous passage through the Red Sea, the Hebrews escaped from their Egyptian enemies and passed into God's domain, the promised land. In the same way, by baptism we renounce the devil's dominion and come under God's sway. In the last chapter of St. Matthew's gospel (Mt. 28: 19, 20) when our Lord solemnly promulgates the necessity of baptism, He inculcates the obligation to serve God that it entails: "teaching them [the baptized] to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you." And St. Paul means the same thing when he declares: "All of you who are baptized, have put on Christ" (Gal. 3:27). In the fourth century St. John Chrysostom makes the same point when he says: "Trees that are well planted, if they make no return of fruit for the labor spent about them, are delivered up to the fire; the same in some sort may be said of those who are baptized, if they bring forth no fruit." This death to Satan and to sin, which was enjoined upon us by 29 CLARENCE MCAULIFFE Review for Religious our baptism, is symbolized by the very rite of baptism, especially. when it i~ performed by immersion or complete submerging into a body of water, the ordinary m.aj~ler of baptizing during many cen-turies of the Church's existen~e.¥ The catechumen goes down into the water soiled with original sin, a slave to concupiscence, subservient to Satan. He emerges cleansed from original sin, fortified against concupiscence, consecrated irrevocably to the Blessed Trinity. This total immersion in the water pictures vividly the death and resurrec-tion of Chris[. That is why St. Paul says that "we are buried together with Christ by baptism unto death, that as Christ is risen from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life" (Rom. 6:4). Christ died for sin; He was buried because of our sins. But when He rose, gloriously changed in body. He had endowed us with the means to overcome sin, to live as God's friends, dust as our Lord's body by its resurrection began its glori-fied life tha~. would never end, so the baptized when he emerges from his burial in the baptismal water, is obligated perpetually to live a new kind of life, a life subject to God and loyal.to His commands. The abiding sign of this allegiance is the sacramental character. But to lead this new life of loyalty to God we need supernatural helps, especially actual graces, by which we can practise virtue and counter temptations. Though we obtain these graces in various ways as we go on through life, we are assured, b/y our baptism alone of a constant flow of them to give us strength.'VAll theologians admit this fact, though they differ in their explanations of how these graces are conferred by baptism. It is a safe opinion to hold that the right to these graces is rooted in the baptismal character. This objective mark is always on the soul and is always telling God: "This person has been consecrated to You. He needs Your help. You have given him a right to receive Your intellectual lights and to feel the lift of Your omnipotent hand. By his baptismal character he is marked as Your ally and friend, but he cannot remain so unless You help him." Thus God by reason of our baptismal character does help us, not for one day or for one year, but during our entire lives. Even in old age, the baptized person still receives from his infant baptism actual graces to resist temptation and to live a good Catholic life. The waters of these graces may be dammed partially by neglect, by worldliness, by sin itself, but they overflow even such formidable barriers. The torrent of graces to which we are entitled just by the fact of our bap-tism will never be completely dry. They come to enrich our youth; 3O danuar~t, 1949 BAPTISM--A DEATH AND RESURRECTION they come to fortify and strengthen us in middle age; they come to embellish and sanctify our old age. God never forgets our baptism. He always sees the character He has impressed. Hence He helps us so that our dedication to Him made at baptism will never become a faithless one. Again, baptism signifies not only that its recipient is consecrated to God and should preserve permanently his supernatural life, but also that he is a member of God's visible kingdom on earth, the Catholic Church. Once baptism is validly received, no matter by whom, that person automatically is a subject in Christ's Church. Some, of course, such as validly baptize, d Protest~ints who are in good faith, are not aware of this fact, but their unawareness does not change the reality. Baptism means membership in the one true Church. "For in one Spirit were we all baptized into one body," declares St. Paul (I Cot. 12:12). The character is the irremovable sign of this membership. When a Sister receives that particular habit which comes with her profession, this habit tells the world that she is obliged to follow the internal spirit of her institute, but it also marks her as a member of a visible religious order or congregation. She belongs to this definite sisterhood and not to any other, and the fact is externally recognizable from the kind of religious garb she wears. "Once a Catholic, always a Catholic" is an axiom whose truth rests on the fact that the character spontaneously issuing from baptism remains imbedded in the soul and postulates perpetual allegiance to the Catholic