There is no one set definition for the phrase "ad hoc networks". The term refers to the ability for members of a network to establish a network connection between devices. Ad hoc networks are relevant both in technical terms of certain network infrastructures, as well as in terms of the social, political and economic modes of self-organisation they enable. This requires people to combine software and hardware tools to set up peer-to-peer infrastructure that provides access to temporary information networks, as well as networking standards and policy frameworks. When long-standing, these can adapt to become local area networks. An example of an ad hoc network is a temporary cryptocurrency economy, such as a Decentralised Autonomous Organisation, which can connect people, information, and resources online and in person for a specific purpose.
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks comprise a fast developing research area with a vast spectrum of applications. Wireless sensor network systems enable the reliable monitoring of a variety of environments for both civil and military applications. The Energy efficiency continues to be a key factor in limiting the deployability of ad-hoc networks. Deploying an energy efficient system exploiting the maximum lifetime of the network has remained a great challenge since years. The time period from the instant at which the network starts functioning to the time instant at which the first network node runs out of energy, i.e. the network lifetime is largely dependent on the system energy efficiency. In this paper, we look at energy efficient protocols, which can have significant impact on the lifetime of these networks. The cluster heads get drain out maximum energy in the wireless ad hoc networks. We propose an algorithm that deals with minimizing the rate of dissipation of energy of cluster heads. The algorithm LEAD deals with energy efficient round scheduling of cluster head allocation of nodes and then followed by allocation of nodes to the cluster heads maximizing network lifetime using ANDA [1, 2]. We compare our results with the previous works.
In: Aldabbas , H , Alwada'n , T , Janicke , H & Al-Bayatti , A H 2012 , ' Data Confidentiality in Mobile Ad hoc Networks ' , International Journal of Wireless and Mobile Networks , vol. 4 , no. 1 , pp. 225-236 . https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2012.4117
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring infrastructure-less networks comprised of mobile nodes that communicate over wireless links without any central control on a peer-to-peer basis. These individual nodes act as routers to forward both their own data and also their neighbours' data by sending and receiving packets to and from other nodes in the network. The relatively easy configuration and the quick deployment make ad hoc networks suitable the emergency situations (such as human or natural disasters) and for military units in enemy territory. Securing data dissemination between these nodes in such networks, however, is a very challenging task. Exposing such information to anyone else other than the intended nodes could cause a privacy and confidentiality breach, particularly in military scenarios. In this paper we present a novel framework to enhance the privacy and data confidentiality in mobile ad hoc networks by attaching the originator policies to the messages as they are sent between nodes. We evaluate our framework using the Network Simulator (NS-2) to check whether the privacy and confidentiality of the originator are met. For this we implemented the Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs), as NS-2 agents that manage and enforce the policies attached to packets at every node in the MANET.
Underwater sensor networks have become increasingly interesting in the past four decades. They can be used in a multitude of scenarios, commercial and military alike. Underwater networks can communicate in several ways, but when nodes are far apart, underwater acoustic communication is the only feasible way. The complex underwater acoustic channel puts high demands on the network protocols. The physical layer needs to contend with short coherence times, high intersymbol interference and significant Doppler spread. The routing protocol needs to handle intermittent connectivity and mobile network topologies, such as autonomous underwater vehicle networks. The medium access control protocol needs to manage medium access with high latency and potentially high packet loss ratios without congesting the network. The available acoustic modems are still rather expensive, which limits the size of a sensor network. Voices have also been raised from the academia for a paradigm shift, from hardware-defined, proprietary modems to software-defined, open-architecture modems, in order to accelerate research in the field and enable interoperability. This paper reviews the recent advancements in designing and implementing underwater networks on several levels and discusses some interesting approaches to underwater ad-hoc networking. The focus lies on acoustic communication.
