Suchergebnisse

Fire it is a natural element of the ecosystems, but with social and economical negative impacts. To analyse fire impacts on the landscape, Geostatistical and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques are often used. In this work we aim to identify with the mentioned tools, the spatial correlation and pattern of fire occurrences in Portugal and in Natura 2000 areas during the years of 2010 and 2011. The results showed that the number of fires was high in 2011, but the burned area was high in 2010. The spatial correlation and pattern were different and in 2010, the fires were more concentrated in the northwest part of Portugal, meanwhile in 2011, were majority observed in the north and more distributed across the territory. During the studied years, fire affected especially the Nature 2000 areas located in the north of Portugal. In the global context, the number of fires and burned area were not significant in Natura 2000 areas. However, in the surroundings of these areas, there is a high fire activity, that if carried out during the summer season and criminally, can represent a serious threat to nature management and conservation.

The leaf litter of three Mediterranean species, Quercus suber (Q.S.), Quercus robur (Q.R.) and Pinus pinea (P.P.), was exposed to different fire temperatures, 150°, 200°, 250°, 300°, 350°, 400°, 450°, 500°, and 550°C in a muffle furnace for 2 hours. We measured the Calcite (CaCO₃) content of the ash and the pH and release of heavy metals Aluminium (Al), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe) and Zinc (Zn) in a slurry of ash and deionised water. CaCO3, in the ash appears at 400°C and increases with temperature. The pH values are low at low fire temperatures, rise at medium temperatures, followed by a stabilization at higher temperatures. Heavy metals concentration in solution are higher in the low pH slurries where CaCO3 is absent in the ash. In general, at low and medium fire temperatures, Al and Mn in ash slurries are more soluble than in an unheated control sample and this concentration in test solution decreases at higher temperatures. Fe and Zn in solution decrease with exposure to higher temperatures, even at low pH. At higher temperatures, the effect of pH and CaCO3 inhibits the presence of heavy metals in solution.

With increasing urbanisation, urban green spaces are expected to be crucial for urban resilience and sustainability, through the delivery of ecological, economic and social benefits. In practice, however, planning, management and evaluation of urban green spaces are rarely structured and evidence-based. This represents a missed opportunity to account for, track and foster the multiple benefits that green spaces are expected to deliver. To gain insight into this gap, this study assesses the availability and uptake of relevant evidence by city governments. Interviews, focus groups and quantitative surveys were applied in four medium-sized European cities: Coimbra (Portugal), Genk (Belgium), Leipzig (Germany), and Vilnius (Lithuania), covering the main governance and climatic gradients in Europe. Using straightforward data exploration and regression, we analyse which ecological, economic and social indicators are typically chosen by cities and why. Together with the city stakeholders, we derived a common set of benefit categories and key performance indicators which can be adapted to diverse local contexts. We conclude that cities tend to make pragmatic decisions when composing their indicator sets, but nevertheless cover multiple urban green space dimensions. Finally, we explore how indicator choice could be optimised towards a complementary and credible indicator set, taking into account a realistically feasible monitoring effort undertaken by the cities.

Mokslui transformuojantis į strateginio valdžios plėtimo priemonę, atsiskleidžia nauji etikos aspektai. Etinė problematika mokslo ir technikos plotmėje šiandien daug labiau negu anksčiau susijusi su žmogaus galia valdyti aplinką, esančią šalia žmogaus, t. y. gamtą. Šiandien svarbia mokslo problema tampa žmogaus, mokslo, technikos ir aplinkos sąveika ir jos vertinimas filosofiniu, etiniu ir socialiniu požiūriais. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos deontologijos, padarinių ir dorybių etikos koncepcijos. Apžvelgiamos trys pagrindinės etikos rūšys, susijusios su aplinka: paviršutiniškoji, tarpinė ir išsamioji. Aptariama keletas strategijų, kaip įgyvendinti ekocentrinę etiką, keliančią žaliosios" pilietybės svarbą.

Adonijah C Scott (ca 1832-1865) was a farmer from the area around Phelps NY. He served in the 111th Regiment of the New York State Volunteers.