Church. It follows, therefore, that the baptismal character is the founda-tion for those duties and rights that flow from incorporation into the Catholic body. Among these duties we might mention that of obedience to ecclesiastical superiors, especially to the Holy Father and the bishops; the duty to reverence sacred persons, places, edifices, rites, and other things stamped'with the approval of the Church; the'duty to accept the revealed teaching which she proposes; the duty to con. form to her legislation as embodied .in the code of Canon Law; the duty to participate in at least some of the religious rites which she sanctions. All these duties have as their objective foundation the sacrament~i1 character carved on the soul by baptism. The Church also grants many privileges to her actual members, that is, to the baptized who are not "separated from the unity of the Body." Such members may receive the other sacraments; they may participate intimately in the sublime action, of the Mass by interiorly 31 CLARENCE MCAULIFFE Reoiew [or Religious uniting their offering to the external offering made by the priest alone; they may share in many kinds of indulgences to remove their temporal punishment and to shorten the stay in purgatory of others, especially their loved ones; they are entitled to the help and guidance of their pastors, whether in the confessional or outside it. They have a right to enter a Catholic church at any time; to have their spiritual lives stimulated by sermons, retreats, and the use of sacramental~; to receive benefits from every Mass celebrated in the world every day; to obtain special blessings from the many "Masses for the people" which every pastor must celebrate each year; to be honored with a Catholic funeral service and burial in consecrated ground. In a word, those many upliftings of soul' which come to every loyal Catholic, those consolations that give strength to bear the sorrows of life, that illumination of mind which comes from authoritative teaching and from Catholic books or newspapers or periodicals and from spiritual exhortations, that firmness of will which perseveres in doing good and avoiding evil--all this comes directly or indirectly from membership in the Church and is founded on the ontological character bestowed by baptism. To sum up, therefore, we may say that baptism effects marvels in the physical, the moral, and the juridical orders. In the physical order it regenerates a man by endowing him with a supernatural organism consisting of sanctifying grace, the infused theological and moral virtues, and the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost. In the moral order, it transfers his allegiance from Satan to the Blessed Trinity, removes all actual sins, both mortal and venial, as well as all temporal punishment due to these sins (if baptism is received by an adult), confers a life-long series of actual graces enabling him to cope with his unruly passions, and, finally, inscribes him as a member of the Catholic Church. In the juridical order, it grants him those rights that emanate from affiliation with that Church, but it also imposes on him a set of obligations to which he is bound to conform. " It is a striking fact that these effects are symbolized in a general way by the various ceremonies of baptism. The essential rite, of course, and the only rite instituted by our Lord Himself and neces-sary for the validity of the sacrament, is the washing (of the head) with water and the pronouncing of the proper words. Water is a cooling and refreshing substance. Hence at baptism it naturally sym-bolizes the mitigation of passion that results from the sacrament. Moreover, water is a universal cleanser. As such it is admirably 32 danuar[I, 1949 BAPTISM-~A DEATH AND RESURRECTION suited to represent the removal of sin and temporal punishment from the soul. Again, flowing water is vested with power. It produces a thriving vegetationalong its course. Hence the flowing water of baptism readily illustrates the spiritual regeneration effected in the soul. Especially is this true when the meaning of the flowing water is determined by words that signify a consecration to the Blessed Trin-ity. Again, every society has some form of initiation. Baptism is God's own way of initiating a person into the Catholic ChurScho. much for the symbolism of the essential, divinely instituted rite. But the Church herself has added other ceremonies that likewise typify the results of baptism. Before the infant is permitted to enter the nave of the church, the priest breathes lightly three times upon its face to suggest that the Holy Ghost is about to come upon it to effect its supernatural regeneration. After this, the priest makes the sign of the cross on the baby's forehead and breast to signify tha~ after baptism the baby will be a follower of Christ, not a follower of Satan. St. Augustine makes mention of t-his rite when he says: "You are to be signed this day on your forehead with the sign of the cross, that hereafter the devil may be afraid to touch you, as being marked with this saving sign." Next a morsel of salt is placed on the infant's tongue to signify that after baptism. God will expect and help.this child to preserve and season its mind and heart so that it will never be corrupted by