Suchergebnisse

В статье раскрываются особенности становления политико-правовых концепций в США, анализируется специфика политико-правовой идеологии страны и современное состояние политико-правовых концепций в США. ; The article reveals the peculiarities of the political and legal concepts in the United States, analyzes the specifics of political and legal ideology of the country and the current state of political and legal concepts in the United States.

This research paper explicates the basic doctrines of the State and law of classical conservatism, as well as the peculiarities of understanding and existence of the idea of the State, which follows from the conservative definition of the State. The characteristic components of this political institution are the categories of law, legal consciousness, political integrity, etc. The perception of understanding the conservative theory of the origin of the state, based on the social contract theory, as a logical continuation of the organic association of people to maintain social order and political stability, is crystallising. The latter principles are also the fundamental axiological determinants of the conservative ideological and political doctrine, whose manifestor and defender is the state. The author characterises the concepts of law and law, the conceptual basis of which is reduced to the moral sphere of existence. The main objective of the existence of laws is to protect rights and freedoms, as well as their institutional representation. At the same time, the author defines the peculiarities of understanding legal consciousness and political consciousness as fundamental elements of state-building processes. In turn, their fundamental features are historical and geographical locality, identity and conceptual authenticity, which are the basis for the constitution of heterogeneous forms of political systems. The tasks and structural elements of the theory of state in the ideological and political doctrine of conservatism are analysed. The author also identifies the institutional elements of social limitation of state power in the context of conservative doctrine, which include the church and civil society.

Рассматривается проблема соотношения идей либерализма и социализма в социально-философской концепции выдающегося методолога социальных наук и правоведа-неокантианца Б. А. Кистяковского. Констатируется современное состояние неопределенности как в отношении самого понятия либерализма, так и принципов отнесения конкретных мыслителей к этому течению. Одновременно показывается несостоятельность сложившейся традиции отнесения социально-философской концепции Кистяковского к либерализму. Анализ проводится на примере разработанной Кистяковским модели «государства будущего» проекта социалистического правового государства, «контур» которого Кистяковский очертил на рубеже XIX-XX веков. Автор статьи усматривает в содержании этого проекта выраженные марксистские аналогии и параллели. «Государство будущего» как государство правовое и социалистическое не только должно гарантировать права и свободы гражданина, которые Кистяковский отстаивает как приверженец идеи «естественных прав», но и осуществлять социальную справедливость. При этом подчеркивается ненасильственный, «эволюционный» переход от буржуазного правового государства к социалистическому. Характерным также стал особый «утопизм» проекта Кистяковского как проекта, ориентированного в будущее и направленного к этически окрашенной цели создания социально справедливого общества. Наиболее «марксистской» в этом проектe оказывается социально-экономическая компонента. В ней находит свое выражение оригинальная правовая трактовка идеи обобществления средств производства. Капиталистическая форма организации экономики видится Кистяковским как форма «хозяйственной анархии» и одно из главных препятствий в деле достижения социальной справедливости. Эта проблема решается им за счет вывода всех средств производства из частноправового оборота, что компенсируется расширением публичных субъективных прав. Делается вывод о возможности соотнести социально-философские взгляды Б. А. Кистяковского, представленные в его проекте «государства будущего», с теоретическими положениями европейской социал-демократии середины ХХ века, не утрачивая при этом единство общей картины творчества этого философа. ; This article is devoted to the correlation between liberal and socialist ideas in the social and philosophical conception of the prominent methodologist of social sciences and a Neo-Kantian legal theorist Bogdan Kistyakovsky. The author stresses the uncertainty of both the definition of liberalism and the principles behind attributing concrete thinkers to this movement. The article emphasises the inconsistency of classifying Kistyakovsky's socio-philosophical concept as liberal. The analysis performed is based on Kistyakovsky's model of the 'state of the future' a project of a socialist rule-of-law state developed by Kistyakovsky at the turn of the 20th century. The article identifies distinct Marxist analogies and parallels in the contents of this project. The 'state of the future' as a rule-of -law socialist state should not only protect citizen's rights and freedoms, which Kistyakovky supports as proponent of 'natural rights', but also ensure social justice. Moreover, he stresses the nonviolent, 'evolutionary' way of transition from a bourgeois rule-of-law state to a socialist one. Kistyakovsky's project demonstrates certain 'utopianism', since it is future-oriented and it pursues the ethical goal of establishing a socially just society. The socioeconomic component is the most 'Marxist' element of Kistyakovsky's project. It suggests an original legal interpretation of the idea of socialization of means of production. Kistyakovsky sees the capitalist form of economic organization as a form of 'economic anarchy' and a major obstacle to the mission of achieving social justice. This problem is solved through withdrawing all means of production from the realm of private law, which should be compensated for by the extension of public legal rights. It is concluded that it is possible to correlate B. A. Kistyakovsky's social and philosophical views presented in the 'state of the future' project with the theoretical foundations of the European social democracy of the mid-20 th century without considering the wholeness of the philosopher's theoretical legacy.