Mobile Ad-hoc networks have been widely researched for many years. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks are a collection of two or more devices equipped with wireless communications and networking capability. These devices can communication with other nodes that immediately within their radio range or one that is outside their radio range. The Wireless Ad-hoc Networks do not have gateway, every node can act as the gateway .Mobile ad hoc networks have many advantages over traditional networks, such as scalability, mobility and robust city. The network can be formed easily. It is gained more and more attention in recent years for the using in urgent and abrupt occasion, for example communication in military battlefield, salvage, temporary assembly and open country construction, etc. This paper focuses on the study of Ad-Hoc Network and its protocols.The concept of dynamic mobility is also introduced because nodes are moving from one place to another place, within this network any node can join the network and can leave the network at any time. This paper mainly focused upon the architecture, operating principle of Ad-Hoc networks. The various types of Routing Protocols are also discussed in this Paper; and finally applications, advantages and limitations of Ad-Hoc Networks are also discussed.Keywords: Ad-Hoc Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing Protocols, MANET
An ad hoc network is composed of geographically dispersed nodes that may move arbitrarily and communicate with each other without the support of a stationary infrastructure. Compared with a wireless network with a stationary infrastructure, such as a cellular network, an ad hoc network is inherently less efficient. Therefore, a number of proposals have been made to develop a quasi-stationary infrastructure for ad hoc networks. However, the dynamic nature of ad hoc networks makes it very costly to maintain such an infrastructure. This article proposes a Vertex-Linked Infrastructure (VLI) for ad hoc networks. This novel approach uses an easily deployable, survivable, wired infrastructure as a backbone of the ad hoc network, thus realizing the advantages of an infrastructure in wireless communications, but without the overhead due to maintaining such an infrastructure. ; published_or_final_version
Active Routing in Ad-Hoc NetworksAlejandro Rivera Leal, M.Sc.Instituto Tecnol ́ogico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2007AbstractThe great interest in wireless networks has been tested recently offering a set of dif-ferent possibilities for mobile users, that are bringing us closer to voice and data commu-nications "anytime and anywhere". Some outstanding solutions in this field are WirelessLocal Area Networks, that offer high-speed data rate in small areas, and Wireless WideArea Networks, that allow a greater mobility for users.In different cases, just like the rescue operations, emergency and military environ-ments, the need to establish a dynamic communications with no reliance on any kind ofinfrastructure is very important. Then, the easy of fast deployment that ad hoc networksprovides us becomes of great usefulness. Ad hoc networks are integrated by mobile hoststhat work together with each other in a distributed way for the transmissions of packetsover wireless links, their routing, and the management of the network itself. Their featurescondition their design in several network layers, so that parameters like bandwidth or en-ergy consumption, that appear critical in a multi-layer design, must be carefully taken intoaccount.This work, is made with the intention to find questions and research problems, is veryimportant for the design of an ad hoc network to study some of their critical design andperformance issues. As the throughput per node is identified as the limiting factor in theirperformance, the bounds that available network capacity can achieve are considered, aswell as the different factors that impact on this capacity and, consequently, that suggestpossibilities to increase it. Furthermore, the problems routing algorithms for ad hoc net-works have to solve are investigated, in addition to the medium access control mechanisms.There exists a significant dependence between the medium access control layer and thenetwork layer, and, indeed, a complete integration of the diverse design solutions available in the different network layers of the protocol stack is still not achieved. This thesis alsoincludes a review about quality of service mechanisms in ad hoc networks
In: International journal of business data communications and networking: IJBDCN ; an official publication of the Information Resources Management Association, Band 5, Heft 1, S. 40-59
Ad hoc networks present special issues that often makes classical approaches for network analysis insufficient. In this paper we propose a new methodology to study communication protocols and architectures in ad hoc networks. Usually, solutions for ad hoc scenarios are analyzed and evaluated through simulative tools. The paper shows limitations of the traditional simulative approach and the improvements that the Discrete Fourier Transform analysis can produce if it is applied on the results from simulations. The proposed methodology gets advantages (such as simplicity and flexibility) from simulative investigation approaches overcoming the great drawback of loss of information on rare events. In fact, it transfers the time-dependent measurements into the frequency domain allowing to point out the occurrence of events which take place only under particular conditions and to detect occasional misbehaviors of the system. For these reasons the presented technique is suitable for both protocol debugging and system performances evaluation.
