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Introduction. The Civil War in the United States (1861–1865) has been of considerable interest to historians, lawyers, economists, and political scientists for more than 150 years. The internal political struggle that broke out in the middle of the 19th century between the two regions of the young democratic state seems to be a valuable object of research. However, scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the "inevitable conflict", their transformation and rebirth depending on the historical period and the political situation are of even greater interest. This article attempts to summarize the main trends in the historiography of the causes of the Civil War in the United States, mainly in foreign historiography. Methods of research and materials. The methodological basis of the study was made up of general scientific and private scientific methods. The historical-legal, comparative method, as well as sociological, concrete-historical and systemic methods are used. The theoretical basis of the study was the work of mainly foreign historians, lawyers, political scientists and state historians. Analysis. Without denying the centrality of slavery among the causes of the Civil War, researchers identify religious, economic, political and social factors as the key determinants of the separatist movement in the South. A special place in American studies is occupied by the consideration of the role of African Americans in inciting conflict, the personality factor of A. Lincoln, as well as the influence of the abolitionist movement and journalists on the growing confrontation between the North and the South. At the same time, all directions, one way or another, boil down to the fact that it was slavery that was the fundamental cause of the Civil War. The peculiarities of the formation of each of the scientific directions were determined by the socio-economic and political conditions that took place in a particular historical period. Results. The periodization of scientific approaches to the study of the causes of the Civil War in the United States in the historical and legal literature can be carried out by dividing the research into three main periods: the "confrontational" (second half of the 19th century); the "socio-economic" (beginning – middle of the 20th century); the "industrial" (middle of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century). In the period from the beginning of the 21st century to the present, there is an obvious consensus on the central role of slavery among the determinants of war, but approaches to this problem in recent years have been characterized by interdisciplinarity, complexity, taking into account completely different sides of the conflict. Each of these areas has contributed to the formation of a holistic view of the causes of the Civil War, allowing us to realize the complex, multifaceted nature of the causes of the conflict and to reject two-dimensional approaches to their understanding. Key words: American Civil War, causes of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln, slavery in the United States, the Missouri Compromise, abolitionists, history of the USA.

Many Civil War authors have written works which have discussed the contribution individual states made to the war effort. These authors, however, have failed to consider the contributions made by individual counties. For example, in his work, Illinois in the Civil War, Victor Hicken has provided readers with a comprehensive history of Illinois' role in the Civil War. However, Professor Hicken's work has failed to consider the contribution Illinois' counties made to the war effort. Therefore, it is the purpose of this thesis to examine one Illinois county's contribution to that war. When the Civil War began in 1861, Edgar County was only thirty-eight years old, yet, over 16,000 inhabitants were living within the county at the time. Most of these individuals were born within the county, although many were from various midwestern states. Through the use of census records taken in 1860, a good composite of a typical soldier from the county has been made. Everything from economics to religion has been examined in relation to the average soldier from Edgar County. The major emphasis of this study, however, is to analyze the contribution that Edgar County made to the war effort. In all, 2,312 men from the county are credited with serving in the war. This represents about three-fourths of those who were considered eligible. Of the eighty different units in which Edgar Countians enlisted, several contained large numbers of soldiers from the county. These units have been examined individually, with emphasis being placed on the county's contribution to each. In addition, a separate chapter discusses some of the battles in which Edgar Countians both participated in and were killed at, as well as examines the numbers of soldiers from the county who lost their lives during the war due to other causes. In Edgar County, locally strong Copperhead activity kept local officials busy throughout the latter part of the war. To fully understand this activity, a brief examination of the county's early immigration patterns and political backgrounds has been included. Early immigrants to the county were primarily from the South. Later, many northern immigrants settled in the county. As a result, an animosity grew between these two groups as the war progressed resulting in violence. A concluding chapter analyzes and compares Edgar's contribution with that of surrounding east-central Illinois counties and the state in general. The conclusion reached by this author is that Edgar County's contribution to the Civil War was significant, in both manpower and overall contribution. The final portion of this thesis consists of a carefully prepared list of those known to have served in the war from the county. By including this the author hopes to fill a void which has existed for some time.

