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A key conundrum facing organizations is how to adjust marketing budgets in response to the business cycle. While most firms use procyclical spending (spending less during economic contractions), academic studies often recommend countercyclical spending (spending more during contractions), which begs the following question: What is the right thing to do? The spending problem is compounded further when demand is not just driven by one country's business cycle, but by the (nonsynchronized) business cycles of multiple countries, as is the case for tourism marketing aiming to attract tourists originating from different countries. We derive insights into the best way to allocate marketing budgets across countries under varying economic conditions.We show that the allocation decisions are driven by the procyclical versus countercyclical nature of three factors: unit sales, marketing effectiveness, and per-unit profit contribution. To study how unit sales and marketing effectiveness respond to the business cycle, we develop a transfer function dynamic hierarchical linear model. We also model the responsiveness of the profit contribution to the business cycle. In an application to New Zealand tourism marketing, we find that a reallocation of the government's marketing budget could yield an increase in tourist revenues of NZD $121 million.

This report summarizes the entrants in the 2018 ISMS Gary Lilien Marketing Science Practice Prize Competition, designed to identify, encourage, recognize, and reward the application of impactful marketing science to industry and noncommercial settings. These applications aim to showcase innovative and impactful examples of applications demonstrating the best of rigor and relevance that our profession produces. The winner described an application of econometric and experimental techniques at the French-based retailer of body, face, fragrances, and home products, L'Occitane, aimed to optimize budget allocation between online and off-line marketing expenditure across six countries. The other three finalists include a decision support aid to assist members of the United Services Automobile Association (a not-for-profit organization to assist military service personnel select and finance their automobile purchases) choose vehicles that balance their individual tastes and preferences with their financial circumstances, a business-to-business pricing decision support aid for use by the sales force of Hadco Metal Trading to avoid loss of margin by undercharging and loss of business by overcharging, and a methodology to test online advertisements cost-effectively by generating "ghost ads" as a way of mini-mizing control group costs in a reliable and valid way.

© 2019 The Author(s). We assess the impact of legislation mandating the plain packaging of cigarettes in 2012 in Australia on both primary and secondary demand. We first examine the causal impact of the legislation at the cigarette category level by comparing the changes in sales before and after legislation with the corresponding changes in sales in a comparable market, New Zealand, where the plain packaging mandate (PPM) was not imposed. Our results suggest a decline in sales due to the PPM of around 67 million units (sticks) per month, representing around 7.5% of the market. Our results on the mechanism using brand-level sales data from Australia suggest reduced differentiation after the PPM, with higher price sensitivity. Premium and mainstream brands' price sensitivities are most affected after the PPM, but we also find channel-specific differences, with grocery (convenience) channels showing an increase (a decline) in post-PPM short-term price sensitivity. Because the government has some control over price through excise taxes, understanding changes in price sensitivities provides guidance to health authorities on the relative impacts of price-and non-price-related policy on cigarettes sales. We also explore other public policy implications of our results, such as the expected reduction in sales per month we might see in New Zealand due to their instituting a PPM.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of attitudes, subjective norms and religiosity on consumer intentions to support government policies on environmentally friendly behaviour. Based on a direct survey of 100 Muslim student respondents then analyzed using multiple linear regression, it was found that attitudes, subjective norms and religiosity as determinants of Muslim consumer intentions in supporting government policies on environmentally friendly behaviour, namely paid plastic bag policies. Finally, an important finding from this study is the contribution of subjective norms as the dominant determinant that influences the Muslim consumer's intention to support government policies to behave in an environmentally friendly manner by being willing to support a paid plastic bag policy.