In the present work the phenomenon of alienation, accompanied the modern formal social contracts – constitutions, is studied. The constitution, considered a formal social contract, is a legal act of alienation of the civil society and the governmental authority under the certain terms. In the context of methodology of the legal political science (the political science of law), the system comparative analysis of major features of alienation and de-alienation, corresponding to the constitutions of bourgeois – democratic, socialist, post-socialist, theocratic and clerical states, is performed. In the work a historical – materialistic approach, according to which the natural state (the interpretation of primitive living) and the social contract (the act of alienation of people's rights to the benefit of the establishing state), is used – the necessary fictions of anti-feudal natural legal theory, formulated in the Enlightenment. In practice the modern states define the people's rights and the "government's", provide for the opportunities of flexible alienation and de-alienation of all the constituted social relations through the formal social contract – the Constitution. This logical scheme constitutes modus operandi of all the study, in the result of which the author came to the conclusion that different types and forms of alienation are immanent to the social contracts (constitutions) of the countries with various social and political system; the ways of constitutional de-alienation are various as well: modernization of the system of rights and freedoms, social guarantees, state-party and state-religious ideology, etc. This process is relatively unlimited, determined by the civilizational features of societies, but, mainly, by the progress of productive forces and productive relations, the inevitable revolutionizing of which raises new issues of alienation and de-alienation on the way to the common good of humanity. ; В представленной статье исследуется феномен отчуждения (алиенации), сопутствующий современным формализованным общественным договорам ‒ конституциям. Конституция, рассматриваемая в качестве формализованного общественного договора, представляет собой юридический акт отчуждения гражданского общества от государственной власти на определенных, прописанных условиях. В рамках методологии юридической политологии (политологии права) осуществлен системный компаративистский анализ основных черт алиенации и деалиенации, соответствующих конституциям буржуазно-демократических, социалистических, постсоциалистических и религиозных государств. В работе использован историко-материалистический подход, согласно которому естественное состояние (интерпретация первобытной жизни) и общественный договор (акт отчуждения прав населения в пользу создаваемого государства) ‒ необходимые фикции антифеодальной естественно-правовой теории, сформулированной в Эпоху Просвещения. Современные государства на практике, через формализованный общественный договор ‒ конституцию, определяют права народа и «правительства», предусматривают возможности алиенации и деалиенации всех конституированных общественных отношений. Данная логическая схема составляет modus operandi всего исследования, в результате которого автор пришел к выводу, что формализованным общественным договорам (конституциям) стран с разнообразным общественно-политическим устройством имманентны различные виды и формы отчуждения; пути конституционной деалиенации также многообразны: совершенствование системы прав и свобод, социальных гарантий, государственно-партийной и государственно-религиозной идеологии и т.д. Данный процесс относительно бесконечен, детерминирован цивилизационными особенностями сообществ, но, главным образом, развитием производительных сил и производственных отношений, неизбежное революционизирование которых ставит новые проблемы алиенации и деалиенации на пути к общему благу человечества.