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETS) promise much in the ability to rapidly deploy a wireless network in a fashion where no prior planning is needed and the network can be running efficiently and with high security within minutes. Natural disaster response, military, education and business provide areas where MANETS can offer significant advantages in communication where infrastructure networks may take days to set up or may be impossible to implement. This research reviews a selection of MANET protocols to show the progression of the research and the issues that are yet to be addressed. It discusses the challenges to researchers in improving ad hoc schemes to the point where they work in theory and in practice. Areas are highlighted that pose the most significant challenges to developing new security protocols and some food-for-thought is given for those who wish to contribute to this growing area of importance for wireless communication.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Management von Diensten im mobilen ad-hoc Netzwerken (MANETs). MANETs sind drahtlose Netzverbände mobiler Einheiten die sich dezentral ohne eine übergeordnete Organisation selbst verwalten. Die Netztopologie eines MANET verändert sich dabei dynamisch mit der Bewegung der autonomen Teilnehmer. Sensor Netzwerke, Personal Area Networks und Satelliten Netzwerke sind typische Beispiele für derartige MANETs. Mit der wachsenden Bedeutung der drahtlosen Vernetzung mobiler Geräte haben sich MANETs in den vergangenen Jahren zu einem wichtigen Forschungsgebiet entwickelt. Im Katastrophenmanagement, bei zivilen Rettungsfällen oder in militärischen Szenarien kann ihre infrastrukturlose Selbstorganisation MANETs zum einzig möglichen Kommunikationsmittel machen. Die mobilen Knoten eines MANETs kooperieren um essenzielle Netzwerkdienste wie das Routing und den Datentransport gemeinschaftlich zu gewährleisten. Ressourcen wie die Bandbreite zwischen Knoten, die Rechenleistung der mobilen Geräte und ihre Batterieleistung sind dabei typischerweise stark begrenzt und zudem wechselnd. Das Teilen der verfügbaren Ressourcen ist daher eine Notwendigkeit für das effiziente Funktionieren eines MANETs. Dienstorientierte Architekturen (SOAs) stellen ein geeignetes Paradigma dar, um geteilte Ressourcen zu verwalten. Wenn verfügbare Ressourcen als Dienst aufgefasst werden, lässt sich ihre Nutzung als Dienstabfrage bearbeiten. In diesem Zusammenhang ermöglichen SOAs Abstraktion, Kapselung, lose Koppelung, Auffindbarkeit von Ressourcen und dir für MANETs essenzielle Autonomie. Die Anwendung von SOAs auf MANETs findet daher zunehmend Beachtung in der Forschung.
Ad Hoc Networks are infrastructure less network in which nodes are connected by Multi-hop wireless links. Each node is acting as a router as it supports distributed routing. Routing challenges occurs as there are frequent path breaks due to the mobility. Various application domains include military applications, emergency search and rescue operations and collaborative computing. The existing protocols used are divided into proactive and on demand routing protocols. The various new routing algorithms are also designed to optimize the performance of a network in terms of various performance parameters. Dual reinforcement routing is learning based approach used for routing. This paper describes the implementation, mathematical evaluation and judging the performance of a network and analyze it to find the performance of a network.
A wireless ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically self-organize into an arbitrary and temporary topology to form a network without necessarily using any pre-existing infrastructure. These characteristics make ad hoc networks well suited for military activities, emergency operations, and disaster recoveries. Nevertheless, as electronic devices are getting smaller, cheaper, and more powerful, the mobile market is rapidly growing and, as a consequence, the need of seamlessly internetworking people and devices becomes mandatory. New wireless technologies enable easy deployment of commercial applications for ad hoc networks. The design of an ad hoc network has to take into account several interesting and difficult problems due to noisy, limited-range, and insecure wireless transmissions added to mobility and energy constraints. This paper presents an overview of issues related to medium access control (MAC), routing, and transport in wireless ad hoc networks and techniques proposed to improve the performance of protocols. Research activities and problems requiring further work are also presented. Finally, the paper presents a project concerning an ad hoc network to easily deploy Internet services on low-income habitations fostering digital inclusion ; 8th IFIP/IEEE International conference on Mobile and Wireless Communication ; Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI)