Based on dissonance theory, we predicted that individuals who supported a political figure (Donald Trump), were exposed to information about his wrongdoings, and believed the veracity of this information would be most likely to share social media that points to incidents in which opponents also engaged in wrongdoing. Participants (N = 409) varying in their support for Trump were exposed to information concerning his alleged wrongdoings (or a neutral article). They viewed a meme of a political rival (Hilary Clinton) that alluded to her alleged wrongdoings, and reported how likely they would be to share the meme (and indicated how accurate they believed the Trump article was). Results supported the prediction, suggesting that dissonance may cause individuals to emphasize the wrongdoings of opponents.

Despite the importance of aquatic recreation in Australia, the role of public facilities in catering to such leisure needs has largely been ignored. Utilising a survey of patrons, this study develops a profile of users of public outdoor swimming pools and identifies the motives behind their patronage. Analysis revealed some potential access concerns, with males, older residents and the disabled being under-represented in the profile of users. Four motives behind patronage were identified: hedonic motives, convenience, pool features and staff & service.

© 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: Manufacturing and services SMEs in Africa face challenges and constraints exacerbated by ineffectual government policies, environmental turbulence and the near absence of institutional support. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if informal linkages and formal cooperation are helping firms to overcome constraints to uptake of technological innovations in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach: The paper is based on quantitative data obtained from structured interviews of 631 Nigerian firms. These firms were selected using stratified random sampling from a total population of 18,906 manufacturing and services companies in the national database obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics. Findings: The result of the binary logistic regression indicates that while informal linkages appear to be insignificant, formal inter-firm cooperation is an effective moderator of barriers to technological innovations. Research limitations/implications: The paper focusses only on technological, rather than non-technological, innovations. Practical implications: The paper recommends that, in addition to other interventions to promote diffusion of technological innovations, governments should give priority to interventions that support formal cooperation among SMEs. Originality/value: Previous studies have generally looked at the impact of cooperative networks on firms' innovation uptake. This paper provides original insights into the "how" of cooperative impact, specifically with respect to helping SMEs to overcome constraints. The paper also delineates formal cooperation from informal linkages.

Purpose: The role of energy or emission intensive firms face contradictory demands from advancing economic development and environmental improvement and protection and thus require appropriate policy interventions to balance the two needs. China's "Green Credit" policy that restricts loans to energy or emission intensive firms provides an example to study the impact of these kinds of policy intervention. Design/methodology/approach: Using the data of all A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, our paper empirically analyzes the impact of the Green Credit Policy on performance of these energy or emission intensive firms. Findings: (1) Using difference-in-difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM)-DID method and the dynamic effect method, we found that from 2012 to 2015, the Green Credit Policy had an inhibiting effect on the performance of energy or emission intensive firms. This inhibiting effect was gradually weakened in 2016, and it turned into a positive promoting effect in 2017; (2) The performance's change of these firms around 2015 showed that Green Credit promoted the green transformation and upgrading of these firms; (3) Loans were helpful to the performance of energy or emission intensive firms to some extent, but government subsidies were not significant. Originality/value: The results suggest that the government, banks and other institutions should dynamically assess the implementation results of the Green Credit Policy on energy or emission intensive firms.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of Russian institutional upheavals on industrial development. Design/methodology/approach: The paper uses a longitudinal case study analysis of three Russian pharmaceutical firms exploring the role of state support in developing a self-sustained competitive innovation-dependent industry. Findings: Russia's shock therapy transition to a newly liberalised economy the 1990s without a supportive institutional framework led to severe setbacks in its modernisation process. A weak institutional context was not conducive to development of its fledgling organisations. In late 2000s, Russian Government initiated large-ranging institutional support in favour of strategic industries. This resulted in a shift from short-term profit-seeking arbitrage strategies to long-term investment strategies towards vertical integration, R&D and human resource development. Findings indicate countries that wish to forge competitive industries need to develop a strong supportive institutional mechanism that allows targeted industries to modernise and compete on a global scale. To ensure the effectiveness of execution of strategic policies, coherent communication channels and collaboration between the industry and the state is necessary. Originality/value: While research on large emerging economies, such as China and India, is extensive, research on Russia and surrounding states is sparse. Most of the research on Russia is based around large resource-sector organisations. This study is novel in its uncovering various phases of development of an innovation-dependent industry.