In the article Human rights as a science, that the system of legal knowledge, concepts and doctrines about the origin, development and present state of human capabilities, rather booming in recent years in Ukraine. This is a change in relation to the rights of the state, the recognition of human highest social value, which interest shall be subject to all state system, and the system of government bodies. However, human rights – a problem that did not arise recently, a problem common historical, social and cultural development of all humanity.Modern catalog of human rights, which is fixed in international legal documents reproduced in the national legislation of States – the result of historical development of standards and standards that have become the norm of modern democratic society. There is every reason to believe that the whole historical development of mankind is associated with changes in ideas about human rights. The cultural progress of society in general is impossible if it does not introduce anything new in the status of a person if the person does not get with each new stage of development more freedom. Even if the law is limited class, but they still expanding from one socio-historical formation to another. As some authors rightly point out, the ancient servant is more free than the original savage medieval fortress freer servant bourgeois society created the conditions for a formal freedom of all members of society, and this can not but agree.Before modern scholars is the problem of further development of ideas, views that have been accumulating for centuries and millennia. However, modern approach to human rights is impossible without careful study of the historical aspects of the formation and development of human rights and freedoms.The primitive system mistakenly believe the "golden period of mankind", which supposedly there is complete freedom and individual rights are not breached. Since I can not agree because that would break if human understanding and as such did not exist. The primitive system characterized by so-called "mononorm", ie rules which can not be classified as rules of religion, morality and common law – a rule are formed on the basis of habits that caused reasonableness of certain conduct which is useful to the individual only in extent that it is useful for family, tribe. These rules have never given the advantages of one over the other member of the genus, ie conventional fixed "original equality", but the essence of equality is the lack of freedom, as the person fully absorbed by society, individual livelihoods rather rigidly regulated. In "mononorm" right kind of membership represented a downside duties as the original individual had separated, enlightened self-interest, other than the interests of the family. Therefore, during the primitive community can talk only about the presence of certain mythological ideas about man and his rights.The beginning of theoretical concepts and research associated with the name of Socrates, who defended the principles of individual freedom and autonomous individual. These ideas found their continuation in the works and rethinking his pupil Plato, who said: "Justice is that every man and made his way that no one was a stranger and did not lose her." Plato's views were too radical even, given the project its ideal state in which there is no private property and division of people into slaves and free, and it went further and for the first time recognized the equality of men and women. In terms of the idea of equality views of Plato were certainly progressive, however, against the strictly organized public life was lost the idea of self-worth and uniqueness of the individual.The idea of forming a coherent philosophical concepts about man, his rights and freedom belongs to Aristotle, who argued that man – this being a political, social. He was developing fundamental categories, concepts that form the basis of modern thinking. First, the doctrine of distributive justice – which includes the distribution of all benefits for people of their ability, in proportion to the contribution to the common cause urivnyuyuchu and fairness when it comes to equality before the law, equality between equals (the issue of crime and punishment, reparation , civil agreement). This principle is almost unchanged as the basis of most modern legal systems. Really, can not be completely equal to each other, people with different levels of education or with regard to their health status, age, and therefore if anything distribution (power, rewards) are taken into account their personal characteristics and abilities, but when it comes to protect their natural rights, they should be the same for all. ; В статье анализируются права человека как наука, то есть как система юридических знаний, концепций о возникновении, развитии и современном состоянии возможностей человека, что обусловлено сменой отношения к нему со стороны государства, признанием человека наивысшей социальной ценностью, интересам которой должен подчиняться весь государственный строй, система и деятельность органов власти. Обозначено, что права человека – это проблема общего исторического, социального и культурного развития всего человечества. ; У статті аналізуються права людини як наука, тобто як система юридичних знань, концепцій і доктрин про виникнення, розвиток і сучасний стан можливостей людини, що зумовлено зміною відношення до неї з боку держави, визнання людини найвищою соціальною цінністю, інтересам якої повинен підпорядковуватися весь державний устрій, система та діяльність органів влади. Зазначено, що права людини – це проблема загального історичного, соціального та культурного розвитку всього людства.

In article natural and legal models of legitimacy of the government are considered. Two main models of legitimacy of the government are investigated: the natural and legal model and model of legitimacy of representatives of the theory of legal positivism, detail analyzed concepts of each of these models. It was found that the work of I. Kant was of fundamental importance for the development of the theory of the rule of law. Like many other thinkers of the time, he believed that the state replaced the natural state, in which there was no guarantee of legitimacy. Moral duty, a sense of respect for natural law motivate people to leave this state and through a social contract to move to life in civil society, the state. The social contract is concluded between morally developed people, so the state is forbidden to treat them as beings who do not know the moral law and can not choose the right course of action. It is determined that I. Kant's statement and substantiation of claims that each person is an absolute and self-sufficient value, that individuals refuse unlimited and arbitrary freedom of natural state in favor of true freedom in the legal state, that the purpose of the state is perfect law, maximum compliance state system, the principles of law, etc., give reason to consider him one of the main creators of the theory of the rule of law. As a result, we draw the conclusion that most fully the problem of legitimacy of the government was covered by founders of sociological school of the law. Characteristic signs of the concept of legitimacy of the government of sociological school of law is the identification of the concept "legitimacy" and "legality" it is considered that any legal power automatically is also legitimate; only the legal, rational power has legitimate character; the power belongs to the people which not only create, but also exercises control of the public power, the power and the people act as uniform political whole. The state power is not insane, absolutely, therefore, having grasped the need to grow up, people immediately learn how to organize the power of the state in the process of building up their functions to achieve the norm. ; У статті розглядаються природно-правові моделі легітимності державної влади. Досліджуються дві основні моделі легітимності державної влади: природно-правова модель і модель легітимності представників теорії юридичного позитивізму, детально проаналізовані концепції кожної з цих моделей. З'ясовано, що принципово важливе значення для розвитку теорії правової держави мала творчість І. Канта. Як і багато інших тогочасних мислителів, він вважав, що держава прийшла на зміну природному станові, в якому не було ніякої гарантії законності. Моральний борг, почуття поваги до природного права спонукають людей полишити цей стан і шляхом суспільного договору перейти до життя у громадянському суспільстві, державі. Суспільний договір укладають між собою морально розвинені люди, тому державі забороняється поводитися з ними як з істотами, котрі не знають морального закону і не можуть самі обрати правильну лінію поведінки. Визначено, що висунення й обґрунтування І. Кантом тверджень про те, що кожна людина є абсолютною і самодостатньою цінністю, що індивіди відмовляються від необмеженої та свавільної свободи природного стану на користь справжньої свободи у правовому стані, що призначення держави полягає в досконалому праві, максимальній відповідності державного устрою принципам права тощо дають підстави вважати його одним із творців теорії правової держави. Доходимо висновку, що найповніше проблема легітимності державної влади була висвітлена основоположниками соціологічної школи права. Характерними ознаками концепції легітимності державної влади соціологічної школи права є ототожнення поняття «легітимність» і «легальність»: вважається, що будь-яка легальна влада автоматично є і легітимною; лише легальна, раціональна влада має легітимний характер; влада належить народу, який не лише формує, але і здійснює контроль за публічною владою, влада і народ виступають як єдине політичне ціле. Державна влада не є безумовною й абсолютною, тому, усвідомивши необхідність їй підкорятися, людина одночасно усвідомлює, що органи державної влади зобов'язані у процесі здійснення своїх функцій дотримуватися юридичних норм, які розмежовують інтереси влади й інтереси особи та суспільства.