serious sin. On two separate occasions the priest lays his hand on the baby's head to denote that henceforth the child will be consecrated to God. After proceeding to the baptismal font or the Communion rail, the priest touches the lips and ears of the baby with saliva. As far back as the fourth century, St. Ambrose teaches the meaning of this ceremony: "Therefore the priest toucheth thy ears that they may be opened to hear the commands of God: and thy nostrils that thou receivest the good odor of faith and devotion." This rite recalls how our Lord opened the eyes of a blind man with spittle (3ohn 9:6) and put His finger into the ears of a deaf man saying "Ephphatha, i.e., be thou opened" (Mark 7:33). After renouncing Satan three times through the agency of its sponsor, the infant is anointed on the breast and between the shoulders with the oil of catechumens. Oil naturally symbolizes strength. It is used to eliminate aches and pains and to render muscles supple. Hence the anointing on the breast represents the courage to be expected from the infant in its .fight for God. The anointing between the shoulders indicates the strength 33 CLARENCE MCAULIFFE imparted to the baptized to bear manfully the crosses of life. After the essential rite of baptism has been performed, the priest anoints the child with chrism on the top of the head. Just as in the Old Testament it was a custom to anoint priests and kings with oil; and just as it is the Church's custom today to anoint those objects and persons which she solemnly consecrates to God's service, so this ceremony denotes that the baptized baby is now irrevocably conse-crated to God and is a member of His Church. A white cloth is then placed on the head of the baptized to typify the innocence that has been wrought by baptism. Finally, a lighted candle is held by the sponsor to symbolize the same effect, but in addition, the candle sig-nifies that the baby has received a new form of life. A candle flame is not static. It flickers and its flickering is the sign of the baby's newly received supernatural life. It is a fragile flame, one that is easiIy extinguished in the later conflicts of life; but if the baby uses the means that God has provided, it can and should keep that flame forever burning. Such are the effects of baptism according to the teachings of the Church and according to the symbolism of the baptismal rites. God HimseIf is the principal cause of all the wonders accomplished by baptism. But God in His providence decided not to produce these wonders without a visible rite. He desired.that man, confo.rmably with his nature, should have some outward sign to testify to the a~bievement of these wonders. Hence through the agency of the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity become Man, He instituted the visible sacrament of baptism. Whenever this sacrament is adminis-tered, God takes it in His hand and uses it as an instrument to beget a new supernatural organism, to paint a sacramental character, to confer sundry supernatural favors and to impose obligations. A REPRINT SERIESmMAYBE! Because of dil~culties which have not yet been overcome, we are unable to say whether we wilI publish the series of reprints men-tioned in our November issue (VII, 331-332). However, a definite announcement will be made in the March issue. Tentative orders are still welcome. 34 ,/ The Spirit: ot: Povert:y Joseph F. Gallen, S.J. IN RECENT ISSUES of the REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, Father Ellis: has explained the obligati6ns of poverty that arise f~om the vo~ and from law, whether the latter is of the Church or of the par.-. ticular institute. The necessity and value of such an explanation are evident. However, as Father Ellis indicated, the spirit of poverty is of even greater importance. This follows from the admitted doctrine of moral theology that the vow and laws concerning poverty are only means of acquiring the spirit of poverty and thus subordinated to the latter as a means to an end. A brief study of the purpose of the vows of religion may clarify this importance. Christian perfection, the end of the religious life, consists in divine charity. St. Thomas places the purpose of the evangelical counsels in the religious life in the fact that they remove the principal impediments to 'divine charity. He' specifies the purpose of poverty as the. removal of all attachment for temporal things. Attachment is obviously something interior, the vow and the laws on poverty extend only to external actions. It is the spirit of poverty that is to regulate the affections. It is pos-sible to observe the vow, to secure permission, and yet to be greatly attached to the things permitted. A religious, therefore, can be faith-ful to the observance of the vow and yet fail to attain the proximate purpose of poverty. This purpose cannot be accomplished without the practice of the spirit of poverty. It may appear strange to assert that the vow ofpoverty is insuffi-cient to attain the purpose of poverty in the religious life, yet this insufficiency is evident in many other respects. In complete accord with the vow of poverty, religious could be given permission to administer their own property, to apply their pfopertyto personal needs, to have a dependent peculium (REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, Jan-uary, 1948, p. 33), and they also could be granted any kind, quantity, or quality of material things for their own use. Such practices would not remove the waste of time, the preo.ccupation and anxiety about temporal things, the love of riches and pride that St. Thomas lists as the specific impediments to divine charity that are to be excluded by poverty. All of the above practices had to be removed by ecclesiastical law. In a similar manner, the vow cannot 35 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Ret~iew for Religious attain the purpose of religious poverty unless it is complemented by the spirit of poverty. A striving for the spirit of poverty, and especially for its perfec-tion, is also a natural manifestation of the genuine and basic religious spirit. The religious life is of counsel, and it by no means loses this character by the fact that the evangelical counsels are assumed under the obligation of sin. The religious who is faithful to the observance of what his vows command has done much, but he has not done everything. The vows of religion leave many things within the domain of counsel, supererogation, and generosity. This statement is not difficult to prove. In the practice of the Holy See for lay congre-gations, the vow bf obedience produces its obligation only when the religious is strictly commanded in virtue of holy obedience, and for a serious reason. It is further urged that such a command be given in writing or in the presence of at least two witnesses. It is evident that the religious who waits'for the obligation of the vow of obedience will have very little obedience in his life. To realize the sacrifice and purpose of his principal vow, the religious must strive after the per-fection of obedience, which is a matter of counsel and supererogation. In the same religious institutes, the constitutions do not of themselves oblige immediately under sin. This does not mean that the Holy See is indifferent to the observance of the constitutions. The principle of the Sacred Congregation in approving such constitutions is that an obligation immediately under sin is not necessary in a life inspired and dominated by the spirit of the counsels. It would be thus alien to this basic spirit of religion to be content with the vow and to neglect the spirit of poverty, even though the higher degrees of the latter do not oblige under sin. The object of the spirit of poverty is to remove all inordinate affections for material things and to use these only in conformity with the legitimate usage of the particular institute. The latter is com-monly included as part of the spirit of poverty, even though it is commanded by ecclesiastical law. We have used the expression spirit of po~ert~l, because a purely abstract dispute exists among theo-logians as to the existence of a special virtue of povert{j. The better opinion, originated by Suarez but implicit in the doctrine of St. Thomas, is that no such special virtue exists. The object of a vir-tue: must be a moral good in itself. Poverty is not a moral good in itself but something indifferent; .if this were not true, riches would be a moral evil in themselves. The Holy See has used both expressions 36 danuary, 1949 THE SPIRIT OF POVERTYi in its official documents and consistently admits the chapter heading, "The Vow and Virtue of Poverty," in the approval of constitutions. This theological dispute can be an obstacle to the perfection of pov-erty to the unguarded reader, since the conclusion can be readily drawn that the spirit or virtue of poverty is simply non-existent. The followers of Suarez merely deny the existence of one special virtue of poverty; they readily admit and assert the existence of a spirit or virtue of poverty which consists of a plurality of virtues. The spirit of poverty is thus a collection of virtues, especially temperance, patie.nce, humility, and the modesty that St. Thomas defines as a vir-tue that moderates the use of external apparel. Some authors extend the object of this modesty to the use of all material things. Observ-ance of the spirit of poverty will procure the merit of one of these virtues: violations will be sins against the same virtues. However, in its higher degrees, the spirit of poverty is a matter of counsel. The spirit of poverty complements principally the vow and the state of poverty. The Spirit of Povertg and the Vow of Povertg Poverty is opposed to riches, and the evident purpose of the vow of poverty is to make the religious, in some sense, a poor man. The extent to which this is effected by the vow is: (a) the religious must obtain permission for the disposition of money or its equivalent; (b) this permission can be revoked at any time at the mere will of the superior; (c) the permission does not give proprietorship. We can add that, in conformity with the vow, the religious may be granted the use of many valuable objects. Furthermore, the incapacity of a solemnly professed religious to acquire or retain property for him-self is not an effect of the vow but of ecclesiastical law. Therefore, the vow does not effect a poverty of external privation. It aims essentially at a poverty by which a religious is to acquire, possess, and use nothing as his own. He is to