Suchergebnisse

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Prudent Fiscal Policy-Creating Fiscal Buffers in Good Times -- B. Improving Infrastructure and Containing Fiscal Risks -- C. Strengthening Inflation Targeting and the Transmission of Monetary Policy -- D. Developing a Resilient Financial Sector in Support of Economic Growth -- E. Structural Agenda-Enhancing the Business Climate and the Rule of Law -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Tax Measures in the 2019 Budget -- FIGURES -- 1. GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Trade and the Current Account -- 3. Real Sector Developments -- 4. Monetary Sector Developments -- 5. External Sector Developments -- 6. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 7. Banking Sector Developments -- 8. Electricity Sector-Selected Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2014-23 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Lek billions) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Payment of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Euro millions, unless stated otherwise) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2014-23 -- 5. Monetary Survey, 2014-23 -- 6. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2014-23 -- ANNEXES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Growth at Risk and Spillovers -- V. Arrears-Why They Persist and How to Eliminate Them -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES -- RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Contributors -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Note on Albanian Place Names -- Note on Albanian Pronunciation -- Map: Albania's Districts and Neighbours -- 1 Introduction: Puzzle and Paradox -- 2 Albania's Distinctiveness -- 3 Land, Regions and People -- 4 Politics, 1990-96 -- 5 Liberalization -- 6 Privatization -- 7 Stabilization -- 8 Safety-Nets and Social Security -- 9 Institution-Building -- 10 Changes in Production and Trade Patterns -- 11 Public Finance -- 12 Labour and Employment -- 13 Financial Institutions -- 14 Foreign Resources -- 15 Events of 1997 -- 16 Prospects and Priorities -- Bibliography -- Index

The period of the fall of the communist regime and the emergence of political pluralism is one of the most important periods of recent national history. Although this is a short period, it is packed with many important events of a political, economic and cultural nature.For more than four decades, respectively since the Second World War in Albania has ruled the Albanian Labor Party. This regime is known as one of the wildest regimes in Europe and the world. Based on the Marxist-Leninist Doctrine this regime and its suite led by dictator Enver Hoxha had good diplomatic relations in the beginning with Tito's former Yugoslavia until 1948, with which he severed diplomatic relations by declaring that "Yugoslav revisionists were neither for peace nor for socialism. They were linked to the imperialists and helped to overthrow the communist regimes in the countries bordering Yugoslavia." The Soviet Union until 1960, then seceded from the USSR and approached China that lasted until 1978, when it severed ties with China that led to the formula of self-isolation untill 1991. Afterwards Albania would be the most isolated country in the world and would fanatically defend Marxism-Leninism and Stalinism that had been denounced by Khrushchev and Soviet Union. The communist regime in Albania will lead a strange and incomprehensible foreign policy. After the severance of Albania's relations with the socialist bloc, the communist ruling clique did not see the way to wake up and reconsider the issue of Albania's foreign policy in order to be oriented toward the west which would open new perspectives in the development of the Albanian society. During the 80s the economic situation in Albania will become unbearable and after all the efforts made by the Albanian Labour Party to save the regime will not succeed and when the situation came to boiling point it erupted in December 1990. The situation was followed by much unrest until the pluralist political system emerged and the victory of the Democratic Party in March 1992 came to power.

Der Verfasser gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Albaniens in den Jahren 1986 bis 1991, die den Hintergrund für die gegenwärtige Wirtschaftskrise und die Bemühungen um eine Wirtschaftsreform bildet. Er analysiert im folgenden Ansätze der Wirtschaftsreformpolitik 1991, die sich vor allem auf eine Ausgabebegrenzung, die Einführung eines einfachen Steuer- und Abgabensystems sowie die Privatisierung von Betrieben und Land konzentrieren. In der zweiten Jahreshälfte 1992 standen vor allem eine strenge Austeritätspolitik sowie die Strukturreform der Wirtschaft im Vordergrund. Innenpolitisch hält die Diskussion über die Schocktherapie und die Alternative einer graduellen Reform an. (BIOst-Wpt)

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Albania and EU Accession -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. National Constitution of Albania -- 3. The Role of the Judiciary (National Courts) in Albania -- 4. The Role of the Executive (Government and Administration) in Albania -- Introduction -- 5. The Role of the National Parliament (Assembly) of Albania -- 6. Introduction to the New Accession Approach of EU and Its Member States -- 7. The 12 Key Priorities of the Commission of 11 December 2012 -- 8. Evaluation of Albania's Application for the EU Candidate Status -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Determinants of Growth in Southeast Europe in Two Decades of Transition -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Macroeconomic and Growth Performances: Some Stylised Facts -- 3. An Overview of the Literature -- 4. The Empirical Framework -- 5. Econometric Results on Real Determinants of Growth -- 6. Evidence on Institutions and Structural Reforms -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Variables and Data Sources -- Appendix B: Full Sample of 27 Transition Economies -- References -- Chapter 3 -- The Coexistence of Inclusionary Policies and Exclusionary Practices of the Roma Minority in Albania: Unclosed Gaps between Theory and Practice -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Framework of EU Conditionality -- 2.1. A Brief Overview of the External Incentives Model -- 2.2 EU Conditionality and Roma Minority Rights -- 3. The Effect of EU Conditionality on Social Integration of Roma Minority in Albania -- 3.1. Profile of Roma Minority in Albania -- 3.2. The Effect of the EU Conditionality on the Adoption of the Albanian Legislation towards Promotion and Protection of Roma Minority Rights: Mechanisms and Instruments -- 3.3. The Effect of EU Conditionality on Social Inclusion of Roma Minority in Albania -- 3.3.1. Access to Education.

Overview of transition to a market economy; discusses macroeconomic stabilization, monetary policy, privatization and private sector development, foreign aid, and other issues.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK -- CAPACITY TO REPAY THE FUND -- RISKS AND POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Risks to Growth -- B. Risks to the Public Finances -- C. Risks from the Financial Sector -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Assessing the VAT Effectiveness in Albania and Measures to Enhance it -- 2. Albania's Power Sector: Challenges and Solutions -- FIGURES -- 1. Government Revenues -- 2. Real Sector Developments -- 3. Monetary Sector Developments -- 4. External Sector Developments -- 5. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 6. Banking Sector Developments -- 7. Electricity Sector-Selected Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macroeconomic Framework, 2015-24 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2015-24 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2015-24 (Millions of Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2015-24 (Millions of Euros) -- 5. Monetary Survey, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks. unless otherwise indicated) -- 6. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2015-24 (Billions of Leks) -- 7. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2012-19 -- 8. Indicators of Capacity to Repay the Fund, 2016-24 (in Millions of SDRs) -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. Recent Developments of Financial Regulations in Albania -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- CAPACITY TO REPAY THE FUND -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Mitigating Risks to Public Balance Sheets -- B. Strengthening Bank Balance Sheets -- C. Strengthening the Inflation Targeting Framework -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. Public-Private Partnerships in Albania -- FIGURES -- 1. Real GDP Growth and Inflation -- 2. Monetary Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Banking Sector Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Basic Indicators and Macreconomic Framework, 2014-23 -- 2a. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 2b. General Government Operations, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 3a. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 3b. Balance of Payments, 2014-23 (Millions of Euros) -- 4. External Financing Requirement and Sources, 2014-23 -- 5. Indicators of Capacity to Repay to the Fund, 2013-23 -- 6. Monetary Survey, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 7. Summary of Accounts of the Central Bank, 2014-23 (Billions of Lek) -- 8. IMF Core Indicators of Financial Soundness, 2007-17 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) -- II. Adverse Scenario -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA)