Suchergebnisse

В научной литературе явно недостает работ с теоретическим и философско-правовым осмыслением конституции и конституционного развития. Монография С.Ф. Ударцева «Конституция и эволюция общества (вопросы теории и философии права)» (СПб.: Университетский издательский консорциум, 2015. 388 с.) посвященна именно этим аспектам конституционной эволюции. В рецензируемой работе рассмотрен поиск основ права в истории человечества, этимология термина «конституция». Благодаря творческому использованию метода восхождения от абстрактного к конкретному, в монографии представлена аргументированная, теоретически многоплановая картина эволюции конституции в контексте периодов развития и стагнации человеческой цивилизации, показано место основного закона в механизмах экономического и политического развития. Конституция интерпретируется как основа и одновременно вершина национальной правовой системы, соединяющая ее с международным правом. Воздействие конституции на общественно-политическую и социально-экономическую жизнь общества представлено как в плоскости ее непосредственно регулятивного действия, так и в плане ее идеологического влияния через современные ей формы политического, правового, морального и религиозного сознания. Показаны механизмы их обратного воздействия на формирующиеся и действующие конституции. Отмечается внимание в книге к общим тенденциям и перспективам политического и правового развития и роли в этом процессе конституции. Глобализация неизбежно втягивает в лоно развитой цивилизации страны и народы, находящиеся на разных стадиях развития, с объективной необходимостью обусловливая возникновение наднациональных, планетарных регулятивных инструментов, в числе которых достойное место должно занять планетарное право, имеющее идеологические и нормативные предпосылки в современном мировом сообществе. ; There are a few works in scientific writings that contain theoretical and philosophical-legal comprehension of the constitution and the constitutional development. The article includes the analysis and the value of fundamental theoretical deductions contained in the monograph "Constitution and evolution of a society (issues of theory and legal philosophy)" written by S.F. Udartsev (Saint-Petersburg: Universitetskii izdatel'skii konsortsium, 2015. 388 p.). It is dedicated specially to the aforementioned aspects of the constitutional evolution. The work under review observes the search for basis of law in the human history and etymology of a term «constitution». Due to the fruitful using the method of moving from the abstract to the concrete the monograph presents a proved, theoretically multidimensional picture of evolution of the constitution during the stages of development and stagnation of the human civilization. It shows the place of the basic law in mechanisms of economical and political development. The constitution is interpreted as a basis as well as apex of the national legal system that connects it with the international law. The impact of the constitution on the social-political and social-economical life is presented by its regulative activity as well as ideological influence through contemporary forms of political, legal, moral and religious consciousness. The work shows its back influence on the forming and acting constitutions. It marks general tendencies and perspectives of political and legal development and the role of the constitution in this process. Globalization contributes to including of whole countries and peoples into space of the developed civilization and this is accompanied by appearance of supranational, planetary regulative tools. One of the latter shall be planetary law that already has some ideological and legal background in the modern world society.

In this presentation essential criteria that delineate issues of politics and the political process and constitution as a means of restriction of power are revealed. These issues are resolved in constitutional law in the sphere of restriction of power, it is political in nature, and its freedom is the freedom of development of the individual as a integrate personality. The interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual. This determines the constitutional construction of relations between parliament and constitutional justice, between individuals, the community and the government.Based on the evolution of the constitution as a social phenomenon, within the scope of the political lawyers are restraint is always based on legal continuity. The formation, reproduction and multiplication of legal inheritance in the form of certain legal documents is the product of politics as a certain process of communication between interested political actors, who are bound by law in the future, in particular acts of interpretation of law and legal doctrine.Democracy is based on the balance of interests of the majority and the minority. Differentiation in society is the basis for the principle of the majority, because it expresses its essence. The balance of interests in a democratic society must satisfy the criteria of public consensus: the majority cannot dictate its will to the minority, and the minority cannot impose its will on the majority. Interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual.Implementation of the constitution's provisions in the course of socio-political debate, which is implemented through the formulation of legislation and the formation of a political agenda, which defines both the program of government activity and the implementation of various national and regional development programs. An important role here is to ensure a balance of interests and fundamental rights.Constitutional courts' self-restraint in dealing with issues of correlation of law and policy is a cautious approach to resolving issues of a political nature and political process. The issue of having the constitutional courts the power to review the constitutionality of constitutional laws becomes more acute. From the point of view of the entry into force of constitutional laws, their review by the constitutional courts is carried out in order to comply with the fundamental values and principles of law and the requirements of due constituent procedure. ; Раскрыто сущностные критерии, которые отделяют вопросы политики, политического процесса и конституции как средства ограничения власти. Эти вопросы решаются в конституционном праве в плоскости ограничения власти, политической по своей природе, а пределами ее осуществления есть свобода развития индивида как целостной личности. Взаимодействие между политическими институтами и публичной властью осуществляется с точки зрения человеческого достоинства, в том числе идентичности индивида. Это приводит конституционное построение отношений между парламентом и конституционной юстицией, между индивидами, сообществами и государством. ; Розкрито сутнісні критерії, які відмежовують питання політики і політичного процесу та конституції як засобу обмеження влади. Ці питання вирішуються у конституційному праві у площині обмеження влади, політичної за природою своєю, межею її здійснення виступає свобода розвитку індивіда як цілісної особистості. Взаємодія між політичними інститутами та публічною владою здійснюється із точки зору людської гідності, зокрема ідентичності індивіда. Це зумовлює конституційну побудову відносин між парламентом та конституційною юстицію, між індивідами, спільнотами та державою.