dispose of material things not as belonging to himself but as to another. In the actual disposition of money or its equivalent for personal use, the comparison, used by Billuart, of religious to slaves, who have no property rights but use food and clothing as belonging to their masters, is to be true also of all professed of simple vows. The vow does not induce the privation of beggary but it does make the religious a beggar; he must ask and depend on another for all his needs. Externally the vow renders the indigence of tl~e religious greater than that of the beggar. The beggar 37 JOSEP.H F. GALLEN Reoiew [or Religious owns the alms he receives; the religious does not own any of the material things be is granted by a superior. The plea of the beggar can frequently, mask a heart of wealth. In his words he is asking, but in his heart he is dem, anding his own. The vow forces the reli-gious to be externally dependent, but it does not despoil his mind and heart of wealth. "The mere asking of a permission does not neces-sarily exclude a proprietary mind and will in the request and espe-cially in the ensuing retention and use of the object granted by the superior. A religious can ask permission in a spirit of dependence or as a mere legal formality. He.can consider himself the owner of what be asks and look upon the superior as the mere custodian of his own property, who must grant what he asks. He can very readily believe that religious poverty consists in the mere external asking for permis-sion. The essential poverty of the vow cannot be attained unless the religious is animated by the habitual interior attithde that everything he acquires, retains, and uses belongs to another and that be retains and uses them as belonging to another. This interior attitude apper-tains to the spirit of poverty, since the. vow is limited to external actions. The interior spirit of ownership frequently detracts from the per-fection of religious poverty. It will be sufficient to adduce one common example. "I should have it because it was given to me," is a principl.e of conduct not unknown to the heart of the religious. This produces what we may style the "rebate" system. A religious of simple vows receives an absolute and personal gift of five do,liars. Mbtivated by the fact that it was given to him, he will very fre-quently ask to use the five dollars or at least part of it. There is a deadly disjunction against this practice. The purpose for which he wishes to spend the money is either legitimate or illegitimate. If illegitimate, the superior may not give the permission, despite the fact that he received the gift. If legitimate, the fact of the gift is no motive for the religious to ask for the permission nor for the superior to give the permission: Th~ only licit motive in such a case is what the religious needs, not what be has received. The relation to per-mission in religion is to our necessities, not to our income. Such a religious observes the vow, since he asks for permission, but he is qualifying his poverty by mental proprietorship. His norm for asking permission is not what he religiously needs but what he ha~ financially received. The religious who has despoiled his mind and heart of proprietorship will turn over absolutely to the superior the 38 danuar~ . 1949 THE SPIRIT OF POVERTY absolute gift made to him. When the memory of this gift has grown cold, he will present his petition to the superior and allow it to stand or fall on its own merits. This habitual interior attitude is the primary requisite in the spirit of poverty. It is clearly demanded by the essential purpose of the vow and it is of great and universal efficacy in excluding dis-ordered attachments for material things. The religious who has fundamentally put off self in mind and will in regard to material things is not apt to yield to the selfishness of a disordered affection for such an object. The same habit is of equal efficacy in animating the observance of the vow. The religious who is habitually poor interiorly will not often seek riches in his external actions. This fundamental habit also excludes a great obstacle to perfect religious poverty, that is, externalism, formalism, and legalism with regard to the precepts and counsels of religious poverty. The religious who is habitually poor in heart has already strengthened the poverty that spiritual writers call the wall of religion, and he will not easily descend to the legalistic approach that seeks the crevices of "no obli-gation" in the vow and the laws of the Church on poverty. The removal of irregular attachments for material things is the proper object of the spirit of poverty. A religious should evaluate such things only according to their reasonable necessity for his life and work. Any motive or state of will contrary to this is a viola-tion of the spirit of poverty. It is evident that such an attachment can be verified also in the observance of the vow and the state of pov-erty. The external observance of the vow and of the law of the Church does not of itself completely purify the will. Ascetical writers give means for overcoming these attachments. Oftentimes, however, they fail to mention that a great source of the attachments is an ignorance of the purpose of religious poverty and the implicit