Suchergebnisse

We apply MCMC sampling to approximately calculate some quantities, and discuss their implications for learning directed and acyclic graphs (DAGs) from data. Specifically, we calculate the approximate ratio of essential graphs (EGs) to DAGs for up to 31 nodes. Our ratios suggest that the average Markov equivalence class is small. We show that a large majority of the classes seem to have a size that is close to the average size. This suggests that one should not expect more than a moderate gain in efficiency when searching the space of EGs instead of the space of DAGs. We also calculate the approximate ratio of connected EGs to connected DAGs, of connected EGs to EGs, and of connected DAGs to DAGs. These new ratios are interesting because, as we will see, they suggest that some conjectures that appear in the literature do not hold. Furthermore, we prove that the latter ratio is asymptotically 1. Finally, we calculate the approximate ratio of EGs to largest chain graphs for up to 25 nodes. Our ratios suggest that Lauritzen-Wermuth-Frydenberg chain graphs are considerably more expressive than DAGs. We also report similar approximate ratios and conclusions for multivariate regression chain graphs. ; This work is funded by the Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT) and a so-called career contract at Linkoping University, by the Swedish Research Council (ref. 2010-4808), and by FEDER funds and the Spanish Government (MICINN) through the projects TIN2010-20900-C04-03 and TIN2010-20900-C04-01.

Since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was put forward in 2013, 172 countries and international organizations have signed cooperation agreements with China, and the cumulative trade volume of goods has reached 9.2 trillion US dollars. At the same time, the study of the BRI has gradually become a "promising research field", which has aroused the warm attention of scholars in China and around the world. However, while foreign scholars focus more on the international factors and global impact of the BRI, Chinese scholars prefer to analyze the domestic background of the BRI and its great contribution to China's development. Among them, The Belt and Road Initiative and the Development of Western China, written by Professor Zhao Lei, is a representative work in Chinese academia. Zhao Lei is a well-known Chinese political scientist whose research focuses on Chinese diplomacy and international relations. He currently works at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee and is the author of The Belt and Road Initiative: China's Civilizational Rise and many other books and articles.

The present communication aims to discuss the main topics related to Trump's Doctrine and its effects on the implementation of global governance to fight against Climate Change. To present the argument, first, we will analyze the relation between global governance and climate change, followed by a general view of the climate change by some Republican Party members, and finally, the current policies already put in place by President Trump

The study was supported by the "Acción Transversal del Cáncer", approved on the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11 October 2007, by the Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants, co-funded by FEDER funds -a way to build Europe-PI08/1770, PI09/0773, PI12/00715, PI09/1903,PI09/2078; PI09/1662; PI11/01403; PI12/00150;PI12/00488;PI15/00914;PI17CIII_00034;by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla grant API 10/09, by the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía grant 2009-S0143, by the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana grant AP061/10, by the Regional Government of the Basque Country, by the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias, by the University of Oviedo and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Juan de la Cierva de Incorporación grant IJCI-2014-20900. ; Gutiérrez-González, E., Castelló, A., Fernández-Navarro, P., Castaño-Vinyals, G., Llorca, J., Salas, D., Salcedo-Bellido, I., Aragonés, N., Fernández-Tardón, G., Alguacil, J., Gracia-Lavedan, E., García-Esquinas, E., Gómez-Acebo, I., Amiano, P., Romaguera, D., Kogevinas, M., Pollán, M., Pérez-Gómez, B.

Georgia has significant hydropower potential and there are plans to construct a number of new hydropower plants (HPPs). However, concerns have been raised about the impact of these new HPPs on local communities, as well as damage to pristine mountain environments and the biodiversity of the Caucasus. Additionally, Georgia is situated in a seismically unstable region, meaning it is prone to frequent tremors and earthquakes. There have been a number of protests about proposed projects, notably clashes between police and protestors in April 2019 over the construction of an HPP in the Pankisi Gorge. Thus, the example and experience of Georgia raises questions about the push towards renewables, in particular the need to ensure project sustainability. This article will assess the contribution that hydropower makes to Georgia's energy mix, future projects and what lessons can be drawn from the Georgian experience about the demands of balancing the country's electricity needs against environmental and social costs.

Wine has been cultivated in the Caucasus for thousands of years. Caucasian viticulture experienced its greatest evolution and development during Soviet rule. However, Gorbachev's anti-alcohol policy and the transformation processes in the 1990s led to a dramatic decline in wine production. For the last 15 years, the viticulture in this region has experienced rediscovery, renewal, and growth. Although Russia remains the largest and most important export market for the wines from Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, all three countries try to diversify export destinations and to penetrate non-CIS countries. The following article outlines the developments in the wine industry of these three Caucasian countries and identifies similarities between them.