In this presentation essential criteria that delineate issues of politics and the political process and constitution as a means of restriction of power are revealed. These issues are resolved in constitutional law in the sphere of restriction of power, it is political in nature, and its freedom is the freedom of development of the individual as a integrate personality. The interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual. This determines the constitutional construction of relations between parliament and constitutional justice, between individuals, the community and the government.Based on the evolution of the constitution as a social phenomenon, within the scope of the political lawyers are restraint is always based on legal continuity. The formation, reproduction and multiplication of legal inheritance in the form of certain legal documents is the product of politics as a certain process of communication between interested political actors, who are bound by law in the future, in particular acts of interpretation of law and legal doctrine.Democracy is based on the balance of interests of the majority and the minority. Differentiation in society is the basis for the principle of the majority, because it expresses its essence. The balance of interests in a democratic society must satisfy the criteria of public consensus: the majority cannot dictate its will to the minority, and the minority cannot impose its will on the majority. Interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual.Implementation of the constitution's provisions in the course of socio-political debate, which is implemented through the formulation of legislation and the formation of a political agenda, which defines both the program of government activity and the implementation of various national and regional development programs. An important role here is to ensure a balance of interests and fundamental rights.Constitutional courts' self-restraint in dealing with issues of correlation of law and policy is a cautious approach to resolving issues of a political nature and political process. The issue of having the constitutional courts the power to review the constitutionality of constitutional laws becomes more acute. From the point of view of the entry into force of constitutional laws, their review by the constitutional courts is carried out in order to comply with the fundamental values and principles of law and the requirements of due constituent procedure. ; Раскрыто сущностные критерии, которые отделяют вопросы политики, политического процесса и конституции как средства ограничения власти. Эти вопросы решаются в конституционном праве в плоскости ограничения власти, политической по своей природе, а пределами ее осуществления есть свобода развития индивида как целостной личности. Взаимодействие между политическими институтами и публичной властью осуществляется с точки зрения человеческого достоинства, в том числе идентичности индивида. Это приводит конституционное построение отношений между парламентом и конституционной юстицией, между индивидами, сообществами и государством. ; Розкрито сутнісні критерії, які відмежовують питання політики і політичного процесу та конституції як засобу обмеження влади. Ці питання вирішуються у конституційному праві у площині обмеження влади, політичної за природою своєю, межею її здійснення виступає свобода розвитку індивіда як цілісної особистості. Взаємодія між політичними інститутами та публічною владою здійснюється із точки зору людської гідності, зокрема ідентичності індивіда. Це зумовлює конституційну побудову відносин між парламентом та конституційною юстицію, між індивідами, спільнотами та державою.