Die Anwendung von chemischen Waffen im Vietnam-Krieg hatte gravierende ökologische Veränderungen der natürlichen Umwelt sowie Gesundheitsschäden bei Menschen zur Folge. In diesem Zusammenhang betont der Autor, daß auch die Produktion von chemischen Waffen aufgrund zahlreicher Unfälle und unverantwortlicher Giftmüllbeseitigung eine große Gefahr für Menschen und Umwelt bedeutet. (BIOst-Ldg)

U radu se dijakronijski i sinkronijski analiziraju povijesne i tehnološke mogućnosti eko-logije i transendentne komunikacije provedbenom multilateralnom metodologijom postignuća suvremene ekološke i
komunikološke transcendentne misli. Opća je spoznaja da se svijet nalazi u velikoj globalnoj krizi, a ekologija i tehnologija u novom humanom izazovu koji postaje dominantna odrednica ljudskog promišljanja,
ponašanja i djelovanja u suvremenom komunikacijskom i tehnološkom svijetu. Suvremeni život postavlja humanu ekologiju u prvi plan, pozornošću kako se tehnologija razvija u okruženju tehnologije transcendentne komunikacije. Autor u radu ukazuje kako se tehnologija i ekologija ne smije prepustiti stihiji, nego se sve tehnologije moraju humano, komunikacijski i stvaralački primjenjivati, kako bi se maksimalno zadovoljili postojeći tehnološki uvjeti ko-munikativnog okruženja, prostora, kulture, tradicije i edukativne osposobljenosti svih građana.

Angesichts der Verschärfung ökologischer Probleme des Landes bemüht man sich um die Erstellung eines Langzeitprogrammes für Umweltschutz und rationelle Nutzung von Naturressourcen in der UdSSR. Die Einführung ökologischer Betriebspässe, Ressourceneinsparung und Anwendung umweltschonender Technologien sind wirksame Maßnahmen zur Lösung ökologischer Probleme. Unterstrichen wird auch die Rolle der Medien in der Information breiter Kreise der Öffentlichkeit über den Umweltschutz. (BIOst-Ldg)

Societies - both the individual states and the international community, alliances and the relationships they are based on. From the important issue in the function of developing possibilities, economic, military and technological power of a country, the issue of energy supply politics is turning today into a complex calculation of necessities and limitations. Energy sources are limited and impossible to restore while the demand for them is constantly increasing because the functioning of modern economies cannot be imagined without them. Under the conditions of globalized industry and world economic flows, particularly commerce, constant and safe energy production is also the matter of international prestige. This paper analyzes the political relationships and controversies which determine the creation of strategies of national and global energetic safety at the example of the United States of America, Venezuela and the Russian Federation. ; Politika u oblasti energetike spada u red strateških pitanja savremenih društava - kako pojedinačnih država, tako i međunarodne zajednice, saveza i odnosa na kojima počiva. Kao jedno od značajnih pitanja u funkciji razvojnih mogućnosti, privredne, ekonomske, vojne i tehnološke moći jedne zemlje, pitanje energetske politike danas se sve više pretvara u složenu kalkulaciju nužnosti i ograničenja. Resursi energenata su ograničeni i neobnovljivi, a potražnja za njima je u stalnom porastu jer je funkcionisanje modernih ekonomija bez njih nezamislivo. U uslovima globalizovane industrije i svetskih ekonomskih tokova, posebno trgovine, neprestana i sigurna proizvodnja energije pitanje je i međunarodnog prestiža. U radu se analiziraju politički odnosi i kontroverze, koji determinišu kreiranje strategija nacionalne i globalne energetske bezbednosti, na primerima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Venecuele i Ruske Federacije.

Societies - both the individual states and the international community, alliances and the relationships they are based on. From the important issue in the function of developing possibilities, economic, military and technological power of a country, the issue of energy supply politics is turning today into a complex calculation of necessities and limitations. Energy sources are limited and impossible to restore while the demand for them is constantly increasing because the functioning of modern economies cannot be imagined without them. Under the conditions of globalized industry and world economic flows, particularly commerce, constant and safe energy production is also the matter of international prestige. This paper analyzes the political relationships and controversies which determine the creation of strategies of national and global energetic safety at the example of the United States of America, Venezuela and the Russian Federation. ; Politika u oblasti energetike spada u red strateških pitanja savremenih društava - kako pojedinačnih država, tako i međunarodne zajednice, saveza i odnosa na kojima počiva. Kao jedno od značajnih pitanja u funkciji razvojnih mogućnosti, privredne, ekonomske, vojne i tehnološke moći jedne zemlje, pitanje energetske politike danas se sve više pretvara u složenu kalkulaciju nužnosti i ograničenja. Resursi energenata su ograničeni i neobnovljivi, a potražnja za njima je u stalnom porastu jer je funkcionisanje modernih ekonomija bez njih nezamislivo. U uslovima globalizovane industrije i svetskih ekonomskih tokova, posebno trgovine, neprestana i sigurna proizvodnja energije pitanje je i međunarodnog prestiža. U radu se analiziraju politički odnosi i kontroverze, koji determinišu kreiranje strategija nacionalne i globalne energetske bezbednosti, na primerima Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, Venecuele i Ruske Federacije.