Introduction. The article analyzes visual propaganda during the American Civil War, its goals, methods, and means for both belligerents. The problem is relevant in connection with modern information wars and is insufficiently studied in American and Russian historiography. Methods and materials. The research is based on historicism, objectivity, consistency, dialectical approach, philosophical and sociological theories that study the nature of social consciousness and the factors that influence it, namely the theory of C. Jung on the collective unconscious and archetypal images, the theory of social constructionism by P. Berger and N. Luckmann, the achievements of imagology and discursive analysis. The sources for the study were visual materials: posters, drawings, paintings, cartoons, photographs of the Civil War in the United States, placed in open access on the World Wide Web, published in illustrated periodicals: Harper's Weekly, Frank Leslie's Illustrated, Vanity Fair, The Southern Illustrated News, presented in book publications. Analysis. During the American Civil War, the country was split between northerners, supporters of the Union, and southerners who fought for the independence of the Confederate States. In the conditions of a military conflict, visual propaganda turned out to be most popular and effective. Its goal was to convince the warring parties of the rightness of their own cause, to mobilize society on achieving victory. In the North, the image of the enemy – "Johnny the rebel" – was constructed in order to incite hatred towards the southerners. In the South, the image of the "damned Yankee" was created. Both northern and southern visual propaganda relied on time-tested images (the image of the motherland, the warrior-defender, home and family), as well as on the collective unconscious and archetypes of consciousness associated with religious views and historical roots, used a variety of tools, techniques and methods. The most powerful means of influence were the traditions of the War of Independence, the legacy of the Founding Fathers. The use of national symbols was characteristic: Union and Confederate flags, images of presidents and military leaders. The most common means of visual propaganda were posters and leaflets, postal envelopes, banknotes decorated with patriotic symbols. Drawings and cartoons were an important means of mobilizing the population. They were placed in illustrated newspapers and magazines, and were also printed separately in the form of engravings and lithographs. Visual propaganda played on emotions, it was built on the opposition of "friend/ foe", depicting its supporters as heroes worthy of admiration, and its enemies as insidious, cruel and cowardly. Results. Despite certain similarities in the conduct of propaganda by both warring parties, it turned out to be more comprehensive and effective in the North, which influenced the achievement of victory over the South. Key words: U.S. history, the Civil War of 1861–1865, visual propaganda, the "friend/foe" dichotomy, imagology.

Cause and cure of secession. Notes: "Delivered at Pratt's Hall, Providence, R.I., on the evening of Sunday, Dec. 8, 1861, and repeated by universal request, at the same place, on Tuesday evening of the following week." "Pierce & Berry, printers. Providence, R.I."--Title page verso. FAU Libraries' copy edges trimmed to 22 cm. Has inscription: To the New Jersey Historical Society, from S. Alofsen. Jersey City, June 1st. 1863. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B20F7 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

Caption title: Rebellion--its causes and consequences : speech delivered by Hon. J.M. Ashley of Ohio, at College Hall in the city of Toledo, Tuesday evening, Nov. 26, 1861. Speech delivered by Honorable J.M. Ashley, of Ohio. Notes: Cover title. "The demand for this speech has been so great that the first edition was soon exhausted, and a larger one is now issued."--Inside front cover. Colophon reads: L. Towers & Co., printers, corner 6th street and Louisiana Avenue, Washington, D.C. On Lincoln's activities: pages 9-10. FAU copy has original pink printed wrappers, side stitched with cord. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B19F6 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

Historians have lacked a central theme to explain Irish-American service in the Union Army during the American Civil War, due to the varying experiences of Irish immigrants. There is, however, one common thread linking their service: their dual loyalties to Ireland and America. When the Union cause supported their interests in Ireland and America, Irish Americans volunteered for the war and their families supported them. After the Emancipation Proclamation, the federal draft, and a staggering rise in Irish-American casualties, they began to question, and in some cases, abandon, the Union war effort because it no longer protected their interests in both countries.

The continent is trembling [poem, by E. Delafield Smith] -- Address at Union Square, at the war meeting . in response to an appeal of the President . for additional military forces -- Speech at Madison Square at the meeting held April 20, 1863 -- Resolutions presented . at a union meeting held at Cooper Institute, New York, October 29, 1863. ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B21F21 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

In an incisive analysis of over two dozen clauses as well as several 'unwritten' rules and practices, The Constitutional Origins of the American Civil War shows how the Constitution aggravated the sectional conflict over slavery to the point of civil war. Going beyond the fugitive slave clause, the three-fifths clause, and the international slave trade clause, Michael F. Conlin demonstrates that many more constitutional provisions and practices played a crucial role in the bloody conflict that claimed the lives of over 750,000 Americans. He also reveals that ordinary Americans in the mid-nineteenth century had a surprisingly sophisticated knowledge of the provisions and the methods of interpretation of the Constitution. Lastly, Conlin reminds us that many of the debates that divide Americans today were present in the 1850s: minority rights vs. majority rule, original intent vs. a living Constitution, state's rights vs. federal supremacy, judicial activism vs. legislative prerogative, secession vs. union, and counter-majoritarianism vs. democracy.

Alofsen, Solomon 1808-1876 ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B19F26 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

FAU copy edges trimmed to 22 cm. Has inscription: To the New Jersey Historical Society, from S. Alofsen. Jersey City, December 23. 1861. Alofsen, Solomon 1808-1876 ; Florida Atlantic University Libraries' Marvin and Sybil Weiner Spirit of America Collection, Pamphlets: Speeches B19F34 ; Florida Atlantic Digital Library Collections

Laying the cornerstone, 1830-1860 -- The Cornerstone Speech, 1861-1865 -- The origins of a dishonest intellectual tradition, 1865-1883 -- Emancipationists strike back, 1865-1883 -- Different things to different people, 1883-1911 -- Civil War semicentennial, 1911-1915 -- Old times there are not forgotten, 1915-1965 -- Heritage and hate, 1990-2019.