In this presentation essential criteria that delineate issues of politics and the political process and constitution as a means of restriction of power are revealed. These issues are resolved in constitutional law in the sphere of restriction of power, it is political in nature, and its freedom is the freedom of development of the individual as a integrate personality. The interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual. This determines the constitutional construction of relations between parliament and constitutional justice, between individuals, the community and the government.Based on the evolution of the constitution as a social phenomenon, within the scope of the political lawyers are restraint is always based on legal continuity. The formation, reproduction and multiplication of legal inheritance in the form of certain legal documents is the product of politics as a certain process of communication between interested political actors, who are bound by law in the future, in particular acts of interpretation of law and legal doctrine.Democracy is based on the balance of interests of the majority and the minority. Differentiation in society is the basis for the principle of the majority, because it expresses its essence. The balance of interests in a democratic society must satisfy the criteria of public consensus: the majority cannot dictate its will to the minority, and the minority cannot impose its will on the majority. Interaction between political institutions and public authorities is carried out in terms of human dignity, in particular the identity of the individual.Implementation of the constitution's provisions in the course of socio-political debate, which is implemented through the formulation of legislation and the formation of a political agenda, which defines both the program of government activity and the implementation of various national and regional development programs. An important role here is to ensure a balance of interests and fundamental rights.Constitutional courts' self-restraint in dealing with issues of correlation of law and policy is a cautious approach to resolving issues of a political nature and political process. The issue of having the constitutional courts the power to review the constitutionality of constitutional laws becomes more acute. From the point of view of the entry into force of constitutional laws, their review by the constitutional courts is carried out in order to comply with the fundamental values and principles of law and the requirements of due constituent procedure. ; Раскрыто сущностные критерии, которые отделяют вопросы политики, политического процесса и конституции как средства ограничения власти. Эти вопросы решаются в конституционном праве в плоскости ограничения власти, политической по своей природе, а пределами ее осуществления есть свобода развития индивида как целостной личности. Взаимодействие между политическими институтами и публичной властью осуществляется с точки зрения человеческого достоинства, в том числе идентичности индивида. Это приводит конституционное построение отношений между парламентом и конституционной юстицией, между индивидами, сообществами и государством. ; Розкрито сутнісні критерії, які відмежовують питання політики і політичного процесу та конституції як засобу обмеження влади. Ці питання вирішуються у конституційному праві у площині обмеження влади, політичної за природою своєю, межею її здійснення виступає свобода розвитку індивіда як цілісної особистості. Взаємодія між політичними інститутами та публічною владою здійснюється із точки зору людської гідності, зокрема ідентичності індивіда. Це зумовлює конституційну побудову відносин між парламентом та конституційною юстицію, між індивідами, спільнотами та державою.

This article describes the referential aspect, grammatical, morphological, and lexical means of the text of the 1918 Constitution of the RSFSR as characteristics of the official functional style. The author aims to describe text elements kept by the official style throughout the 20th century and the ones that were its journalistic variations. The Constitution as a genre fixes a certain position achieved in the economy and politics and has a prescriptive character. A specific feature of the reference of the 1918 Constitution is its declarative nature and the attribution of a chain of situations to the future, which means it was not a statement but a proclamation of intentions. The complexity of the modal status of the text of the 1918 Constitution lies in the combination of modality of obligation and the possibility expressed by verbal predicates in the forms of the future tense, as well as constructions with the noun задача in the meaning of "plan", "planned actions". Additionally, the 1918 Constitution includes a foreign policy aspect. The tasks facing the Third All-Russian Congress of the Soviets concern the space that extends beyond the borders of Russia, since it is a question of victory of socialism in all countries. The 1918 Constitution does not consolidate the already achieved status of society and the state, describing the legal state of the country and society with the help of predicates in the present tense, but declares intentions and goals to be achieved by means of grammatical, modus, and lexical means. Compositionally, the sphere of the future extends to Chapters 1–5, which set forth the fundamental provisions of the law. The vocabulary of the 1918 Constitution is heterogeneous. In the text of the 1918 Constitution, there are three lexical layers: a) units belonging to the official style; b) units inherent mainly in journalistic texts; c) units having synonyms in the official style. In the lexicon of the text, there are terms and units with an official stylistic colouring. The new terms include such nominations as нетрудовые элементы "unemployed elements", беднота "poor people", социализация "socialisation", etc. The article compares two versions of the 1918 Constitution, i.e. the first publication and the text on the ConsultantPlus website. The difference between the two texts lies in the fact that the first publication of the Constitution is characterised by: a) expression conveyed by means of word order; b) abbreviations; c) proper names; all of these are absent from the later version of the Constitution. ; В статье описываются референциальный аспект, грамматические, морфологические, лексические средства текста Конституции РСФСР 1918 г. как характеристики официально-делового функционального стиля. Автор ставит перед собой задачу показать те текстовые элементы, которые официально-деловой стиль сохранил на протяжении ХХ в., и те, которые представляли собой публицистические отклонения от него. Конституция как жанр фиксирует некое достигнутое правовое состояние в экономике и политике и имеет прескриптивный характер. Особенностью референции Конституции 1918 г. является ее декларативность и отнесение ряда ситуаций к плану будущего, т. е. не констатация, а провозглашение намерений. Сложность модального статуса текста Конституции 1918 г. — в соединении модальности долженствования и возможности, выраженной глагольными предикатами в формах будущего времени, а также конструкциями с именем существительным задача в значении 'план', 'планируемые действия'. В текст Конституции 1918 г. введен также внешнеполитический аспект. Задачи, стоящие перед III Всероссийским съездом Советов, затрагивают пространство, простирающееся за пределами границ России, поскольку речь идет о победе социализма во всех странах. Конституция 1918 г. не закрепляет уже достигнутое состояние общества и государства, описывая правовое состояние государства и общества с помощью предикатов в настоящем времени, а декларирует намерения и еще не достигнутые цели с помощью грамматических, модусных и лексических средств. Композиционно сфера будущего распространяется на главы 1–5, в которых излагаются основополагающие положения закона. Лексика Конституции 1918 г. неоднородна. В тексте выделяются три лексических пласта: а) единицы, принадлежащие официальному стилю; б) единицы, присущие преимущественно публицистическим текстам; в) единицы, имеющие синонимы в официально-деловом стиле. В лексическом пласте текста представлены термины и слова с официально-деловой стилистической окраской. К новым терминам можно отнести такие номинации, как нетрудовые элементы, беднота, социализация. В статье сравниваются две редакции Конституции 1918 г.: первая публикация и текст на сайте «КонсультантПлюс». Отличие заключается в том, что в первой публикации основного закона присутствуют а) экспрессия, выраженная с помощью порядка слов; б) аббревиатуры; в) имена собственные; в более поздней версии эти явления устранены.

