Our paper reports on research on risk evaluation and management conducted with three probation services in French- or Italian-speaking cantons in Switzerland. It analyzes how probation officers construct an understanding and evaluation of levels of risk of reoffending for people convicted and serving parts of their sentences in an open environment. Our analysis combines observations of and interviews with probation officers using a method called "instructions to the double", as well as analysis of written records (personal files, evaluation grids). We show that the risk evaluation activity of the probation officers, which we view as a cognitive and social process, draws on different sources. It is characterized by the multiplicity and heterogeneity of the resources mobilized, its dynamic character over the course of the interaction, and its orientation towards risk management. In addition, its validity is also tested in formal or informal collective evaluations. We show, in conclusion, that it does not correspond to the standardized approach advocated in the criminological literature.
International audience ; The study explores spatial data processing methods and the associated impact on the characterization and quantification of a combined health risk indicator at a regional scale with fine resolution. To illustrate the methodology of combining multiple publicly available data sources, we present a case study of the Lorraine region (France), where regional stakeholders were involved in the global procedures for data collection and data processing. Different indicators are developed by combining technical approaches for assessing and characterizing human health exposure to chemical substances (in soil, air and water) and noise risk factors. The results allow identification of pollutant sources, determinants of exposure, and potential hotspot areas. A test of the model's assumptions to changes in sub-indicator spatial distribution showed the impact of data transformation on identifying more impacted areas. Cumulative risk assessment enable the combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of health risks by including stakeholders in the decision process, helping to define a subjective conceptual analysis framework or assumptions when uncertainties or knowledge gaps exist. ; Le Plan national santé environnement (PNSE) vise à prendre en compte, de façon pérenne, la santé environnementale dans les politiques publiques. Ainsi, les actions des PNSE sont développées selon deux axes structurants : • réduire les expositions responsables de pathologies à fort impact sur la santé ; • réduire les inégalités environnementales.
International audience ; The study explores spatial data processing methods and the associated impact on the characterization and quantification of a combined health risk indicator at a regional scale with fine resolution. To illustrate the methodology of combining multiple publicly available data sources, we present a case study of the Lorraine region (France), where regional stakeholders were involved in the global procedures for data collection and data processing. Different indicators are developed by combining technical approaches for assessing and characterizing human health exposure to chemical substances (in soil, air and water) and noise risk factors. The results allow identification of pollutant sources, determinants of exposure, and potential hotspot areas. A test of the model's assumptions to changes in sub-indicator spatial distribution showed the impact of data transformation on identifying more impacted areas. Cumulative risk assessment enable the combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of health risks by including stakeholders in the decision process, helping to define a subjective conceptual analysis framework or assumptions when uncertainties or knowledge gaps exist. ; Le Plan national santé environnement (PNSE) vise à prendre en compte, de façon pérenne, la santé environnementale dans les politiques publiques. Ainsi, les actions des PNSE sont développées selon deux axes structurants : • réduire les expositions responsables de pathologies à fort impact sur la santé ; • réduire les inégalités environnementales.
International audience ; The study explores spatial data processing methods and the associated impact on the characterization and quantification of a combined health risk indicator at a regional scale with fine resolution. To illustrate the methodology of combining multiple publicly available data sources, we present a case study of the Lorraine region (France), where regional stakeholders were involved in the global procedures for data collection and data processing. Different indicators are developed by combining technical approaches for assessing and characterizing human health exposure to chemical substances (in soil, air and water) and noise risk factors. The results allow identification of pollutant sources, determinants of exposure, and potential hotspot areas. A test of the model's assumptions to changes in sub-indicator spatial distribution showed the impact of data transformation on identifying more impacted areas. Cumulative risk assessment enable the combination of quantitative and qualitative evaluation of health risks by including stakeholders in the decision process, helping to define a subjective conceptual analysis framework or assumptions when uncertainties or knowledge gaps exist. ; Le Plan national santé environnement (PNSE) vise à prendre en compte, de façon pérenne, la santé environnementale dans les politiques publiques. Ainsi, les actions des PNSE sont développées selon deux axes structurants : • réduire les expositions responsables de pathologies à fort impact sur la santé ; • réduire les inégalités environnementales.
