Suchergebnisse

Christian parties, which emerged as organized parliamentary powers in the second half of the 20th century, have a long history and initial phase, which is presented in this paper. The period of their historical, progressive development was a breakthrough, and a transition from the pre-revolutionary era to the post-revolutionary world, characterized by the liberalization of a strong state, industrialization and the emergence of social problems, new ideologies and processes of secularization. The development of Christian-democratic parties in Poland took place with almost two decades of delay in relation to the flwering of Christian democratic parties in Western Europe. The fist Christian democratic parties appeared in Poland only in the interwar period. During this period, the weakest point of Polish Christian democrats was the small share of intelligence in its ranks and lack of support from the Catholic Church. In the early 1990s, numerous Christian democratic groups began to appear on the Polish political scene, but none of them retained their positions for longer. First of all, it was characterized by a huge gap, almost arbitrary programme, which often had more to do with conservative ideology than with Christian-democratic one.

This paper is devoted to the collective memory during the 20-21th century of women intellectuals in Bulgaria, who had been acive public figures until World War II. It studies the work of memory (its formation, inventing, and forgetting), depending on political conditions in the country and in comparison with Europe. Emphasis is put on absence of female educated elites in the Bulgarian collective memory and in national reputation elites. The paper studies through historical and anthropological approach the presences/absences of women intellectuals in "realms of memory" (Pierre Nora). The research is done basing on discourse analysis of memorial plaques, monuments, names of streets, and squares. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n11p48

Introduction. The article compares the charters of Russian universities and brings to light the principles of universities' operation throughout their history from the 19th to the 21st century. The article describes the model of university autonomy in Russia and its influence on the development of the academia, including contemporary universities' ambitions in terms of global rankings.

Methods and Materials. The conceptual framework is based on the methods of documentary studies applied to analyze universities' charters and the procedures of their development and use, including the preparation of the draft version, editing and further adjustments as well as the origin and characteristics of the document, that is, whether they resulted from 'bottom-up' or 'top-down' initiatives. The documentary analysis reveals not only the functions of charters but also the degree of universities' autonomy as defined by these documents.

Analysis. In terms of their history and functions, three types of university charters can be identified: general (unified), standard and individual. In the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, individual charters were mostly based on standard provisions or charters, that is, they were 'top-down' initiatives. General and standard charters were devised by the related governmental agencies and, therefore, corresponded to the goals pursued by the government at that stage. Individual university charters resulting from 'bottom-up' initiatives were created in the transition periods of 1918–1922 and the 1990s, which were characterized by massive socioeconomic change and search for new models of higher education institutions.

Results. In the history of Russian higher education, there are several periods when universities had limited autonomy: early and mid-19th century (liberal reforms); 1920s (organizational and methodological experiments); 1960s (revival of limited autonomy of universities); 1990s (self-government and academic freedoms). Liberal cycles are directly reflected in the university charters, but the analysis of the procedural aspects of their development and functioning allows to conclude that autonomy should be considered as a temporary deviation from the basic model of a state university.

Introduction. The article compares the charters of Russian universities and brings to light the principles of universities' operation throughout their history from the 19th to the 21st century. The article describes the model of university autonomy in Russia and its influence on the development of the academia, including contemporary universities' ambitions in terms of global rankings. Methods and Materials. The conceptual framework is based on the methods of documentary studies applied to analyze universities' charters and the procedures of their development and use, including the preparation of the draft version, editing and further adjustments as well as the origin and characteristics of the document, that is, whether they resulted from 'bottom-up' or 'top-down' initiatives. The documentary analysis reveals not only the functions of charters but also the degree of universities' autonomy as defined by these documents. Analysis. In terms of their history and functions, three types of university charters can be identified: general (unified), standard and individual. In the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, individual charters were mostly based on standard provisions or charters, that is, they were 'top-down' initiatives. General and standard charters were devised by the related governmental agencies and, therefore, corresponded to the goals pursued by the government at that stage. Individual university charters resulting from 'bottom-up' initiatives were created in the transition periods of 1918-1922 and the 1990s, which were characterized by massive socioeconomic change and search for new models of higher education institutions. Results. In the history of Russian higher education, there are several periods when universities had limited autonomy: early and mid-19th century (liberal reforms); 1920s (organizational and methodological experiments); 1960s (revival of limited autonomy of universities); 1990s (self-government and academic freedoms). Liberal cycles are directly reflected in the university charters, but the analysis of the procedural aspects of their development and functioning allows to conclude that autonomy should be considered as a temporary deviation from the basic model of a state university. © 2020 Volgograd State University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR: 19-29-07154 ; This research is supported by the grant of the RFBR, project № 19-29-07154 mk "The Family Forming Human Capital in an Industrial City During the Demographic Transition: The Case of Yekaterinburg-Sverdlovsk".