persuasion of the sufficiency of the vow. A knowledge of this pur-pose and the conviction that the vow of poverty must be comple-mented by the spirit of poverty are efficacious and practical means for avoiding and conquering the attachments. While the spirit of poverty is principally a complement and exaltation 6f the vow, it is also a vivifying source of the observance of the vow. The religious who does not ask permission because of carelessness or fear of refusal, who is habitually loath to ask permis-sion fiecause of the inconvenience and the humiliation, or who asks permission only because he is forced by the vow and would other- 39 JOSEPH F. GALLEN Review [or Religious wise sin will very frequently find that his difficulty is an ignorance or lowered esteem of the spirit of poverty. He is conceiving poverty as something that is forced from him and not as his own free gift to God. Poverty has become a merely disciplinary and external matter and has lost its soul and beauty as one of the three essential means that are to unite his mind and will with God in a more perfect love, By considering poverty as something merely external, be can readily have grown into the habit of studying how to gratify and not bow to overcome his affections towards material things, of escaping and not of accept~,ng and seeking poverty. His need is not greater fidelity in asking permission but greater motivation for asking permission. The Spirit of Poverty and the State of Poverty Father Ellis defined the state of poverty: "Each institute has its own norm of poverty, that is, a limit as to the kind, quality, and quantity of material things permitted to the religious for their use. This limit is found determined in the constitutions or, as is more commonly the case in congregations with simple vows, in traditions, customs, and usage." (REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, July, 1948. p. 207). This limit admits of reasonable differences for such pur-poses as health or work. The expression, "state of poverty," is not too frequently found in modern usage. We have adopted it as con-venient and because it is the term used in this matter by the Council of Trent and by Clement VIII. There can be some lack of knowledge of the importance of the state of poverty in the religious, life. The persuasion that the vow is the one source of obligation has led many to believe that religious poverty is solely a poverty of dependence. It is true that the effect of the vow is a poverty of dependence, but the state of poverty is to produce at least some measure of external privation. This privation consists in the .exclusion of superfluities. The norm for distinguishing superfluities from necessities is that described in the definition given above. It is evident that the use of superfluities, without permission, is an independent proprietary act and, at least as such, a sin against the vow: but the source of the obligation of avoiding superfluities, even though a superior has granted permission, has been a matter of dis-pute for centuries. The Code of Canon Law seems to give an easy solution to tbi, s problem. Canon 5.94, §3 reaffirms a law of the Council of Trent. This law had again been emphasized by Clement 40 January, 1949 THE SPIRIT OF POVERTY. VIII, in 1599.~'The Vatican translation of canon 594, §3 is: "The furniture of the religious must be in accordance with the poverty 6f which they make profession." By "furniture" is meant all things given to supply the personal necessities of religious, as is clear from the description of Clement VIII. We are to take the words of this canon in their obvious sense, that is, they constitute a law and not a determination of the vow of poverty. The words of canon 594, §3, as also those of the Council of Trent and of Clement VIII, are clearly preceptive and directly oblige all religious, superiors and sub-jects. The laws of the Code are moral laws, not merely penal laws, and thus oblige immediately under sin. Therefore, the use of super-fluities, with permission, is a sin against this law. The permission of a superior does not exclude this malice, since lay superiors cannot dispense from the laws of the Church and clerical superiors have been granted no power of dispensing from this law. The importance of the spirit of poverty as inclusive of the state of poverty should be evident. The state of poverty complemen~ts the vow by adding at least some external privation to the dependence of the vow. It also refutes the maxim that permission makes anything licit in religious poverty. Within its essential degree, the state of poverty obliges immediately under sin. This essential degree is to acquire, retain, and use only what is necessary within the limit described in the definition of Father Ellis. The degrees of perfection and counsel are to seek or actually to suffer at times the privation of real necessities and to desire and to be satisfied with what is least in the community in food, clothing, lodging, and other personal neces-sities. The state of poverty is an essential part of the concept and law of common llfe, as prescribed for religious by canon 594. It is, per-haps, the fundamental note of this concept, since the other violations of common life, the habitual obtaining of necessities from externs and a