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Objective To identify the factors associated with an adequate perception of body image in relation to body weight. Material and methods An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in a representative sample of the European Union (7155 men and 8077 women). Body Mass Index (BMI) was grouped into four categories, perceived body image was assessed using the nine silhouettes drawing scheme. A multivariable logistic regression model for each sex was used to adjust for potentially confounding variables. Results Underweight men and women classi®ed themselves better than other groups (92.9% of correct answers among men and 79.3% among women). Overall, women classi®ed themselves better than men (57.6% vs. 32.7%). Discussion Perceived body image as a method of assessment for body weight has different validity depending on sociodemographic or attitudinal categories. Perceived body image as an estimate of the nutritional status has a limited individualized application. Thus, perhaps it could be applied as a proxy measure of adiposity among slim males and among slim and overweight females, but not among the other groups.

Frequent emergency department (ED) use is a public health and policy relevant concern but has not previously been examined in the Medicare population. We conducted a retrospective, claims-based analysis of a nationally representative 20% sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries in 2010 ( n = 5,778,038) to examine frequent ED use. We used multinomial logistic regression to study the relationship between frequent ED use and sociodemographic, outpatient care, and clinical characteristics. Factors that were most strongly associated with frequent ED use included being age 18 to 34 years compared with 65 to 74 years (relative risk ratio = 20.5, confidence interval [CI; 19.7, 21.3]) and mental illness (relative risk ratio = 6.8, CI [6.7, 6.9]). Low versus high continuity of care was associated with 24% (95% CI [1.21, 1.26]) greater risk of frequent compared with non-ED use. Although clinical and demographic characteristics are most strongly associated with frequent ED use, poor continuity of care is also a contributor.

This paper answers the following question: Do the uncertainty and salience of issues determine whether the European Commission will use an expert group to assist with policy formulation? Using rationalist theory, three hypotheses test whether transversality, the importance of standard-setting and the salience of a policy proposal determine whether a Commission DG will ask an expert group to assist in preparing that same proposal. Data was retrieved from official documents via EUR-Lex. A binary logistic regression analysis has been conducted on a sample of 260 proposals that were drafted by DG Climate Action, DG Communications Networks, Content and Technology, DG Environment and DG Internal Market and Services. All proposals were adopted between 2010 and 2013. The empirical analysis shows that expert group involvement in policy formulation is neither negligible nor ubiquitous in terms of frequency as expert groups assisted in preparing 33,5% of the proposals. DGs were significantly more likely to consult an expert group when the proposal under preparation was more transversal in nature and/or when that proposal treated standard-setting more pro-nouncedly. In contrast, the salience of a proposal was shown to be insignificantly related to the presence of an expert group during policy formulation.

This paper answers the following question: Do the uncertainty and salience of issues determine whether the European Commission will use an expert group to assist with policy formulation? Using rationalist theory, three hypotheses test whether transversality, the importance of standard-setting and the salience of a policy proposal determine whether a Commission DG will ask an expert group to assist in preparing that same proposal. Data was retrieved from official docu-ments via EUR-Lex. A binary logistic regression analysis has been conducted on a sample of 260 proposals that were drafted by DG Climate Action, DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology, DG Environment and DG Internal Market and Services. All proposals were adopted between 2010 and 2013. The empirical analysis shows that expert group involvement in policy formulation is neither negligible nor ubiquitous in terms of frequency as expert groups as-sisted in preparing 33.5% of the proposals. DGs were significantly more likely to consult an expert group when the pro-posal under preparation was more transversal in nature and/or when that proposal treated standard-setting more pro-nouncedly. In contrast, the salience of a proposal was shown to be insignificantly related to the presence of an expert group during policy formulation.

This paper answers the following question: Do the uncertainty and salience of issues determine whether the European Commission will use an expert group to assist with policy formulation? Using rationalist theory, three hypotheses test whether transversality, the importance of standard-setting and the salience of a policy proposal determine whether a Commission DG will ask an expert group to assist in preparing that same proposal. Data was retrieved from official doc-uments via EUR-Lex. A binary logistic regression analysis has been conducted on a sample of 260 proposals that were drafted by DG Climate Action, DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology, DG Environment and DG Internal Market and Services. All proposals were adopted between 2010 and 2013. The empirical analysis shows that expert group involvement in policy formulation is neither negligible nor ubiquitous in terms of frequency as expert groups as-sisted in preparing 33.5% of the proposals. DGs were significantly more likely to consult an expert group when the pro-posal under preparation was more transversal in nature and/or when that proposal treated standard-setting more pro-nouncedly. In contrast, the salience of a proposal was shown to be insignificantly related to the presence of an expert group during policy formulation.