The goal of this article is to analyse the changes in the depiction of animal themes in Polish children's and young adult literature in the context of cultural animal studies (CAS). The focus is mainly on Polish prose created in the 21st century, but older texts, starting from the 19th century, are discussed with the use of animal studies tools too. The starting point of the article is the assumption that empathy towards animals, inscribed in the majority of works for children and young people, may become the basis for further ethical reflection. The author analyses texts at the centre of which are such aspects of the human-animal relation as hunting, animal treatment and protection (e.g., veterinary clinics, sanctuaries, reserves), using animals for work (mines, army), as well as ethical aspects related to meat-eating.

U dosadašnjim istoriografskim tumačenjima, nedovoljna pažnja je poklanjana procesima preinačavanja urbane matrice Beograda, uzrokovanih promenljivim socio­ekonomskim interesima. Neuhvatljiv u svom vremenu i tek sa distance razumljiv, kulturni identitet srpske prestonice se u poslednja dva veka često menjao, uporedo sa njenim prostornim proširivanjem, gustim izgrađivanjem i demografskim omasovljavanjem. Radikalna i umerenija graditeljska preinačavanja, prevashodno izazvana ratnim razaranjima, diskontinuitetima u razvoju društva, promenama političkih uređenja, vladarskih i arhitektonskih ideologija, rezultirala su preteranom stilskom šarolikošću i visinskom neujednačenošću izgrađenog fonda. Preinačavanja su uglavnom inicirana planskim odlukama viših društvenih instanci ili spontanim, najčešće neobrazloženim manifestacijama tihe građevinske evolucije. Transformacije srpske prestonice preduzimane tokom poslednja dva veka najpre u vazalnoj, a potom nezavisnoj srpskoj i jugoslovenskoj državi, nejednako su se odražavale na sistem zatečene gradske strukture i život u njoj. Na osnovu dosadašnjih kritičkih promišljanja, preinačavanja se mogu diferencirati prema obimu realizovanosti, civilizacijskoj primerenosti (ili neopravdanosti), stepenu obrazloženosti, urbanističko­arhitektonskoj metodologiji i ideološko­ekonomskim platformama na kojima su počivala. ; So far, the historiographic thought has not paid enough attention to the processes of transforming urban patterns of Belgrade, caused by changing socio­economic interests. Evasive in real time and comprehensible only from a time distance, the cultural identity of the Serbian capital has often changed over the last two centuries, in parallel with its spatial growth, dense development and demographic boom. Its transformations, sometimes radical and sometimes more moderate, were primarily dictated by war destructions, discontinued social developments, overturning of political systems and with it ruling and architectural ideologies, which resulted in too many different styles and non-harmonized height lines of the constructed edifices. The alternations were usually initiated by decisions of state urban planners or spontaneous, mainly unjustified manifestations of 'silent' building evolution. These transformations of the Serbian capital which first occurred in a vassal and then in an independent Serbian and later Yugoslav state, had different impacts on the existing system of the city structures and the city life. According to critical thought so far, these transformations can be differentiated by the scope of their completion, civilizational appropriateness (or inappropriateness), degree of justifiability, urbanistic-architectural methodology and ideological­ economic platforms that inspired them.