© 2019, Emerald Publishing Limited. Purpose: Consumption volatility is a key source of economic growth volatility; thus, it is an important factor in designing macroeconomic policy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that determine household consumption volatility, using urban household survey (UHS) data over the period 2002–2009 in 18 provinces in China. Design/methodology/approach: Both a traditional variance decomposition method and an advanced variance decomposition method are used. Findings: The traditional variance decomposition method suggests that heterogeneity of consumption goods is the key to analyze consumption volatility in China. Consumption of transportation makes the highest aggregate contribution and per-unit volatility in consumption volatility, whereas consumption of food makes the second highest aggregate contribution and the lowest per-unit volatility. Further investigation with the advanced variance decomposition method, which allows the authors to capture intertemporal dynamics and cross-household differences simultaneously, finds that the main factor determining the consumption volatility in China is intertemporal dynamics, rather than cross-household differences. Research limitations/implications: Future research could fruitfully explore four issues. First, consumption upgrading has increased the volatility of China's household consumption. How much will this affect economic growth in China under its "new normal" conditions, and how should the Chinese government respond? Second, differences between UHS data and aggregate data in the calculations of consumption risk sharing need to be investigated. Third, it is important to investigate the channels through which the Chinese government can enhance its ability to spread consumption risks and thus reduce consumer consumption volatility. Finally, further study could extend the current 18 provinces to a nation-wide sample and update the data beyond 2009 to estimate the impact of the global financial crisis. Practical implications: The results suggest that when policy makers design macroeconomic policies to smooth consumption volatility, they should consider heterogeneity in household consumption goods, regional disparity and intertemporal dynamics simultaneously. Well-managed volatility of Chinese household consumption can contribute to a stable economic growth in China and the world. Social implications: Well-managed volatility of Chinese household consumption can contribute to a stable economic growth in China and the world. Originality/value: This paper fills this gap by using China's UHS data to assess consumption volatility from the perspectives of heterogeneity in household consumption goods, cross-household differences and intertemporal dynamics. We make three contributions to the literature. The first contribution of this paper consists of demonstrating the contributions of heterogeneity in household consumption goods to consumption volatility. The second contribution consists of using the advanced variance decomposition method proposed by Crucini and Telmer (2012). This decomposition methodology allows the authors to examine whether household consumption volatility is due to cross-household differences or intertemporal dynamics. The third contribution is that this paper takes Chinese residents' consumption fluctuations as the starting point to analyze the impact of consumption fluctuations on the future trend of China's economy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced tourism practitioners to create efficient strategies to attract travelers. Using three theoretical frameworks, such as tourist trust (political, destination, and interactional trust), travel constraint (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social distancing structural constraint), and extended theory of planned behavior (travel attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, perceived health risk, past travel experience), we develop a comprehensive framework to explain the impact of travel promoting, restricting, and attitudinal factors on travel decision during and after the pandemic. Data was obtained through an extensive survey conducted on 1451 Korean travelers and was analyzed using probabilistic choice models and count models. The results show the specific factors that determine travel decisions during the pandemic (whether to travel and frequency) and travel intention after the pandemic. This study provides important theoretical and practical insights into how to develop successful COVID-19 recovery strategies in the tourism industry. ; Published version

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chikkasavanur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 322 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 13 per cent is covered by rocky lands and two percent by mining/ industrial and other miscellaneous lands. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 85 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 15% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 80 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25-50 cm) and about 5 per cent are very deep (>150 cm) soils.  About 59 per cent of the area has loamy soils at the surface and 26 per cent of the area has sandy soils at the surface.  About 8 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 57 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 20 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 5 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 80 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of most of the soils are dominantly 19 dsm-1).  