Cost‐benefit reasons account for the adoption of the pre‐World War I gold standard and the Bretton Woods system–the closest approximations to a constitution for the international monetary system that the world has experienced. Past rule‐based international monetary proposals that were rejected were judged not to serve national interests. Current proposals do not deal with policymakers' and governments' self‐interest in preserving their existing power to choose domestic objectives and to adopt policies to achieve those objectives.

Since the rise of the nation-state in the nineteenth century, constitutions have been seen as an embodiment of national values and identity. However, individuals, ideas, and institutions from abroad have always influenced constitutions, and so the process is better described as transnational. As cross-border interaction is increasing in intensity, a dominant transnational legal order for constitutions has emerged, with its own norms, guidelines and shared ideas. Yet both the process and substance of constitution-making are being contested in divergent and insurgent constitutional orders. Bringing together leading scholars from the United States, Europe, Latin America, and Asia, this volume addresses the actors, networks, norms and processes involved in constitution-making, as well as the related challenges, from a transnational and comparative perspective. Drawing from the research on transnational legal orders, this work explores and examines constitution-making in every region of the world.

Статья посвящена исследованию конституционных прав в сфере труда и их законодательному регулированию в 1917-1940 гг., значительное внимание уделено конституционно-правовым позициям и идеям ученых в рассматриваемой сфере. Анализируются положения Конституции РСФСР 1918 г., Конституция СССР 1924 г., Конституция РСФСР 1925 г., Конституция СССР 1936 г., Конституция РСФСР 1937 г., Кодекс законов о труде 1918 г., Кодекс законов о труде РСФСР 1922 г., а также принятое в их развитие законодательство и подзаконные нормативные правовые акты. ; The article is devoted research of constitutional laws in sphere of work and to their legislative adjustment in 1917-1940, the considerable attention is given constitutionally-legal positions and ideas of scientists in considered sphere. Studied the Constitution of the RSFSR 1918, USSR Constitution of 1924, Constitution of the RSFSR 1925, USSR Constitution of 1936, Constitution of the RSFSR 1937, the Labour Code of 1918, Labor Code of the RSFSR 1922, adopted in their development legislation and other legal acts.

Inakomyslie faces an ambivalent setting in today's Russia. While the Russian constitution embraces inakomyslie as one of its characteristic features (pluralism), the state creates a legal reality that villainizes minority discourses. This article examines legal aspects of such tension and focuses on constitutional minority rights. The article shows that current legal discourse and legislation are following legal concepts that do not conform to constitutional needs. Especially concerning the so called foreign agent law, two opponent concepts of communality Fraternite and Sobornost in freedom of association, vividly appear. While the Russian constitution determines the concept of Fraternite, parliamentary laws and much of the legal discourse seem to favour a concept of Sobornost'. To justify this turn, Russian legal discourse moves outside its subject area and argues historically and culturally. The author questions the idea of legally granted freedom in Russia. He closes with an assessment on the current relation between state, constitution and society, which shows that freedom in today's Russia does not mark the beginning of political association but is understood as resulting from the state.

There is much confusion over the 'Constitution', and this book provides an in-depth legal analysis of the institutional aspects of the Constitutional Treaty which, if ratified by the 25 EU Member States, would govern the European Union. Piris argues that, despite its ratification being rejected by the French and the Netherlands referenda in 2005, the Treaty should not be discarded, as it will inevitably be the point of departure for the future of European integration. He places this analysis in an historical and political context and explains the origin, meanings and legal and political effects of all proposed changes to the present treaties

COVER; HALF-TITLE; SERIES-TITLE; TITLE; COPYRIGHT; TABLE OF CONTENTS; TABLE OF CONTENTS; FIGURES; TABLES; BOXES; SERIES EDITORS' PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; TABLE OF CASES; ANNEXES; Introduction; I Is the Constitution for Europe 'dead and buried'?; II The process that led to the Constitution; III Changes in structures and procedures; IV Changes in the institutions; V Changes in substance; VI General assessment; Conclusion: What will the final form of the Union be?; Annex 1 Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union.