This is book about death and dying, about attitudes that common people nowadays have towards their own death and death in general, about inexhaustible symbolic capital that makes event of death the most usable one in creating cultural and political strategies and rituals. Author travels from rural to urban spaces, from traditional to contemporary ritual forms and ideological frames, from private to public discourses, from everyday life to political spheres, from mystery to spectacle and vice versa. ; Наслов књиге био је инспирисан насловом утицајне студије Филипа Аријеса: "Есеји о историји смрти на западу". Приступи које се налазе у тој књизи охрабрили су ме да своју књигу осмислим као зборник мање или више независних текстова који су настајали током претходне деценије и да у њој сажмем најважнија сазнања о смрти и умирању у српској култури. Тако се, условно говорећи, књига може поделити на две тематске целине. У њој се налазе релзултати истраживања ритуалног понашања и ставова о смрти обичних људи, као и анализа различитих историјских и културних околности које су утицале на оваква схватања и праксе. Друга група есеја доноси анализе различитих испољавања феномена смрти у јавним просторима. Ова истраживања указују на јак утицају културних, политичких и религијских идеја и идеологија на обликовање јавних, колективних представа о смрти. Они такође указују и на обрнути процес – како ризница симбола садржана у "вечној тајни" одређује садржај и поруке политичких пракси. Основно ткање овог рукописа почива на фундаменталним хипотезама класичних танато-антрополошких истраживања, односно на амбивалентним, синхронијским и дијахронијским моделима који се тамо могу пронаћи. Један модел представља модерна друштва као она у којима су супротстављене чињенице потискивања говора о смрти у приватни простор, са једне стране, и инвазија смрти и слика умирања у јавном простору, са друге. Други модел је заснован на идеји да схватања смрти следе једносмерни еволутивни правац на релацији између традиције и модерности. Међутим, пажљиви читалац ће приметити да се тумачење појава из овог домена непрестано отима чврстом структурирању: ћутање о смрти у модерним и нео модерним (овај термин сугерише Тони Волтер, британски социолог) друштвима никако није апсолутна категорија, док се однос између традиције и модерности појављује као вишезначан, вишесмеран и препун дубинских међусобних прожимања. Интервјуи које сам спровела током истраживања, познанства, разговори и блискост са колегама које сам упознала на танатолошким конференцијама, као и растућа гомила литературе из студија смрти, подстакли су ме да ову књигу напишем у релативно "слободном стилу", који ми се чинио као најбољи начин да своја сазнања учиним доступним и читљивим широј читалачкој публици. Било како било, читаоци испред себе имају књигу о смрти и умирању. Њеним прелиставањем отвара се могућност литерарног путовања од сеоских до градских простора, од традиционалних до савремених ритуалних форми и идеолошких оквира, од приватних до јавних говора, од свакодневице до политичких сфера, од тајне до спектакла и назад. Ова књига нам неће помоћи да решимо тајну смрти, али може допринети разумевању неких њених облика у савременом друштву. ; Special editions, SASA, Institute of Ethnography ; vol. 83 / Posebna izdanja, SANU, Etnografski institut ; knj. 83

How do modern fiscal states arise? Perhaps the most dominant explanation, based on the European experience, is that democratic institutions that limited the extractive power of states-exemplified by the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England-paved the way for the rise of fiscal capacity and subsequent prosperity. Revisionist accounts, however, reveal that this dominant narrative is flawed. In fact, numerous factors converged to enable the rise of European fiscal states, and in England, debt and land were particularly salient factors. Building off this literature, I bring attention to the role of 'taxless public financing' (i.e. financing public infrastructure through means other than taxation) in the making of fiscal states in two seldom compared cases: 19th-century America and 21st-century China. Both countries relied heavily on taxless financing to launch an infrastructure boom that spurred rapid growth along with massive corruption and financial risks.

The budget is one the most important management tools that the State has to its survival and that of its citizens. Its development and perfectionism go hand in hand with the political, economic, and social changes experienced by the State undergo. From a minimum state where the public expending is subordinate to the Executive Power willingness, we move to a public budget system that incorporate different political actors in the setting of public expending. In the following lines we offer an approach to the public budget evolution, with special attention in the state transformation and the appearance of new political actors that intervene in the elaboration of its creation. ; El presupuesto es una de las herramientas de gestión más importantes que tiene el Estado para su supervivencia y la de sus ciudadanos. Su desarrollo y perfeccionamiento se dan de la mano con los cambios políticos, económicos y sociales que experimenta el Estado. De un estado mínimo donde el gasto público está subordinado a la voluntad del Ejecutivo, pasamos a un sistema de presupuesto público en donde se incorporan diferentes actores políticos en la fijación del gasto público. En las siguientes líneas ofrecemos una aproximación a la evolución del presupuesto público, con especial atención en las transformaciones del Estado y en la aparición de nuevos actores políticos que intervienen en la elaboración es su creación.