Résumé Le gouvernement britannique est de plus en plus tenu d'offrir des services de soins de santé et sociaux plus économiques mais de qualité. L'augmentation de la participation du secteur privé dans le financement et la prestation des services est considérée comme un élément important de la solution. Lorsqu'on examine les avantages relatifs de la prestation par le secteur privé par opposition à celle du secteur public, le risque peut s'avérer un important différentiateur. Dans le présent article, nous analysons certains points de comparaison essentiels en matière de risque et établissons un cadre d'évaluation des questions liées au risque. Nous adoptons une approche basée sur deux études de cas à cette fin : une maison de santé pour personnes âgées et un hôpital à financement privé ( Private Finance Initiative Hospital ). Notre analyse indique que dans le cas du financement privé et de la prestation privée de services de soins de santé et sociaux, la participation accrue du secteur privé passe par une évaluation et une gestion des risques rigoureuse. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens Les modèles hybrides en matière de prestation de services de santé et sociaux engendrent souvent des zones d'ambigüité à propos des responsabilités des partenaires des secteurs public et privé, ce qui peut avoir différentes implications sur le plan des risques. Dans le présent article, nous avançons que ces " risques " doivent être pris en compte si l'on veut effectuer une analyse juste et exhaustive des modèles en concurrence que sont les services offerts par le secteur privé et ceux offerts par le secteur public. Sur le plan pratique, nous indiquons que les décideurs doivent tenir compte de quatre facteurs généraux au moins : la certitude du contrat, l'expérience en gestion, la présence d'une surveillance externe indépendante et le souci du patient ou de l'utilisateur du service par opposition au souci du projet.
Résumé L'évaluation devient aujourd'hui une nouvelle tyrannie, mais sous une forme intuitive, elle est au cœur de toutes les activités humaines. Elle est au cœur des activités physiques et sportives à risque où un enjeu de vie ou de mort est toujours présent, surtout dans le contexte de l'alpinisme solitaire où une part d'imprévisible demeure toujours, mais contribue à donner son sel à l'action.
Background as of March 2019As a result of the health monitoring carried out by the members of ANSES's Expert Committee and our ANSES employees, we became aware of an alert concerning an emerging tomato virus: tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV).Tomato brown rugose fruit virus is an emerging tobamovirus first reported in 2014 in Israel and 2015 in Jordan on greenhouse tomatoes. In 2018, it was also reported in Mexico (where its eradication is under way), and in the United States where it was eradicated in the same year. Within the European Union (EU), it was reported in Germany in 2018 (North Rhine-Westphalia where its eradication is under way) and in Italy (Sicily) in early 2019. This virus was also the subject of an alert in the Bulletin de Santé du Végétal (BSV) for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region in December 2018. It was added to the alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) in January 2019 and was the subject of an alert sheet issued by ANSES's Laboratory for Plant Health (LSV_2019_03_0027).The main host plants of ToBRFV are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). The damage observed on greenhouse tomato plants includes chlorosis, mosaic and mottling on the leaves and necrotic spots on peduncles, calyces and flower stalks. Fruits show yellowor brown spots with characteristic rugose symptoms, and may be deformed and ripen irregularly, making them non-marketable. The incidence of the disease varies between 10 and 100% of fruit depending on the site. Similar symptoms have also been observed on Capsicum annuum fruits inMexico. Viruses belonging to the genus Tobamovirus have a particularly effective means of spread. Transmission is mechanical, through simple direct contact between plants or via hands, work tools, clothing, pollinating insects, birds or irrigation water. Seeds can also transmit tobamoviruses. Lastly, these viruses are highly stable and can survive for several months on inert media without any loss of infectivity. These epidemiological characteristics make tobamoviruses a formidable threat to highdensity crops such as those grown in greenhouses.The long-lasting resistance carried by the Tm-2 and Tm-2 2 genes deployed in tomato varieties in production since the 1970s has led to a considerable reduction in the negative impacts associated with other tobamoviruses (tomato mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus). However, these genes are ineffective against ToBRFV. The lack of resistance in tomatoes therefore particularly jeopardises this production sector, which has so far been spared.1.2 Purpose of the requestIn view of the importance of the greenhouse tomato production sector in France, the high infectivity of this virus and the susceptibility of the tomato, the succession of reports at production sites on several continents and especially within the EU, and the lack of regulatory measures against thisvirus, which could lead to certain high risk pathways, you are asked to carry out an express risk assessment of ToBRFV in order to:(i) assess the probability of introduction and spread of ToBRFV and the scale of the potential economic impacts in metropolitan France, (ii) propose possible management measures in the event of an unacceptable risk to the production sector. ; Contexte en mars 2019Grâce à la veille sanitaire réalisée par les membres du Comité d'Experts Spécialisé de l'Anses et nos agents Anses, une alerte nous est parvenue concernant un virus émergent de la tomate : le Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV).Le Tomato brown rugose fruit virus est un tobamovirus émergent dont les premiers signalements datent de 2014 en Israël et de 2015 en Jordanie sur des tomates produites sous serre. En 2018, il a été également signalé au Mexique (où il est en cours d'éradication) et aux Etats-Unis où il a étééradiqué la même année. Au sein de l'Union européenne (UE), il a été signalé en Allemagne en 2018 (Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, où il est en cours d'éradication) et en Italie (Sicile) début 2019.Ce virus a fait également l'objet d'une alerte dans le bulletin de santé du végétal (BSV) – ProvenceAlpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) en décembre 2018. Il a été ajouté à la liste d'alerte de l'OEPP (Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes) en janvier 2019 et ila fait l'objet d'une fiche d'alerte émise par le Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV_2019_03_0027).Les plantes hôtes principales du ToBRFV sont la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) et le piment (Capsicum annuum). Les dégâts observés sur tomate en production sous serre incluent des chloroses, des mosaïques et des marbrures sur les feuilles, ainsi que des taches nécrotiques sur les pédoncules, calices et pédoncules floraux. Les fruits présentent des taches jaunes ou brunes, avec des symptômes de rugosité caractéristiques, et peuvent être déformés et avoir une maturation irrégulière, et ainsi devenir non commercialisables. L'incidence de la maladie varie entre 10 et 100%de fruits atteints selon les sites. Des symptômes similaires ont également été observés sur les fruits de Capsicum annuum au Mexique.Le mode de dissémination des virus appartenant au genre Tobamovirus est particulièrement efficace. La transmission est mécanique par simple contact direct entre les plantes ou via les mains, les outils de travail, les vêtements, les insectes pollinisateurs, les oiseaux et l'eau d'irrigation. Lessemences peuvent également transmettre les tobamovirus. Enfin, ces virus sont très stables : ils peuvent en effet survivre plusieurs mois sur des supports inertes sans perte de pouvoir infectieux. Ces caractéristiques épidémiologiques rendent les tobamovirus redoutables dans les cultures à haute densité de plantation comme les cultures conduites sous serre.La résistance durable portée par les gènes Tm-2 et Tm-22 et déployée dans les variétés de tomates de production depuis les années 1970 a permis une réduction considérable des impacts négatifs liés à d'autres tobamovirus (tomato mosaic virus et tobacco mosaic virus principalement). Or, ces gènes sont inefficaces contre le ToBRFV. L'absence de résistance chez la tomate met donc particulièrement en péril cette filière de production jusque-là épargnée.Objet de la saisine : Compte tenu de l'importance de la filière de production de tomates sous serre en France, du fort caractère infectieux de ce virus et de la sensibilité de la tomate, de la succession des signalements dans des sites de production sur plusieurs continents et plus particulièrement au sein de l'UE et de l'absence de mesure réglementaire vis-à-vis de ce virus qui pourrait engendrer des filières d'entrée à risque, il vous est demandé de réaliser une évaluation de risque simplifiée du ToBRFV afin de : (i) évaluer la probabilité d'introduction et de dissémination du ToBRFV et l'ampleur des impacts économiques potentiels sur le territoire français métropolitain,(ii) proposer des options de mesures de gestion en cas de risque inacceptable pour la filière de production.