dependent peculium, very frequently have their source in an unwillingness to observe the state of poverty. The Church is not unaware of abuses in common life and insists most emphatically on its observance in the Code of Canon Law. Canon 587, §2 enacts that common life must be perfectly observed in clerical houses of study; otherwise the students may not be promoted to orders. Canon 2389 Makes notable violations of common life an ecclesiastical crime, punishable with canonical penalties. The Sacred Congregation of Religious also inquires about the observance of common life in the 41 dOSEPH F. GALLEN Reoiew ~or Retigio~s quinquennial report that pontifical institutes must mdke to the H61y See. The history also of canon 594 reveals the great value that the Church places on common life and all of its parts. The religious who is sincerely desirous of perfect religious poverty will foster an equal evaluation. It seems idle to give specific examples of violations of the state of poverty. Any religious should know the limit of the definition given above from his study of his own institute and readily realize when he is exceeding that limit. It will not be impractical, however, to mention a rather general source of superfluities in r.eligion, and that is the addiction to gifts for personal use. Very frequently religious receive gifts, especially at such times as Christmas, feast days, and birthdays. A well-informed spectator might be tempted to bid on many of these gifts as irreligious surplus material. The cause is fre-quently in the religious himself. He has been asked what he wants, and all too often he mentions something for himself. His reaction to the,,proposed gift should have been: I can and should obtain from my community any legitimate necessity; therefore, I want nothing for myself from this extern. He should then propose a gift that wil! be useful to his community. The most practical gift for his com-munity or institute is money. We may find an occasional religious who is not living a poor life, but it will be most difficult to discover a religious institute that is not poor. At times it will not be prudent to propose' money, but such a proposal could be made with much greater frequency if the religious had constantly manifested in the past that his satisfaction and pleasure were in gifts made to his community. This attitude towards gifts is a natural consequence of common life. If we are constantly to recei;ce from the common fund, we should be willing to contribute to that fund. The absence of this attitude often implies a lack of religious maturity. It is the part of the child to receive but of the adult to give. The spirit of poverty, in all its applications, also admits a hier-archy of motive. For example, a religious, can observe the state of poverty and endure the privations of common life with mere resigna-tion, with alacrity and joy, with eager desire. He can observe the precepts and counsels of poverty from a motive of contempt of the things 6f this world, desire of eternal riches, or mortification to resemble Christ, Our Lord, from love of God and the desire of con-secrating all his affections to God's love and service. St. Bernard tells us that it is not poverty but the love of poverty 42 January, 1949 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS that is reputed virtue. It is not mere external observance of vow and law but dedication to the spirit of poverty that detaches the heart of the religious from the material goods of this world, that fulfills the purpose of religious poverty and effects the earthly, poverty that is productive of eternal riches. ( uesFons nnd Answers In a congregation professlncj a strlct decjree of poverty the followlncj custom is takin9 root. On the occasion of silver jubilees a wide variety of expensive cjiffs are received by the jubilarlan from friends and relatives. Silverware, hand missals, books, desk sets, wearln9 apparel, money for vacation trips and Mass stipends are common forms of jubilee cjiffs. May such a custom be allowed to develop without serious preiudlce ~'o the spirit of poverty and comr~unlty life? The toleration of personal gifts means in most institutes a pro-gressive relaxation of the spirit of poverty. The inquirer will read with profit the articles on Gifts to Religious (cf. REVIEW FOR RELI-GIOUS, VI and VII). The conscientious superior, in granting per-mission for any of the above-mentioned articles, will be guided by his own constitutions and canon 594, § 1, calling for uniformity of diet, dress, and: furnishings. It is diFicult to see bow a religious may be allowed to keep a set of silverware without detriment to common life. Hand missals are appropriate gifts; other books should be put at the disposal of the community when the jubilarian has finished with them. Generally speaking, books are acceptable as gifts because of their special community value. Desk sets, if permitted by custom, may be given to the jubilarian. But here too the superior must have in mind a certain uniformity of room equipment that is not to be violated by the use of a highly elaborate desk set. Wearing apparel should likewise be uniform and provided by superiors. Our last issue treated the question of money for vacation trips. Gifts for this purpose can give rise to very unfavorable comparisons in a reli-gious community. If a jubilarian wishes to devote some of the money received to the purpose of having Mass said for his intentions, there appear~ to be no reason why the superior may not grant this request. 