Задача: состоит в комплексном общетеоретическом изучении понятия мер безопасности в праве и их специфики в системе средств правового воздействия, общих закономерностей законодательного закрепления и применения на практике. Модель: методологической основой исследования являются современные методы познания, выявленные юридической наукой и апробированные практикой. Статья основана на использовании положений диалектической философии, особенно положений о диалектической связи объективно вероятной угрозы со степенью ограничения естественных прав и свобод человека и гражданина с целью ее предотвращения; о сочетании частных и публичных интересов в процессе применения мер безопасности; о необходимости модернизации существующего института мер безопасности, вызванной уровнем развития политической и социально-экономической сфер жизни общества. Выводы: в статье обосновывается актуальность и практическая значимость формирования на общетеоретическом уровне понятия мер безопасности, выделения их из системы средств правового воздействия, классификации мер безопасности. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению характерных черт и признаков мер безопасности как правовой категории. Рамки исследования/возможность последующего использования результатов научной работы: формулируемые в статье положения и выводы дополняют и развивают соответствующие разделы общей теории государства и права: о правомерном ограничении прав человека, системе правовых средств, охране права, механизме мер правового воздействия. Оригинальность/ценность: проведенное общетеоретическое исследование проблемы мер безопасности в праве может послужить методологической основой для более детального научного их анализа отраслевыми юридическими науками, для решения задач совершенствования деятельности законотворческих и правоприменительных органов в сфере обеспечения безопасности интересов личности, общества и государства ; Task: consists in complex general-theoretical studying of concept of security measures in the right and their specifics in system of means of legal influence, the general regularities of legislative fixing and application in practice. Model: methodological basis of research are the modern methods of knowledge revealed by jurisprudence and approved by practice. Article is based on use of provisions of dialectic philosophy, especially regulations on dialectic communication of objectively probable threat with extent of restriction of the natural rights and freedoms of the person and the citizen for the purpose of its prevention; about a combination of private and public interests in process of application of security measures; about need of modernization of existing institute of the security measures, the caused level of development political and social and economic spheres of life of society. Conclusions: relevance and the practical importance of formation locates in article at general-theoretical level of concept of security measures, their allocations from system of means of legal influence, classification of measures of safety. The special attention is paid to detection of characteristic features and signs of security measures as legal category. Framework research/possibility of the subsequent use of results of scientific work: provisions formulated in article and conclusions supplement and develop appropriate sections of the general theory of the state and the right: about lawful restriction of human rights, system of legal means, right protection, the mechanism of measures of legal influence. Originality/value: the conducted general-theoretical research of a problem of security measures in the right can serve as a methodological basis for more their detailed scientific analysis branch jurisprudence, for the solution of problems of improvement of activity of legislative and law-enforcement bodies in the sphere of safety of interests of the personality, society and the state

The conception of positive law at one ties the right with the law, i.e. formalization of law, determination of it. Just determined law can have its shape – the law in common sense. The State to the essence of positive law, as legal category, enters as the subject of lawmaking (natural law is changed to positive) and as guarantee of necessity of legal imperatives. The competence of natural law in this range restricts to declaring of humanistic ideas (legal ideas). It shows, which values should state turn to conventional regulation of behaviour and how much it can be limited. On the other hand, it is indicated, that the purpose of contemporary democratic state is not just reassurance of above-mentioned rights, because recently inthe society other important concerns for person are emphasized. The values of law are related with public interests. Western civilization and world-view orients to separate human needs, interests, his relations with other persons and their internecine services, cultural interchange. Human's personal and political rights and freedoms, his interests are the basic object of purpose and protection of modern democratic state.

The conception of positive law at one ties the right with the law, i.e. formalization of law, determination of it. Just determined law can have its shape – the law in common sense. The State to the essence of positive law, as legal category, enters as the subject of lawmaking (natural law is changed to positive) and as guarantee of necessity of legal imperatives. The competence of natural law in this range restricts to declaring of humanistic ideas (legal ideas). It shows, which values should state turn to conventional regulation of behaviour and how much it can be limited. On the other hand, it is indicated, that the purpose of contemporary democratic state is not just reassurance of above-mentioned rights, because recently inthe society other important concerns for person are emphasized. The values of law are related with public interests. Western civilization and world-view orients to separate human needs, interests, his relations with other persons and their internecine services, cultural interchange. Human's personal and political rights and freedoms, his interests are the basic object of purpose and protection of modern democratic state.