About 44 per cent of the soils are medium (0.5-0.75%) in organic carbon and low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 54 per cent area and about 28 per cent area is high (>20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 4 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 70 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 11 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 57 per cent area and sufficient in 27 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 6 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 79 per cent area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 110 (34) Sapota - 17 (5) Maize - 110(34) Jackfruit - - Cotton - 110(34) Jamun - - Sunflower - 19(6) Musambi - - Onion - 110(34) Lime - - Groundnut - 135(42) Cashew - - Chilli - 110(34) Custard apple - 152(47) Sugarcane - - Amla - 161 (50) Pomegranate - 17 (5) Tamarind - 152(47) Tomato - 110(34) Marigold - 130 (40) Guava 17 (5) Chrysanthem um 130 (40) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chikasavanur-1 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1507' North latitudes and 75035' – 75037' East longitudes, covering an area of about 322 ha, bounded by Devihal, Nadigatti, Madki Khanapur, Bikonatti, Nadigatti villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Chikasavanur-1 Microwatershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 49.0 to 51.0 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 57.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66.7 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.58 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land of 51.7 % and irrigated land 48.3 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 51 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 32.6 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20410 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 102241 per household, about 31.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (38.1 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 26600 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 832.9 grams (1700.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.28389 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1205. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.834 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 357009 per year for the total area of 451.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 10000/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 35094) followed by onion (Rs. 14993) horse gram (Rs. 10499), chillies (Rs. 9535).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2924/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 5582) followed by green gram (Rs. 2371) and horse gram (Rs. 2075).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 67515), cotton (Rs. 59710), greengram (Rs. 42645), maize (Rs. 33853), onion (Rs. 28068), horse gram (Rs. 22808) and chillies (Rs. 12189). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (66.8 %) followed by onion (11.3 %), redgram (6.3 %), cotton (5.3 %), greengram (5.3 %), horse gram (2.7 %) and chillies (2.6%). 3  In Chikasavanur-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Chikkasavanur (CSR) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 33.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing chillies (15.9 %), maize (49 %) and onion (35.1 %). Kutegoudanahundi (KGH) are also having moderately shallow soil depth cover 33.92 % of area, the crops are cotton (31.3 %), maize (31.3 %) and red gram (37.4 %) each. Mukhadahalli (MKH) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 6.8 % of areas; crops are green gram (30.0 %), horse gram (30%) and maize (39.9 %). Tammadahalli (TDH) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 5.87 % of area, crops are maize (94.8 %) and onion (5.2 %). Chikka Tanda (CKT) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 5.40 % of area; crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize range between Rs.99160 in CKT soils (with BCR of 0.87) and Rs.19389 in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.24).  In onion the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 76776 in CSR soil (with BCR of 1.16) and Rs.74926 in TDH soil (with BCR of 1.25).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in KGH soil is Rs.28154 (with BCR of 2.25).  In green gram the cost of cultivation in MKH soil is Rs.33961 with (BCR of 0.89).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in MKH soil is Rs.33961 (with BCR of 1.37) and chillies the cost of cultivation in CSR soil is Rs.105320 (with BCR of 1.09).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in chillies (88.3 %), onion (57.8 %), maize (42.8 to 80.8 %), horse gram (24.1 %) and green gram (27.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Rantur microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 670 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by rock lands, water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 46 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 4% is not suitable for agriculture.  About 58 per cent of the soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm) to shallow (25- 50 cm) and about 38 per cent are moderately deep to very deep soils.  About 56 per cent of the area has loamy soils, 31 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent sandy soils has at the surface.  About 12 per cent of the area has non-gravelly, 57 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 27 per cent very gravelly (35- 60%) to extremely gravelly (60-80%) soils.  