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Breaking Laws: Violence and Civil Disobedience in Protest questions the complex relationship between social movements and violence through two contrasted lenses; first through the short-lived radical left wing post '68 revolutionary violence, and secondly in the present diffusion of civil disobedience actions, often at the border between non-violence and violence. This book shows how and why violence occurs or does not, and what different meanings it can take. The short-lived extreme left revolutionary groups that grew out of May '68 and the opposition to the Vietnam War (such as the German Red Army Faction, the Italian Red Brigades, and the Japanese Red Army) are without any doubt on the violent side. More ambiguous are the burgeoning contemporary forms of "civil" disobedience, breaking the law with the aim of changing it. In theory, these efforts are associated with non-violence and self-restraint. In practice, the line is more difficult to trace, as much depends on how political players define and frame non-violence and political legitimacy.

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations, Organizations, and Parties -- Introduction to Breaking Laws -- Part 1. Revolutionary Violence Experiences of Armed Struggle in France, Germany, Japan, Italy, and the United States -- Isabelle Sommier Translated by Marina Urquidi -- 1. Introduction to Part 1: Revolutionary Violence in Context -- 2. A Subject Concealed -- Violence and Social Movements: Fragmented Analytic Traditions -- Distinguishing Terrorism and Revolutionary Violence -- The Silence Surrounding 1968 -- The '1968 Years': A Cycle of Protest -- 3. A Revolutionary Period? -- The International Context -- The Student Revolts -- The United States -- Japan -- Germany -- France and Italy -- The Generational Dimension of Revolt -- The Growth of the Extreme Left -- The United States -- Japan -- Germany -- France -- Italy -- The Autonomous Movement -- 4. Radicalization Processes -- Repression and Countermovements -- Germany -- Italy -- Japan -- The United States -- Competition and Mutual Influences -- The United States -- Italy -- Japan -- France -- Social Isolation -- High-Risk Commitment and the Logics of Clandestine Action -- 5. Strategies of Violence -- Propaganda of the Deed -- The United States -- Japan -- France -- Resistance and Urban Guerrilla Warfare -- Germany -- Italy -- The Insurrectionary Model: Taking the Attack to the Heart of the State -- Anti-Imperialism and the Transnationalization of Actions -- Germany -- France -- Japan -- 6. The End of a Cycle -- Anti-Terrorist Policies -- The United States -- Japan -- France -- Germany -- Italy -- A Farewell to Arms -- Italy -- Germany -- France -- 7. Conclusion to Part 1 -- Part 2. Civil Disobedience -- Graeme Hayes and Sylvie Ollitrault -- 8. Introduction to Part 2: Civil Disobedience in Perspective -- 9. Definitions, Dynamics, Developments.