This paper answers the following question: Do the uncertainty and salience of issues determine whether the European Commission will use an expert group to assist with policy formulation? Using rationalist theory, three hypotheses test whether transversality, the importance of standard-setting and the salience of a policy proposal determine whether a Commission DG will ask an expert group to assist in preparing that same proposal. Data was retrieved from official docu-ments via EUR-Lex. A binary logistic regression analysis has been conducted on a sample of 260 proposals that were drafted by DG Climate Action, DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology, DG Environment and DG Internal Market and Services. All proposals were adopted between 2010 and 2013. The empirical analysis shows that expert group involvement in policy formulation is neither negligible nor ubiquitous in terms of frequency as expert groups as-sisted in preparing 33.5% of the proposals. DGs were significantly more likely to consult an expert group when the pro-posal under preparation was more transversal in nature and/or when that proposal treated standard-setting more pro-nouncedly. In contrast, the salience of a proposal was shown to be insignificantly related to the presence of an expert group during policy formulation.

This paper answers the following question: Do the uncertainty and salience of issues determine whether the European Commission will use an expert group to assist with policy formulation? Using rationalist theory, three hypotheses test whether transversality, the importance of standard-setting and the salience of a policy proposal determine whether a Commission DG will ask an expert group to assist in preparing that same proposal. Data was retrieved from official doc-uments via EUR-Lex. A binary logistic regression analysis has been conducted on a sample of 260 proposals that were drafted by DG Climate Action, DG Communications Networks, Content & Technology, DG Environment and DG Internal Market and Services. All proposals were adopted between 2010 and 2013. The empirical analysis shows that expert group involvement in policy formulation is neither negligible nor ubiquitous in terms of frequency as expert groups as-sisted in preparing 33.5% of the proposals. DGs were significantly more likely to consult an expert group when the pro-posal under preparation was more transversal in nature and/or when that proposal treated standard-setting more pro-nouncedly. In contrast, the salience of a proposal was shown to be insignificantly related to the presence of an expert group during policy formulation.

The current study aims to investigate the relation of training and motivation with job performance and study has used connivance sampling technique to acquire the data. Where the population of the study contains on the southern Punjab schools and sample of the study contains on the DG-Khan schools teachers. Thus, correlation analysis, regression analysis are applied at the study. And the results showed the significant relation of training, insignificant relationship of motivation with job performance.

This research introduces Meta-Analysis Structural Equation Modeling (MASEM), a novel method that integrates meta-analysis (MA) and structural equation modeling (SEM). The method helps researchers to comprehensively understand issues in the strategic management field. Applying MASEM to analyze data from 112 papers, covering 101,981 observations, the results can be summarized as follows. (1) Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is significantly positively correlated with firm performance (FP), which addresses the issue of inconsistency among prior studies' findings. (2) There is a significantly positive correlation between EO and market orientation (MO) and a significantly positive relationship between MO and FP, indicating that MO is a mediator variable to the EO-FP. (3) Environmental dynamism (ED) increases a positive link exists between MO and FP; in other words, compared to low ED, the presence of high ED enhances the correlation between MO and FP significantly. (4) ED influences the slope of MO's function as a mediator between EO and FP - that is, high ED increases the slope of the intermediary effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus, and low ED reduces the slope of the mediation effect of MO on the MO-FP nexus. These findings provide new thoughts and insights for studies on the correlation between EO and FP and offer substantial suggestions for enterprises. The aforementioned results indicate that besides providing deeper insights and a more comprehensive understanding, MASEM presents deeper insights for researchers and is more efficient than the traditional meta-analysis method. Moreover, MASEM can be applied to in other fields and used with other methods for greater in-depth analyses. Overall, the MASEM technique herein has high reliability and validity when utilized for discussing relationships among variables and gives more comprehensive and accurate conclusions in theoretical and practical aspects.

