Suchergebnisse

The lack of adequate statistical compilations in the US makes it very difficult to assess trends in aggressive crime or other types of criminal offenses. An examination of the UNIFORM CRIME REPORT data for the past 17 yrs indicates much lower increases in aggressive crime rates than in property-crime rates. At the same time there was no increase in the murder rates. Calif statistical data show similar diff's between the crimes of personal violence & property crimes, the former rising at a much slower rate than the latter. The fact that there is no breakdown of general-offense groupings which will disclose the degrees of seriousness within the offenses reported is a grave handicap toward assessing the real crime situation. It is suggested that a good part of the rise in crime rates may be the result of the increased reporting of offenses at the lower end of the serious scale in all types of criminal offenses. The fact that murder rates had not increased further supports this hyp. Until there is developed a complete information system of criminal justice within each state which will accurately account for & describe offenses, offenders, each step in the process of the administration of justice, & the areas of correctional treatment, there will never be available the needed basis for determining with any degree of exactness what are the real trends in the various kinds of criminal offenses. HA.

I characterize the incentives to undertake strategic investments in markets with Nash competition and endogenous entry. Contrary to the case with an exogenous number of firms, when the investment increases marginal profitability, only a "top dog" strategy is optimal. For instance, under both quantity and price competition, a market leader overinvests in cost reductions and overproduces complement products. The purpose of the strategic investment is to allow the firm to be more aggressive in the market and to reduce its price below those of other firms. Contrary to the post‐Chicago approach, this shows that aggressive pricing strategies are not necessarily associated with exclusionary purposes.

The lack of adequate statistical compilations in the United States makes it very difficult to assess trends in aggressive crime or other types of criminal offenses. An ex amination of the Uniform Crime Report data for the past seventeen years indicates much lower increases in aggressive crime rates than in property-crime rates. At the same time there was no increase in the murder rates. California statistical data show similar differences between the crimes of personal violence and property crimes, the former ris ing at a much slower rate than the latter. The fact that there is no breakdown of general-offense groupings which will disclose the degrees of seriousness within the offenses reported is a grave handicap toward assessing the real crime situation. It is suggested that a good part of the rise in crime rates may be the result of the increased reporting of offenses at the lower end of the serious scale in all types of criminal offenses. The fact that murder rates had not increased further supports this hypothesis. Until there is developed a complete information system of criminal justice within each state which will ac curately account for and describe offenses, offenders, each step in the process of the administration of justice, and the areas of correctional treatment, there will never be available the needed basis for determining with any degree of exactness what are the real trends in the various kinds of criminal offenses.

In Anknüpfung an die aktuelle Diskussion über die sogenannte "Friedensbewegung" diskutiert der Autor die verschiedenen Formen der Diskriminierung des Pazifismus, vor allem diejenigen, die unter der Formel "lieber rot als tot" vorgebracht werden. Den Ursprung der gegenwärtigen Agigation gegen den Pazifismus sieht der Autor in den USA. In den zugrundeliegenden Denkschemata sieht er eine Paralelle zu dem faschistischen Freund-Feind-Denken Carl Schmitts. In den USA selbst habe der seit der Wahl Ronald Reagans vorangetriebene "Superamerikanismus" eigentlich keinen Rückhalt in der Bevölkerung. In der Bundesrepublik gebe es jedoch eine traditionsreiche Tendenz zu theoretischen und praktischen Formen des Freund-Feind-Denkens. Die gegenwärtige Pazifistenverketzerung habe in erster Linie den Zweck, das mit voller Überlegenheitsabsicht vorangetriebene Wettrüsten zu rechtfertigen. (KA)

Zusammenfassung: Nach Berkowitz kann jede Art von negativem Affekt nach einer Frustration den Anreiz für aggressive Reaktionen darstellen. Ob eine offene aggressive Reaktion erfolgt, ist jedoch abhängig von den kognitiven Verarbeitungsprozessen im Anschluss an den negativen Affekt. Innerhalb dieses Prozesses können z. B. Schuld-Attributionen und soziale Normen zum Tragen kommen. Fragestellung der vorliegenden Studie war, ob in Abhängigkeit vom sozialen Kontext (inner- vs. außerfamiliär) verbal-aggressive Reaktionen durch eigenes Verschulden einer Frustration gehemmt werden. N = 211 Vpn bearbeiteten 40 Schilderungen fiktiver Frustrationssituationen, wobei die Schuld an der Frustration (eigene vs. keine Schuld) und die Art des Interaktionspartners/der Interaktionspartnerin (Familienmitglied vs. Fremde/r) variiert wurde. Wie vorhergesagt zeigten die Vpn bei eigener Schuld an der Frustration weniger verbal-aggressive Reaktionen als bei Frustrationen, an denen sie unschuldig waren. Innerhalb der Familie fiel der Effekt der Schuld aber geringer aus als bei fremden Interaktionspartner/inne/n. Diskutiert wird, welche Faktoren aggressive Reaktionen trotz eigener Schuld begünstigen.

I. War -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Relativity of the State of war -- 3. 'Constructive' State of war -- 4. 'War' in Nuremberg and Tokyo -- 5. Disappearance of the Concept of war -- II. War of Aggression -- 1. War as a Status and war of Aggression -- 2. Aggressive war and Aggression -- 3. Aggression and Defence -- 4. The Function of a Definition of Aggression -- 5. The Determination of the Aggressor -- 6. Definition of Aggression -- III. Evolution Towards Nuremberg -- 1. Introductory -- 2. Antiquity and the Orient -- 3. Bellum Justum in Western Christianity -- 4. The Period of Indifference -- 5. The Period of Discrimination -- 6. The Doctrine of International Penal law -- IV. The Punishment for Aggressive war -- 1. The Second World war -- 2. The Charter of London -- 3. The Judgments -- 4. The Doctrine on Nuremberg -- 5. Consequences of Nuremberg -- V. Implementation of the 'Nuremberg Principles' -- 1. The Affirmation of the 'Nuremberg Principles' -- 2. The Formulation of the 'Nuremberg Principles' -- 3. The Draft Code of Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind -- 4. Jurisdiction over Offences Against the Peace and Security of Mankind -- Postscript.

Utilizing data from a survey of attitudes and behavior of more than 2,500 residents of selected rural, urban, and university communities in the Federal Republic of Germany, Edward Muller attempts to formulate and to test a general multivariate theory about what motivates individuals to participate in aggressive political action. Since this kind of political behavior is infrequent in addition to being difficult to measure, it rarely has been subjected to rigorous scientific investigation at the micro-level. Professor Muller's study is an attempt to understand the causes of aggressive political participation using quantitative techniques.Originally published in 1979.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905