About 29 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 67 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) and low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in about 57 per cent area, 8 per cent high (>20ppm) and about 31 per cent area is low (1.0 ppm) in <1 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 38 per cent and sufficient in 58 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient in about 89 per cent area and sufficient in 7 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderat ely suitable (S2) Sorghum 118 (18) 204 (30) Sapota 57 (8) 160 (24) Maize 96 (14) 204(30) Jackfruit 7 (1) 112 (17) Cotton 119(18) 203(30) Jamun 7 (1) 112(17) Sunflower 119 (18) 168(25) Musambi 7 (1) 112(17) Onion 141 (21) 159(24) Lime 7 (1) 112(17) Groundnut 113 (17) 365(54) Cashew 7 (1) 174 (26) Chilli 136 (20) 186(28) Custard apple 119 (18) 420(62) Sugarcane 119 (18) 111(17) Amla 119(18) 420 (62) Pomegranate 119 (18) 119 (18) Tamarind 7(1) 112(17) Tomato 190 (22) 191(28) Marigold 190 (28) 194 (29) Guava 70 (10) 140 (21) Chrysanthemu m 190 (28) 194 (29) Mango 7 (1) 112(17) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 9 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Rantur micro-watershed (Nilogal sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1507' North latitudes and 75036' – 75039' East longitudes, covering an area of about 670 ha, bounded by Belhatti, Devihal, Chikasavanur and Machinahalli villages with an length of growing period (LGP) 150- 180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Rantur micro-watershed (Nilogal subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 31.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 70 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 60 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (60 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 90 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decision making for agriculture production of households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.26 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 76.3 % and irrigated land 23.7 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 33.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 62.2 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 15759 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 169500 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 8163 per household; about 37.5 per cent of household are having bullocks.  The average per capita food consumption is around 808.9 grams (1759.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 60 gram. Around 40 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.1113 per household. Among the all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1358. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 609 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 392197 per year for the total area of 670.28 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 13035/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in sorghum (Rs.7497) followed by onion (Rs.5348), sunflower (Rs. 3663), maize (Rs. 1285) and red gram is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 1654/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3862) followed by sorghum (Rs. 656).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 61682) followed by sorghum (Rs. 35290), maize (Rs. 26373), sunflower (Rs. 24777) and onion (Rs.15676). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (67.5 %) followed by onion (12.9 %), Sorghum (10.1 %) and sunflower (9.5 %).  In Rantur Microwatershed, major soil is Tammmadahalli (TDH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 3.91 % of area. On this soil 3 farmers are presently growing maize (78.5 %) and sunflower (21.5 %). Chikkamegeri (CKM) are also having moderately deep soil depth cover 2.49 % of area, and the crop is maize (100 %). Gollarahatti (GHT) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 3.82 % of areas, crop is red gram. Hooradahalli (HDH) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 2.81 % of area, crop is bajra maize. Kanchikere (KKR) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 8.09 % of area; the major crop is growing sorghum. Kumchahalli (KMH) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 9.39 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Vaddarahalli (VDH) soil series having deep soil depth cover 7.37 % of areas; crop is maize. Muradi (MRD) soil series having very deep soil depth cover 1.07 % of areas; crop is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 46647/ha in VDH soil (with BCR of 1.05) and Rs. 13567/ha in THD soil (with BCR of 1.45).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in TDH soil is Rs 19892/ha (with of 1.18).  In red gram the cost of cultivation in GHT soil is Rs. 63090/ha (with BCR of 0.99).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in KKR soil is Rs.15659/ha (with BCR of 1.52) and onion the cost of cultivation in MRD soil is Rs 23469/ha (with BCR of 1.23).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. 4  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Maize (61.3 to 83.6 %), onion (76.4 %), red gram (7.1 %), sunflower (54.8 %), sorghum (58.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bijjur-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was generated with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the micro-wartershed. The present study covers an area of 560 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock lands, waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 21 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150 cm), about 30 per cent are moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils, 45 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and two per cent are very shallow (25-75 cm).  About 96 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 3 per cent are loamy soils at the surface.  