AbstractIntroductionWhile various antiretrovirals have been studied as potential candidates for long‐acting pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), the bimonthly injectable cabotegravir—the first long‐acting form of PrEP—was approved in 2021. Event‐driven (ED) PrEP has been the most prevalent dosing regimen among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in Taiwan, providing a unique setting to observe the preferences for long‐acting PrEP in a community where the daily regimen is not the mainstream method. This study aimed to determine the preferences for the different forms and dosing intervals of long‐acting PrEP that are currently in the development pipeline.MethodsWe conducted a survey in 2021 by convenience sampling the users of social networking applications for GBMSM in Taiwan. Our survey included questions on sexual behaviours, current PrEP regimens and the preferences for potential candidates of long‐acting PrEP, such as implants, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. We compared the Likert‐scale preference ratings for potential long‐acting options, and conducted logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with a preference for bimonthly intramuscular injections (2M IM) over ED and daily PrEP regimens, respectively.ResultsA total of 1728 responses were eligible for analysis. Three percent of respondents (n = 52) were daily PrEP users; 11.5% (n = 198) were ED PrEP users. When not considering cost, current PrEP users—regardless of their original dosing regimen—were most likely to express preferences for monthly oral PrEP, followed by a 6‐month subcutaneous injectable (6M SC) and 2M IM. However, among non‐current PrEP users, monthly oral PrEP was the most preferred form, followed by ED, daily oral and 6M SC injectable. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that current daily users, those willing to take PrEP in the next 6 months and those with more sex partners in the last 12 months had a significant correlation with preferences for the 2M IM injectable over the ED PrEP.ConclusionsThe monthly oral form was the most preferable long‐acting PrEP among GBMSM in Taiwan. Current daily PrEP users preferred the 2M IM injectable over the ED PrEP, which made the 2M IM injectable a potential alternative. Further studies should focus on how the cost and delivery affect PrEP preferences and their actual uptake.

The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between financial indicators in the Slovak engineering industry. We analyse the dependence of the financial indicator return on assets (ROA) on other financial indicators of companies in the engineering industry of the Slovak Republic, namely indicators of indebtedness (ED, FL, TI), liquidity (QR, CR, NWC/A), productivity (VA/PC, VA/S), cost efficiency (PC/S), and activity (TA). The research sample comprises the data of 34 significant Slovak engineering companies for the period 2008-2020. Tests for slope homogeneity demonstrated heterogeneity, which motivated the use of a partially heterogeneous framework for short panel data models – a regression clustering approach. This method divides the entities into clusters so that the column coefficients are homogeneous inside the clusters. The 4-cluster model appeared to be the most favorable model for the studied group of companies. The conducted procedures can be extended to companies from other economic sectors. Understanding of the relationship between ROA and other financial indicators allows for more effective business management.

Abstract. Flood risk management generally relies on economic assessments performed by
using flood loss models of different complexity, ranging from simple
univariable models to more complex multivariable models. The latter account for a
large number of hazard, exposure and vulnerability factors, being
potentially more robust when extensive input information is available. We
collected a comprehensive data set related to three recent major flood events
in northern Italy (Adda 2002, Bacchiglione 2010 and Secchia 2014), including
flood hazard features (depth, velocity and duration), building
characteristics (size, type, quality, economic value) and reported losses.
The objective of this study is to compare the performances of expert-based
and empirical (both uni- and multivariable) damage models for estimating the
potential economic costs of flood events to residential buildings. The
performances of four literature flood damage models of different natures and
complexities are compared with those of univariable, bivariable and
multivariable models trained and tested by using empirical records from
Italy. The uni- and bivariable models are developed by using linear,
logarithmic and square root regression, whereas multivariable models are
based on two machine-learning techniques: random forest and artificial neural networks. Results provide important insights about the choice of the
damage modelling approach for operational disaster risk management. Our
findings suggest that multivariable models have better potential for
producing reliable damage estimates when extensive ancillary data for flood
event characterisation are available, while univariable models can be
adequate if data are scarce. The analysis also highlights that expert-based
synthetic models are likely better suited for transferability to other areas
compared to empirically based flood damage models.

AbstractPurpose/AimTo investigate factors associated with self‐reported dry mouth (xerostomia) among older adults seeking dental care at a University clinic.Materials and MethodsA query was performed in the electronic records database and de‐identified data were collected from patients aged 65 + recorded on the date that the initial health history was entered. Among these patients, data about patients' medications, gender, age, BMI, tobacco use, alcohol addiction, diabetes, heart disease, joint replacement, allergies to medications, hypertension, and mental disorders were obtained. Evaluation of potential risk factors for dry mouth was performed using univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyzes (alpha = 0.05).ResultsA total of 11,061 subjects were included in the analysis, 51.5% of whom were women. The mean age in years was 74.2 ± 7.0, the median number of medications was 7 (IQR = 4–11), and 38.5% of the participants reported dry mouth. The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of xerostomia for subjects who took 11 +, 7–10, or 4–6 medications were 3.34, 2.07, or 1.38 times those of subjects who had took 0–3 medications, respectively.ConclusionNumber of medications showed a strong and dose‐dependent association with xerostomia.