The paper analyzes the need of finding a new metaideolohiyi; based on the ideological foundations of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen that caused andlegal basis for their implementation. Formed theoretical grounds ideology of human rights; which is of great importance for reflection place and role of ideological factors in social and political life of the modern state. The article substantiates the essence of the ideology of human rights as one of the most modern concept Postnonclassical science reveals the evolution of the ideology of human rights in the history of political thought and reasonable ways to increase the effectiveness of the concept of human rights to optimize the rule of law.In this article the goal of the article - to form the theoretical bases of the concept of human rights; which is one of the most advanced Postnonclassical science that is important for the reflection of place and role of ideological factors in the paradigm of the XXI century. Realization of this goal grounded theory of the nature and importance of human rights as one of the most modern concept Postnonclassical science; explain the concepts and categories of the human rights paradigm and its implications for the modern understanding of ideological influence on man; show the evolution of human rights theory in the history of political thought and clarification of concepts and categorical apparatus for knowledge of complex social systems; uncover ways and ways to increase the efficiency of human rights theory to optimize the rule of law. In the history of political and legal thought; legal practice; common law of different nations have developed four major solutions to the problem of human rights; the legal status of persons: 1 Liberal (European) concept of human rights is based on the idea of natural; inalienable human rights and justify the need constitutional definition of conditions that are conducive to the free development of the individual. 2 collectivist concept of human rights (Marxist; racist; etc.) based on the identified priority group (society; class; race; nation; etc.) in relation to a person; and to substantiate the limited rights public interest. 3 Islamic (Muslim) concept; or the concept of equality under Sharia associated with traditional Islamic law. It is significantly different from the European concept; and its main feature is the fact that Islam is the source of human rights recognizes only the Sharia. 4 traditionalist concept of human rights in common law consists of individual tribes and their feature due to customary law; which is a group right: it operates within small social groups (tribe; clan; family; family). Noted that the functional structure of the society of the XXI century should be represented as seven sectors; each of which characterized specific types of ideologies. It is concluded that the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms involves promoting the welfare of human security; state and society. To achieve these goals possible and necessary ideological compromise. ; В статье обосновывается анализ потребности в поиске новой метаидеологии; в основе которой идеологические основания прав и свобод человека и гражданина; которые обусловлены правовой основой их реализации. Сформированы теоретические основания идеологии прав и свобод человека и гражданина; которые имеют большое значение для рефлексии места и роли концепта прав и свобод человека и гражданина в общественно-политической жизни правового государства. В статье раскрывается сущность идеологии прав человека как одной из самой современной концепции потснеклассической науки и обосновны направления повышения эффективности концепта прав человека для оптимизации правового государства. ; В статті дається аналіз потреби пошуку нової метаідеології; в основі якої ідеологічні засади прав і свобод людини і громадянина; що зумовлені -правовою основою їх реалізації. Сформовано теоретичні підстави ідеології прав і свобод людини; що є має велике значення для рефлексії місця і ролі ідеологічного фактора в суспільно-політичному житті сучасної держави. В статті обгрунтовується сутність ідеології прав людини як однієї з самої сучасної концепції постнекласичної науки; розкрито еволюцію ідеології прав людини в історії політичної думки та обгрунтовано напрями підвищення ефективності концепту прав людини для оптимізації правової держави.