Background as of March 2019As a result of the health monitoring carried out by the members of ANSES's Expert Committee and our ANSES employees, we became aware of an alert concerning an emerging tomato virus: tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV).Tomato brown rugose fruit virus is an emerging tobamovirus first reported in 2014 in Israel and 2015 in Jordan on greenhouse tomatoes. In 2018, it was also reported in Mexico (where its eradication is under way), and in the United States where it was eradicated in the same year. Within the European Union (EU), it was reported in Germany in 2018 (North Rhine-Westphalia where its eradication is under way) and in Italy (Sicily) in early 2019. This virus was also the subject of an alert in the Bulletin de Santé du Végétal (BSV) for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region in December 2018. It was added to the alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) in January 2019 and was the subject of an alert sheet issued by ANSES's Laboratory for Plant Health (LSV_2019_03_0027).The main host plants of ToBRFV are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). The damage observed on greenhouse tomato plants includes chlorosis, mosaic and mottling on the leaves and necrotic spots on peduncles, calyces and flower stalks. Fruits show yellowor brown spots with characteristic rugose symptoms, and may be deformed and ripen irregularly, making them non-marketable. The incidence of the disease varies between 10 and 100% of fruit depending on the site. Similar symptoms have also been observed on Capsicum annuum fruits inMexico. Viruses belonging to the genus Tobamovirus have a particularly effective means of spread. Transmission is mechanical, through simple direct contact between plants or via hands, work tools, clothing, pollinating insects, birds or irrigation water. Seeds can also transmit tobamoviruses. Lastly, these viruses are highly stable and can survive for several months on inert media without any loss of infectivity. These ...
Background as of March 2019As a result of the health monitoring carried out by the members of ANSES's Expert Committee and our ANSES employees, we became aware of an alert concerning an emerging tomato virus: tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV).Tomato brown rugose fruit virus is an emerging tobamovirus first reported in 2014 in Israel and 2015 in Jordan on greenhouse tomatoes. In 2018, it was also reported in Mexico (where its eradication is under way), and in the United States where it was eradicated in the same year. Within the European Union (EU), it was reported in Germany in 2018 (North Rhine-Westphalia where its eradication is under way) and in Italy (Sicily) in early 2019. This virus was also the subject of an alert in the Bulletin de Santé du Végétal (BSV) for the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region in December 2018. It was added to the alert list of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) in January 2019 and was the subject of an alert sheet issued by ANSES's Laboratory for Plant Health (LSV_2019_03_0027).The main host plants of ToBRFV are tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and pepper (Capsicum annuum). The damage observed on greenhouse tomato plants includes chlorosis, mosaic and mottling on the leaves and necrotic spots on peduncles, calyces and flower stalks. Fruits show yellowor brown spots with characteristic rugose symptoms, and may be deformed and ripen irregularly, making them non-marketable. The incidence of the disease varies between 10 and 100% of fruit depending on the site. Similar symptoms have also been observed on Capsicum annuum fruits inMexico. Viruses belonging to the genus Tobamovirus have a particularly effective means of spread. Transmission is mechanical, through simple direct contact between plants or via hands, work tools, clothing, pollinating insects, birds or irrigation water. Seeds can also transmit tobamoviruses. Lastly, these viruses are highly stable and can survive for several months on inert media without any loss of infectivity. These ...