About 6 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 56 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 25 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0) and only one per cent has soils that are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  Available iron, manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 99 per cent area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 191 (34) 100 (18) Jackfruit - 16 (3) Maize - 40 (7) Jamun - 81 (24) Bengalgram 150 (27) 377 (67) Musambi 57 (10) 216 (39) Groundnut - 16 (3) Lime 21 (4) 252 (45) Sunflower 21 (4) 252 (45) Cashew - - Cotton 150 (27) 249 (45) Custard Apple 150 (27) 123 (22) Banana - 274 (49) Amla 21 (4) 252(45) Pomegranate - 251 (45) Tamarind - 180 (32) Mango - 139 (25) Marigold - 449 (80) Sapota - 16 (3) Chrysanthemum - 449 (80) Guava - 60 (11)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bijjur-1 Micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1501' – 1503' North latitudes and 75037' – 75040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 560 ha, bounded by Chiksavanur, Govankop, Hosur, Narayanapur and Nagarmaduvu villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bijjur-1 Microwatershed (Kanakvad subwatershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.6 to 41.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 50 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 77.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to schedules caste (SC) is around 30 per cent.  Fire wood is the major source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 50 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent.  Swachha bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.7 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 9.5 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 59.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.30526 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.81730 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 22800 per household; about 81.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 766.3 grams (1601.8 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.21480 per household. Among all sample farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.961. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1068 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 593586 per year for the total area of 560 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 1075 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 3920) followed by sunflower (Rs. 3519), sorghum (Rs. 1654) and horse gram (Rs. 1615), cotton (Rs. 2564) and ground nut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is Rs. 1505 ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 4940) followed by maize (Rs. 2142), sorghum (Rs. 1455) and horse gram (Rs. 494/).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in cotton (Rs.69661) fallowed by maize (Rs. 20545), horse gram (Rs.15205), ground nut (Rs. 20614), sorghum (Rs. 28693) and sunflower (Rs. 27713). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is followed by maize (61.3 %) fallowed by sorghum (17.6 %), sunflower (6.4 %), horse gram (6.3 %), cotton (4.2 %) and groundnut (4.2 %).  In Bijjur-1 Microwatershed, major soil are soils of banded ferruginous quartzite landscape of Attikatti (AKT) series is having shallow soil depth cover around 8.6 % of area; on this soil farmers are presently growing maize (92.5 %) and groundnut (7.5 %). Yelisirunj (YSJ) is also having shallow soil depth cover around 5.9 % of area, the crops are sorghum. Venkatapur (VKP) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 25.6 % of areas, crops are maize. Jelligere (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 16.6 % of area, crops are horse gram (41.6 %), maize (16.8 %) and sunflower (41.6 %). Varavi (VRV) soil series are having moderately deep soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area; the major crops grown are cotton (32.8 %), maize (18 %) and sorghum (49.2 %). Dhoni (DNI) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 2.9 % of area, the major crop grown is maize. Kalasapur (KPR) soil series having deep soil depth cover 10.64 % of area; crops are sorghum.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 35712/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 1339/ha in VKP soil (with BCR of 2.06).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 16589/ha in VRV soil (with of 1.13) and Rs.14829/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in AKT soil is Rs. 43872/ha (with BCR of 0.96).  In horse gram the cost of cultivation in JLG soil Rs. 20615/ha (with BCR of 1.14).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in JLG soil is Rs.17064/ha (with BCR of 1.21) and cotton the cost of cultivation in VRV soil is Rs. 40661/ha (with BCR of 1.06).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. 4 Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (70.5 to 84.8%), sorghum (64.8 to 68 %), groundnut (56.6 %), horse gram (49.4 %) and sunflower (49.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Belhatti-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 448 ha in Belhatti-1 microwatershed in Shirahatti Taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 633mm of which about 363 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97% is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 2nd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 97 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture and 3 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture etc.  About 71 per cent of the soils are deep to moderate deep (75- 150 cm) and 27 per cent are very shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) soils.  