Problem setting. In the process of transformation of Ukrainian society towards the assimilation and implementation of basic European values such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law the role of personality that respects the dignity of others and their right to free expression in its multifaceted manifestations becomes more important. Such definitions of it assume the character of the ideal to be pursued, but that has not received adequate expression in people's minds and in practice yet. Since this ideal inextricably links right and personality, enabling the operation of law due to the special qualities of the individual, it can be defined as the ideal of legal personality. It is the formation and realization of such ideal that becomes urgent practical task of our society, which in turn requires a comprehensive theoretical understanding.Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that some philosophical aspects of the meaning of legal personality and its formation are revealed in the works of Ukrainian researcher in the field of philosophy of law S.I. Maksimov. However, all actual researches are based on a certain cultural and ideological tradition. The research of a Polish-American scholar in the history of philosophical and legal thought Andrzej Walicki pays attention to the ideological and methodological potential liberal legal philosophy of the late 19th - early 20th century in the Russian Empire, realization of which, unfortunately, failed because of the violent interruption of this tradition by Bolsheviks. Researches of philosophers of law of that period are of particular significance in this issue: Ukrainian by origin and outlook Bohdan Kistyakivskiy and one of the authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Serhiy Gessen. It is reconstruction of the concept of "legal personality" in the views of philosophers of law of that period, which is really made for the first time, which will give, as we believe, an opportunity to analyze the formation of the ideal of legal personality.Paper objective. Thus, the purpose of this article is analysis and systematization of philosophical views on the issue of forming the ideal of legal personality in Russian philosophy of law, limited by the late 19th - early 20th century During this period, leading philosophers and jurists come to the conclusion that the existence and development of the law governed state should be based on a legal personality.Taking into account the diversity of interpretations of liberal concepts, we begin with a brief description of the charms of liberal ideas, find out the core values that inspire these concepts and focus on the source of political programs and core values - individual autonomy.Paper main body. As it is known, liberalism is a dynamic system that responds to changes in social life and is transformed according to the new reality. Liberal concepts of the thinkers of that time give us the opportunity to realize what freedom, equality and human rights are inviolable condition for the individual existence of human being, laying the values and guidance in the legal consciousness of a person and promoting an individual's recognition of law as the main regulator of social relations, aimed at protecting and strengthening the autonomy (which directly is an ideal basis for development of a legal personality).Conclusions of the research. Thus, the abovementioned allows us to understand the significance of liberal ideas for building a modern ideal model of legal personality, formed on a combination of the spiritual and legal ideals and values. The importance of the concepts of representatives of Russian liberalism is determined by existence of: 1) the idea of equality, which in turn becomes a conceptual basis in shaping of legal personality (after all, the basic values help to reveal the inner depth (essence) of the personality, thereby reducing it to the level of subject, on whose existence law is focused.); 2) the idea of the presence of appropriate freedoms in personality (freedom is revealed as the spiritual foundation of not only the personality, but also society) and natural rights. Rights in turn, act as a form of social relations and independent personalities, behavior and interaction of which is subject to the general rules. Independence of subjects in relation to each other and their joint subjecting to common standards define the content of the legal form of freedom. ; В статье рассмотрены философско-правовые концепции российского либерализма конца XIX - начала ХХ в. по формированию идеала правовой личности. Доказана целесообразность на основе этих концепций переосмысления путей дальнейшего развития украинского общества и его ценностных оснований. ; У статті розглянуто філософсько-правові концепції російського лібералізму кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. щодо формування ідеалу правової особистості. Доведено доцільність на основі цих концепцій переосмислення шляхів подальшого розвитку українського суспільства та його ціннісних підстав.

Problem setting. In the process of transformation of Ukrainian society towards the assimilation and implementation of basic European values such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law the role of personality that respects the dignity of others and their right to free expression in its multifaceted manifestations becomes more important. Such definitions of it assume the character of the ideal to be pursued, but that has not received adequate expression in people's minds and in practice yet. Since this ideal inextricably links right and personality, enabling the operation of law due to the special qualities of the individual, it can be defined as the ideal of legal personality. It is the formation and realization of such ideal that becomes urgent practical task of our society, which in turn requires a comprehensive theoretical understanding.Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that some philosophical aspects of the meaning of legal personality and its formation are revealed in the works of Ukrainian researcher in the field of philosophy of law S.I. Maksimov. However, all actual researches are based on a certain cultural and ideological tradition. The research of a Polish-American scholar in the history of philosophical and legal thought Andrzej Walicki pays attention to the ideological and methodological potential liberal legal philosophy of the late 19th - early 20th century in the Russian Empire, realization of which, unfortunately, failed because of the violent interruption of this tradition by Bolsheviks. Researches of philosophers of law of that period are of particular significance in this issue: Ukrainian by origin and outlook Bohdan Kistyakivskiy and one of the authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Serhiy Gessen. It is reconstruction of the concept of "legal personality" in the views of philosophers of law of that period, which is really made for the first time, which will give, as we believe, an opportunity to analyze the formation of the ideal of legal personality.Paper objective. Thus, the purpose of this article is analysis and systematization of philosophical views on the issue of forming the ideal of legal personality in Russian philosophy of law, limited by the late 19th - early 20th century During this period, leading philosophers and jurists come to the conclusion that the existence and development of the law governed state should be based on a legal personality.Taking into account the diversity of interpretations of liberal concepts, we begin with a brief description of the charms of liberal ideas, find out the core values that inspire these concepts and focus on the source of political programs and core values - individual autonomy.Paper main body. As it is known, liberalism is a dynamic system that responds to changes in social life and is transformed according to the new reality. Liberal concepts of the thinkers of that time give us the opportunity to realize what freedom, equality and human rights are inviolable condition for the individual existence of human being, laying the values and guidance in the legal consciousness of a person and promoting an individual's recognition of law as the main regulator of social relations, aimed at protecting and strengthening the autonomy (which directly is an ideal basis for development of a legal personality).Conclusions of the research. Thus, the abovementioned allows us to understand the significance of liberal ideas for building a modern ideal model of legal personality, formed on a combination of the spiritual and legal ideals and values. The importance of the concepts of representatives of Russian liberalism is determined by existence of: 1) the idea of equality, which in turn becomes a conceptual basis in shaping of legal personality (after all, the basic values help to reveal the inner depth (essence) of the personality, thereby reducing it to the level of subject, on whose existence law is focused.); 2) the idea of the presence of appropriate freedoms in personality (freedom is revealed as the spiritual foundation of not only the personality, but also society) and natural rights. Rights in turn, act as a form of social relations and independent personalities, behavior and interaction of which is subject to the general rules. Independence of subjects in relation to each other and their joint subjecting to common standards define the content of the legal form of freedom. ; В статье рассмотрены философско-правовые концепции российского либерализма конца XIX - начала ХХ в. по формированию идеала правовой личности. Доказана целесообразность на основе этих концепций переосмысления путей дальнейшего развития украинского общества и его ценностных оснований. ; У статті розглянуто філософсько-правові концепції російського лібералізму кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. щодо формування ідеалу правової особистості. Доведено доцільність на основі цих концепцій переосмислення шляхів подальшого розвитку українського суспільства та його ціннісних підстав.

