Suchergebnisse

Disposal of agricultural wastes are posing environmental hazards which leads to efforts of efficiently utilizing them. This study surveyed a sugar central and a fruit processing plant to collect data on the volume of wastes from representative agricultural crops (e.g. mango, citrus, pineapple, sugarcane, papaya and soybean) in the Philippines during the 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 seasons, respectively. Their potential use in aquafeed was examined in terms of nutritional quality, presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and pesticide residues. About 40 to 60 % of agricultural wastes generated after processing were peels, pulps or brans, seeds, bagasse, molasses and okara. Most of the agricultural wastes had high levels of fiber and carbohydrate, and low levels of protein, although okara (25 % crude protein) and citrus by-products (11–16 % crude protein) showed acceptable nutritional quality. ANFs such as lignin are largely present in all agricultural wastes, whereas high levels of phenols, and saponins and alkaloids were found in mango seeds and mango peels, respectively. Pesticide residues were detected only in mango and citrus peels but at levels below the maximum residue limits of FAO Codex Alimentarius. From both nutritional and environmental perspectives, agricultural wastes have potential use in aquafeed production but their suitability should be further elucidated in diets for omnivorous fish species such as tilapia. ; The study was supported by the Government of Japan – Trust Fund 6 under the study code: 8300-B-RD-FD0415. The authors thank the staff of the sugar central, fruit processing plant and government offices for sharing their data with the authors and Mr. Nemencio Olorvida for his assistance during field collection.

Disposal of agricultural wastes are posing environmental hazards which leads to efforts of efficiently utilizing them. This study surveyed a sugar central and a fruit processing plant to collect data on the volume of wastes from representative agricultural crops (e.g. mango, citrus, pineapple, sugarcane, papaya and soybean) in the Philippines during the 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 seasons, respectively. Their potential use in aquafeed was examined in terms of nutritional quality, presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) and pesticide residues. About 40 to 60 % of agricultural wastes generated after processing were peels, pulps or brans, seeds, bagasse, molasses and okara. Most of the agricultural wastes had high levels of fiber and carbohydrate, and low levels of protein, although okara (25 % crude protein) and citrus by-products (11–16 % crude protein) showed acceptable nutritional quality. ANFs such as lignin are largely present in all agricultural wastes, whereas high levels of phenols, and saponins and alkaloids were found in mango seeds and mango peels, respectively. Pesticide residues were detected only in mango and citrus peels but at levels below the maximum residue limits of FAO Codex Alimentarius. From both nutritional and environmental perspectives, agricultural wastes have potential use in aquafeed production but their suitability should be further elucidated in diets for omnivorous fish species such as tilapia. ; The study was supported by the Government of Japan – Trust Fund 6 under the study code: 8300-B-RD-FD0415. The authors thank the staff of the sugar central, fruit processing plant and government offices for sharing their data with the authors and Mr. Nemencio Olorvida for his assistance during field collection.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Agriculture Industry -- 1.1.1 Effect of Agricultural Activity -- 1.1.2 Sustainable Agricultural Practice -- 1.2 Agricultural Waste -- 1.2.1 Agricultural Waste Type -- 1.3 Agricultural Waste Management Strategies -- References -- Chapter 2: Pyrolysis Products from Residues of Palm Oil Industry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Pyrolysis of Palm Oil Industry Wastes -- 2.2.1 Materials -- 2.2.2 Pyrolysis Experiments -- 2.2.3 Product Analysis -- 2.3 Characterization of Raw and Modified Palm Oil Industry Wastes and Their Pyrolysis Products -- 2.3.1 Characterization: Comparison with Other Waste Biomasses -- 2.3.2 Global Yields and Composition of Liquid and Gaseous Products in the Pyrolysis: Comparison with Other Waste Biomasses -- 2.3.3 Potential Applications of Pyroligneous Acid and Bio-oil -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Application of Novel Biochars from Maize Straw Mixed with Fermentation Wastewater for Soil Health -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Novel Biochars -- 3.2.1 Preparation of Novel Biochars -- 3.2.2 Characteristics of Novel Biochars -- 3.2.2.1 Surface Area, Porosity, pH, and Elemental Compositions of Novel Biochars -- 3.2.3 Functional Groups on the Surface of Novel Biochars -- 3.3 Influences of Novel Biochars on Soil Health -- 3.3.1 Influences of Novel Biochars on Soil Properties -- 3.3.2 Influences of Novel Biochars on Plant Growth and Crop Yield -- 3.3.3 Influences of Novel Biochars on Soil H2O2 Enzymatic Activity -- 3.4 Future Prospect -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Utilization of Oil Palm Fiber and Palm Kernel Shell in Various Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Biomass from Oil Palm Industry -- 4.3 Characteristics and Compositions of Oil Palm Fiber (OPF)