About 73 per cent area of the soils are clayey soils at the surface and 24 per cent are loamy soils.  About 75 per cent of the area are non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 43 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 22 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 93 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1ppm).  An area of 33 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in iron and 64 per cent deficient (<4.5).  Available manganese, copper and zinc are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 23 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 263 (59) 116 (26) Sapota - 82 (18) Maize 33(7) 57 (13) Jackfruit - 12 (3) Cotton 159(35) 221 (49) Jamun - 12 (3) Sunflower 159 (35) 161 (36) Musambi - 159 (35) Onion 82 (8) 9 (2) Lime - 159 (35) Groundnut 46 (10) 83 (18) Cashew - 46(10) Chilli 46 (10) 333(74) Custard apple 159 (35) 261 (58) Sugarcane 12 (3) 69 (15) Amla 159 (35) 253 (56) Pomegranate 12 (3) 358(80) Tamarind - 48 (11) Tomato 82 (18) 304 (68) Marigold 82 (18) 304 (68) Guava 12 (3) 36 (8) Chrysanthemum 82 (18) 304 (68) Mango - 12 (3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Belhatti-1 micro-watershed (Belhatti sub-watershed, Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1505' – 1506' North latitudes and 75038' – 75040' East longitudes, covering an area of about 448 ha, bounded by Rantur village on north, Belhatti village on the west, Kurubgatta village on the south with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Belhatti-1 Microwatershed (Belhatti subwatershed, Shirahatti Taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 50 to 50 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 58.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 95.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.9 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 63.6 per cent.  About 63.7 per cent of households have a Bhima and Yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (55.0 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system of all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 82.0 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 27.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.03 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total land cultivated on dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 88.0 per cent and agriculture is the main and private service is subsidiary occupation for 5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 12023 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.100462 per household, about 77.3 per cent of sample farmers owen plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 27000 per household; about 46.1 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 779 grams (1613.7 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 56 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 29477 per household. About 81.8 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1210. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.789 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 346584 per year for the total area of 447.95 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8387 ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 24273) followed by maize (Rs. 7346), groundnut (Rs. 5887), sunflower (Rs. 4370), sorghum (Rs. 4527) and green gram (Rs. 3917).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 7662/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 20884) followed by sorghum (Rs. 5766), green gram (Rs. 2000) and groundnut (Rs. 2000).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 62545) followed by green gram (Rs. 33122), sunflower (Rs. 27713), maize (Rs. 23651), groundnut (Rs. 22905) and sorghum (Rs. 18626). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (52.9 %), followed by sorghum (20.8 %) bengal gram (10.5 %), green gram (5.3 %), groundnut (5.3 %) and sunflower (5.1 %).  In Belhatti 1 micro-watershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Mahalingapur Tanda (MPT) series is having deep soil depth cover around 32.63 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (48.7 %), groundnut (24.4 %) and maize (26.9 %). Jelligeri (JLG) soil series having moderately deep soil depth cover around 18.62 % of area crops are maize (56.5 %) and sorghum (43.5 %). Lakkur (LKR) and Attikatti (ATT) soil series are having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 7.67 % and 13.28 % of area, respectively the major crops grown are maize, sorghum, green gram and sunflower. Shirol (SRL) soil series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.8 % of area, the present crops is maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 35535/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 0.91) and Rs. 21271/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 1.03).  In green gram the cost of cultivation of Rs. 15695/ha in ATT soil (with of 1.22).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.14536/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.10) and Rs. 8268/ha in JLG soil (with BCR of 1.89).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation is Rs. 25328/ha in LKR soil (with BCR of 1.22).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation is Rs. 14866/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 2.56) and groundnut the cost of cultivation is Rs. 28367/ha in MPT soil (with BCR of 1.22).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices. 4  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (85.1 to 72.1 %), greengram (43.8%), sorghum (82.9 to 73.6 %), sunflower (49.4 %), bengal gram (38.1 %) and groundnut (51.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project