Rezension zu: Marcuse, Herbert: Nachgelassene Schriften. Bd. 6, Ökologie und Gesellschaftskritik. Springe: zu Klampen 2009. 978-3-924245-87-0

In this paper we study how different theoretical concepts of Bayesian networks have been extended to chain graphs. Today there exist mainly three different interpretations of chain graphs in the literature. These are the Lauritzen-Wermuth-Frydenberg, the Andersson-Madigan-Perlman and the multivariate regression interpretations. The different chain graph interpretations have been studied independently and over time different theoretical concepts have been extended from Bayesian networks to also work for the different chain graph interpretations. This has however led to confusion regarding what concepts exist for what interpretation. In this article we do therefore study some of these concepts and how they have been extended to chain graphs as well as what results have been achieved so far. More importantly we do also identify when the concepts have not been extended and contribute within these areas. Specifically we study the following theoretical concepts: Unique representations of independence models, the split and merging operators, the conditions for when an independence model representable by one chain graph interpretation can be represented by another chain graph interpretation and finally the extension of Meeks conjecture to chain graphs. With our new results we give a coherent overview of how each of these concepts is extended for each of the different chain graph interpretations. ; Funding Agencies|Center for Industrial Information Technology (CENIIT); Swedish Research Council [2010-4808]; FEDER funds; Spanish Government (MICINN) [TIN2010-20900-004-03]

Ambitious climate protection is a complex challenge and task for society as a whole which requires the interaction of a wide range of actors. Civil society organisations (CSOs) play a crucial role in shaping the national climate policy framework and its implementation. They are a constructive driving force in the transformation process, bringing the needs and interests of local people into national and international discourse. International agreements and national laws require their participation in environmental decision-making processes. But which opportunities do Georgian CSOs currently have to participate in national climate policy? This article analyses opportunities for and barriers to participation in climate political decision-making, for example during the update of Georgia's National Determined Contribution (NDC), and gives recommendations on how the involvement could be improved in the future.

This article looks at Azerbaijan's renewable energy developments. Existing research and media coverage of international energy politics in the South Caucasus is overwhelmingly dominated by a focus on oil and gas pipelines, especially in Azerbaijan, due to its central place in traditional hydrocarbon fuels markets. This article aims to expand the scope of the literature on energy to bring more attention to Azerbaijan's renewable energy sector, investigating the potential of and challenges to renewable energy development in the country. The key questions are: why would a small oil and natural gas-rich country seek to develop renewable energy? Who is promoting renewable energy in Azerbaijan and with what effects? And finally, how do low oil prices and Covid-19 affect the progress of renewable energy in Azerbaijan?

In April 2021, Georgia published its updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) document, setting more ambitious objectives and targets compared to the previous NDC. Although Georgia faces various national security threats, such as ongoing Russian occupation and the Covid-19 pandemic, it stays committed to the objectives of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement. With its insignificant share of the total global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and considering the country's national circumstances (as a developing country with high mountains and diverse climate regions, Georgia is already experiencing climate change impacts throughout its territory), adaptation is becoming a more urgent need for Georgia. However, it is still lacking a national adaptation strategy. Even though the climate policy of Georgia is outlined in several documents aiming to strengthen the country's commitment, they are lacking consistency. This article describes the climate change policy arrangement of Georgia, its particular national context, and challenges the country faces in its climate mainstreaming process.

This article presents the experience inter/transdisciplinary of a team teachers developed collectively by the fourth year of Pedagogy course, of the State University of Goiás, Campus Inhumas, developed in academic year of 2014. The Sustainable Cities and Sustainable Schools Project was organized in the context of work project (HERNÁNDEZ, 1998), interdisciplinary organization (JAPIASSU, 2003) and transdisciplinarity look (NICOLESCU, 1999; Moraes, 2008; Suanno, 2013, 2014) for complex thinking about sustainable cities (UN Habitat, 2014 ; Letter of Medellin, 2014; Sustainable Cities/MEC Program, 2014; Sustainable Schools/MEC Program, 2013; Metropolis Observatory, 2014), taking an ecosystem reflection, complex and phenomenological.

Carnaus im Hampp-Verlag veröffentlichte Dissertation wurde 2010 am KIT in Karlsruhe im Fach Philosophie eingereicht. Der Autor ist von Hause aus Ingenieur und verfolgte mit seinem Projekt eine moralphilosophische Reflexion seiner Berufserfahrungen als Umweltexperte in der Papier- und Zellstoffindustrie. "Daher habe ich frühzeitig die Entscheidung getroffen, die Umsetzung des Nachhaltigkeitsleitbildes nicht auf der anwendungsbezogenen strategisch-operativen, sondern vorrangig auf der normativen Ebene der Moralphilosophie zu suchen." (Vorwort). Carnaus Grundmodell entspricht zunächst dem Drei-Säulen-Modell der Nachhaltigkeit, wird dann aber zu einem Tetraeder der Nachhaltigkeitsethik erweitert. Grafisch wird das in der Fläche, also in zwei Dimensionen darstellbare Nachhaltigkeitsdreieck um eine dritte Dimension erweitert. Der neue Pol dieses nun dreidimensionalen, räumlichen Gebildes wird mit 'Ethik' beschriftet, seine Schenkel mit 'Umweltethik', 'Wirtschaftsethik' und 'Sozialethik'.