Рассматривается необходимость совершенствования законодательства, позволяющего по-новому взглянуть на соотношения частных и публичных начал в гражданском праве и, по существу, признать органичное сочетание частного и публичного права в регулировании предпринимательской деятельности. Рассмотрены концептуальные аспекты взаимодействия государства, права и предпринимательства в условиях нового геополитического статуса Российской Федерации. Определен круг задач, требующих решения в области практической реализации новой концепции правового регулирования предпринимательской деятельности. Формулируются основные идеи и принципы, которые должны быть положены в основу новой философии предпринимательского права. Механизм правового регулирования предпринимательства рассматривается в тесной связи с проблемой взаимодействия государства и гражданского общества, взаимодействия государства, права и экономики. Место и роль государства и права определяются с учетом соблюдения оптимального баланса механизмов рыночной саморегуляции и государственного регулирования рынка. Приводится широкий диапазон взглядов на роль государства и степень его воздействия на экономику, свободу личности и товаропроизводителей как в западной, так и в отечественной литературе. Анализируются консервативные, либеральные и естественно-правовые концепции теоретических подходов к данной проблеме. Принципы защиты экономических прав граждан рассматриваются как основополагающие в процессе формирования стратегии развития правовой базы предпринимательства и ее адаптации к современным условиям. Определены принципы разрешения конфликтных ситуаций во взаимоотношениях предпринимательства и государства и принципы, составляющие основу формирования концепции правового регулирования предпринимательства. ; The article considers the necessity of perfection of the legislation which permits a new look at the ratio of private and public principles in civil law, and in fact, recognizes the organic combination of private and public law in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity. The article considers the conceptual aspects of interaction between the state, law and entrepreneurship in conditions of a new geopolitical status of the Russian Federation. Defined is the frame of tasks in the field of practical realization of the new concept of legal regulation of business activity. The basic ideas and principles which should form the basis of a new philosophy of business law are formulated. The mechanism of legal regulation of business is considered in close connection with the problems of interaction between the state and civil society, and between the state, law and economics. The place and role of the state and law are subject to compliance with the optimal balance of mechanisms of market self-regulation and state regulation of the market. The article covers a wide range of views of the role of the state and its impact on the economy, freedom of an individual and commodity producers both in the western and domestic literature. The conservative, liberal and natural legal concepts of the theoretical approaches to the problem are analyzed. Principles of protection of citizens' economic rights are considered as fundamental in the process of formation of the development strategy for the legal base of entrepreneurship and its adaptation to modern requirements. Considered are also the principles of resolving conflicts in relations between business and the state, and principles, which constitute the basis for the formation of the concept of legal regulation of business.