43. Qu. ESTIONS AND ANSWERS Re~,~ew /:or Religious (Cf. REVIEW FUR RELIGIOUS, V, 335.) A sum' of money to be freely spent according to the wishes of the jubilarian could not be used without the approval of the superior, who must decide whether or not the individual objects to be bought are in keeping with common life. The questions here presented lead us to suggest that from the beginning of the religious life one should acquaint his relatives and friends with the idea of common life, which means uniformity in the use of material things. While a community may depend ~n bene-factors for help in many ways, the individual religious may nor enlist the economic aid of his relatives to defray his personal expenses. Even the shrinkage of convent income is no justification for. the gradual decay of the spirit of poverty. May a rellg~ous who has charge o{ an extra-currlcular activity in a school keep in his own room funds devoted fo fhls actMty? The ordinary rule, according to canon 594, § 2, is that such funds should be deposited with the bursar. Special circumstances would justify the superior's granting permission to keep the funds under lock and~key in a private room. May the celebrant of the Sunday community Mass give the Asperges? Authentic declarations of the Sacred Congregation of Rites tell us that the Asperges is to be given to the people before sung Masses on Sunday in collegiate churches. By a collegiate church is meant one in which a chapter of canons daily chant the Divine Office, just as is done in a cathedral. In our own country there are no such chapters. The Asperges rna~! be given in other churches. In many churches it is the custom to have the Asperges before the parochial Mass if it is sung; if it is a low Mass, no custom prescribes it. Concerning the Asperges before the Sunday Mass in a religious community, the cus-tom of the diocese 'should be followed. May a Superior, without violating his rule, give an occasional alms to a beggar? Canoh 537 permits almsgiving on the part of religious for a just cause according to the constitutions. Hence an occasional act of charity towards a mendicant would be permitted by any institute. 44 danuary, 1949 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS A novice completes his novitiate on the 10th of Aucjust. In orde¢ to make his first profession with other novices who are due on the 15th of Aucjust, he is asked to wait until that date. Does the five-day interval in any way affect the validity of his profession? The novice's first profession is certainly valid. Canon 571, § 2 states tbat'a novice who is judged fit is to be admitted to the profe's-sion on the expiration of the novitiate, (exacto novitiatu). Nothing\ in the canon indicates that the delay of a few days in such circum-stances as those pointed out above would nullify the profession. Ac-cording to canon 1 l, the express statement of the nullifyir;g character of a law must be made if it is to have this effect. No such statement is made in canon 571, § 2. Is an extern, who has been chosen by a novice accordln9 to canon 569, § I as administrator of his property durin9 the time of his simple pro-fession, obliged to make to superiors a periodic account of the disposition of the revenue arlsin9 from the religious' estate? Since the Code makes no statement prescribing such a periodic report, there is no obligation to do so unless it is required by the approved constitutions of the institute. m7~ Are all Catholics excused from the obllcjafion of Sunday Mass once they have attempted marriage before a Protestant minister or have attempted to remarry after havin9 obtained a civil divorce? The questioner apparently is concerned about a statement that appeared in REVIEW FOR RELIGIOUS, VI, 215. The article treated certain aspects of the duty of hearing Mass, and it mentioned that there is a difference of opinion among theologians and canonists con-cer, ning the obligation of excommunicated persons. Having indicated this difference of opinion, the article states: "By reason of their excommunication they are deprived of their right to assist at Mass; hence some moralists argue that they cannot have a duty to do so. In practice, they may be considered as excused from the obligation; but they certainly have a duty to do what is necessary to be absolved from the excommunication." The answer to the present question, therefore, comes to this: if the parties are excommunicated, they do not have the duty of attending Mass, but they do have a duty of taking the means neces- 45 DECISIONS OF THE HOLY SEE Review for Religious sary to be absolved of their excommunication; if they are not excom-municated, they have tile duty of assisting at Mass. Are all the parties mentioned in this question excommunicated? It would be impossible for us to give a general answer to the question because for the actual incurring of an excommunication many condi-tions must be fulfilled. The best way to solve a particular case is to refer all the facts to a canonist and let him judge the conditions. Decisions o[ Holy