Waste generation has become a major concern to the government, environmental regulatory bodies, and the society, especially with the current population pressure as well as the economic and social factors in Nigeria. This study was focused on design, construction, and performance evaluation of an Agricultural Waste-Shredder using locally available materials. The selected materials used to fabricate the machine were Metal sheet, Angle iron bars, Pulleys, belt, shaft, and Prime mover. The shredder has the feeding unit, the shredding unit, power transmission unit and the machine frame. The performance of the machine evaluated with beans stalk, the performance indices investigated were shredding efficiency and throughput capacity. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to Maximize the efficiency of the machine at operational Speeds of 360rpm, 650rpm, and 975rpm with sieve apertures of 20mm, 30mm, and 40mm respectively. Maximum shredding efficiency of 93% was obtained when the shred aperture was 20mm at shredding speed of 975rpm. The maximum throughput capacity was 6.10kg kg/m at speed 975rpm and a minimum value of 5.14kg/m at 325rpm respectively. A quadratic model for shredding efficiency explained 94.78% of the variation in shredding efficiency. R2(pred) of 70.42% suggests that the model is fit. The machine is easy to use and with a low cost of production to small and medium scale entrepreneurs in agriculture.

Research works have been made to determine the negative influence of agricultural wasteproducts from peasant fanns to the environment in eastern region of Latvia (Latgale). It isascertained that since Latvia has got independence, great amount of peasant farms have beenestablished which have got from 2 to IO ha of land in property in most cases where peasantskeep cattle, grow crops and vegetables for their needs. As a rule peasant has 1-2 catties, pigs,hens, sometimes sheeps. There are also another farn1s with great amount of land and cattle butnot so many. Technology of waste recycling is used in such farms. State control of waterpollution is also conducted. Ground and underground waters are polluted in peasant farms.The main reasons of pollution are: chemical (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, oil products);bilogical (manure, liquid manure, dead bodies of animals and wastes ); domestic (glass andplastic packages (capacities), polyethylene of greenhouses, used domestic electrical devices).Mass burning of last year's grass in last years is a result of destruction of useful groundmicroorganisms, flora and fauna. Lack of depositories for manure, inappropriate use ofmanure and liquid manure causes too much nitrates in ground and pollution with helmits. Themain reasons of ecosystem's pollution are: individual peasants' low level of ecologicalculture, incomplete legislation. There are a lot of both national and European legislative Actsthat regulate toxicants' influence to the environment but all of them need to be unified.Almost all of the legislative Acts are accesible on the Internet, besides they are requiringpayment, but the Internet is not available for majority of peasants. Activities for reduction ofenvironmental pollution are offered in connection with such situation. Such activities are:perfection of legislation, establishing system of agricultural waste products' gathering, sortingand recycling, establishing depositories for manure and technologies for manure's using,creation of "waste free" technology for cattle's slaughter, meat and dairy production'sprocessing, making the role of State services and public organisations in increasningecological competence of population more important, apportioning extra finances forenvironmental protection in peasant farms. ; Research works have been made to determine the negative influence of agricultural wasteproducts from peasant fanns to the environment in eastern region of Latvia (Latgale). It isascertained that since Latvia has got independence, great amount of peasant farms have beenestablished which have got from 2 to IO ha of land in property in most cases where peasantskeep cattle, grow crops and vegetables for their needs. As a rule peasant has 1-2 catties, pigs,hens, sometimes sheeps. There are also another farn1s with great amount of land and cattle butnot so many. Technology of waste recycling is used in such farms. State control of waterpollution is also conducted. Ground and underground waters are polluted in peasant farms.The main reasons of pollution are: chemical (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, oil products);bilogical (manure, liquid manure, dead bodies of animals and wastes ); domestic (glass andplastic packages (capacities), polyethylene of greenhouses, used domestic electrical devices).Mass burning of last year's grass in last years is a result of destruction of useful groundmicroorganisms, flora and fauna. Lack of depositories for manure, inappropriate use ofmanure and liquid manure causes too much nitrates in ground and pollution with helmits. Themain reasons of ecosystem's pollution are: individual peasants' low level of ecologicalculture, incomplete legislation. There are a lot of both national and European legislative Actsthat regulate toxicants' influence to the environment but all of them need to be unified.Almost all of the legislative Acts are accesible on the Internet, besides they are requiringpayment, but the Internet is not available for majority of peasants. Activities for reduction ofenvironmental pollution are offered in connection with such situation. Such activities are:perfection of legislation, establishing system of agricultural waste products' gathering, sortingand recycling, establishing depositories for manure and technologies for manure's using,creation of "waste free" technology for cattle's slaughter, meat and dairy production'sprocessing, making the role of State services and public organisations in increasningecological competence of population more important, apportioning extra finances forenvironmental protection in peasant farms.