The article gives a scientific analysis about the nature of civil society, which is the case in the works of the philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome; lit conceptual and categorical apparatus of the essence of civil society and the rule of law in the works N.Makivelli, D.Lokk, T.Hobbes, J.-F . Rousseau, C.-L.Monteske, I. Kant, G.V.F.Gegel, A.Gramshi. The evolution of theories of civil society as a set of natural forms of social activity of people who are called non-political means to provide for the needs of the citizens and their interests, discloses the structure of civil society and its beginning, based on self-realization of rights; notes that only in a democratic society is possible the development of civil society in Ukraine and the transition to a global civil society.The purpose of the article - to form the theoretical basis of civil society in the history of social and philosophical thought, the conditions of civil society, the nature and structure, which is important for further analysis of authentic civil society as a major concept study. It is noted that the first experience of scientific analysis regarding the nature of civil society has a place in the writings of the philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome, where you can find the concept of the idea of civil society that emerged in the polis democracy, Roman law, of the later ideas of John Locke's natural law and Hobbes. In ancient Greece the term "political" included all the important areas of society: family, religion, education, literature, and art. Being a member of civil (civil) society meant to be a citizen, that is, to live and act in accordance with the laws, do not bring harm to other citizens. It was then that the understanding of society as totality citizens should be free to dispose of their property and their abilities. Civil society - a set of individuals, classes, groups, institutions, whose interaction is governed by civil law, and which is directly related to public policy. Civil society, according to Hegel, is a system of different needs that are based on private property and universal formal equality of people. Such a society appears with the emergence of bourgeois society in the historical arena. That is why civil society is a step in the development of the state but also depends on it. The foundation of civil society is private property, property interests and the formal equality of citizens. Higher interests of civil society are kept by law, court and police and therefore can not be realized without the participation of the state. Excessive development of some elements of civil society to the detriment of others can lead to unjust oppression of others. Maintenance of civil society - is the realm of the everyday interests of the individual methods of implementation - beliefs, legal and moral norms, traditions and customs. It reveals that the basis of civil society - is the free development of the individual with inalienable rights and political organization in which the individual realizes himself as a person. Characteristic features of civil society - the presence in society of free producers production methods, developed democracy, legal security of citizens, high level of civic culture, individual freedom and autonomy of citizens, freedom of forming and consistent expression of interest. It is noted that civil society serves as an area of economic, political, social, cultural, religious and other interests. Civil society is the foundation of the state, which, in turn, protects the principles of self-management of all NGOs that form civil society. Of civil society is a continuous process improvements citizen, society, government, politics, law, covering all areas of society without exception, providing conditions for the establishment of human personality, its national dignity. Only in a democratic society possible formation of civil society in Ukraine. ; В статье дается научный анализ относительно сущности гражданского общества, что имеет место в произведениях философов Древней Греции и Рима; освещено понятийно-категориальный аппарат сущности гражданского общества и правового государства в произведениях Н.Макивелли, Дж.Локка, Т.Гоббса, Ж.-Ж.Руссо, Ш.-Л.Монтескье, И .Канта, Г.В.Ф.Гегеля, А.Грамши; рассмотрена эволюция теорий гражданского общества как совокупности природных форм общественной жизнедеятельности людей, которые призваны неполитическими методами обеспечивать удовлетворение потребностей граждан и их интересов; раскрыто структуру гражданского общества и его начала, в основе которых самореализация человека; отмечается, что только в условиях демократизации общества возможно становление гражданского общества в Украине и переход к глобальному гражданскому обществу. ; В статті дається науковий аналіз відносно сутності громадянського суспільства, що має місце у творах філософів Давньої Греції і Риму;- висвітлено понятійно-категоріальний апарат сутності громадянського суспільства та правової держави у творах Н.Макіавеллі, Дж.Локка, Т.Гоббса, Ж.-Ж.Руссо, Ш.-Л.Монтескьє, І.Канта, Г.В.Ф.Гегеля, А.Грамші; показано еволюцію теорій громадянського суспільства як сукупності природних форм суспільної життєдіяльності людей, які покликані неполітичними методами забезпечувати задоволення потреб громадян та їх інтересів; розкрито структуру громадянського суспільства та його основи, в основі яких самореалізація людини; відмічається, що тільки в умовах демократизації суспільства можливо становлення громадянського суспільства в Україні та перехід до глобального громадянського суспільства.

In the formation of liberalism an important role was played by ideas that later became the basis of the democratic political and legal structure of the European Union and formalized the conceptual framework of the liberal doctrine. These ideas gave an irreversible impetus to the development of legal liberalism and contributed to the formation of a liberal-democratic political culture, producing the formation of specific political and mental characteristics of the society. The ideas of freedom, equality, the natural rights of the individual, the social contract, constitutionalism, the separation of branches of government, limited government, political representation, the rule of law, civil society, private property, tolerance, competition, etc., became very fruitful for the emergence of legal liberalism ; В формировании либерализма важную роль сыграли идеи, ставшие впоследствии основой демократического политико-правового устройства Европейского Союза и оформившие концептуальный каркас либеральной доктрины. Эти идеи дали необратимый толчок для становления правового либерализма и способствовали становлению либерально-демократической политической культуры, продуцируя формирование специфических политико-ментальных характеристик социума. Весьма плодотворными для возникновения правового либерализма стали идеи свободы, равенства, естественных прав индивида, общественного договора, конституционализма, разделения ветвей власти, ограниченного управления, политического представительства, верховенства права, гражданского общества, частной собственности, толе-рантности, конкуренции и т. п. ; У формуванні лібералізму вагому роль відіграли ідеї, які згодом стали основою демократичного політико-правового устрою Європейського Союзу, оформивши концептуальний каркас ліберальної доктрини. Ці ідеї дали незворотній поштовх для становлення правового лібералізму та сприяли становленню ліберально-демократичної політичної культури, продукуючи формування специфічних політико-ментальних характеристик соціуму. Вельми плідними для виникнення правового лібералізму стали ідеї свободи, рівності, природних прав індивіда, суспільного договору, конституціоналізму, розділення владних гілок, обмеженого врядування, політичного представництва, верховенства права, громадянського суспільства, приватної власності, толерантності, конкуренції тощо.