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This chapter analyses the future of traditional Arctic livelihoods as perceived by young reindeer herders in Finland. With urbanisation, industrialisation and rapid social and environmental changes in the Arctic, young herders face an uncertain future. Reindeer pastures are under constant pressure being narrowed and lost. The cumulative effects of climatic and socio-political changes are unclear. The conditions under which young herders raise their reindeer will likely be very different by the time they are middle aged. The chapter draws on general statistics and interviews of youth involved with reindeer herding in two different reindeer herding cooperatives in Finland (Palojärvi and Näkkälä). On this base, it analyses the changing conditions for practicing reindeer herding in Arctic Finland today compared to young herders' own perceptions of reindeer herding as a part of their future life and culture. The results show the confidence of young herders in the adaptive capacity that has been built into their livelihood for centuries. Rather than seeing themselves just as victims of dramatic global changes, young herders also display optimism towards a future that allows them to combine reindeer herding as an entrepreneur with other occupations, such as tourism. Thus, the chapter concludes that the future of traditional Arctic livelihoods is in creative diversification if the legal and political conditions allow youth to harness new opportunities rather than limiting their agency. ; This chapter analyses the future of traditional circumpolar livelihoods as perceived by young reindeer herders and their guardians (N = 12) in Finland. It draws on general statistics and interviews in three different reindeer-herding cooperatives. On this basis, it analyses the changing conditions for practising reindeer herding in northern Finland based on young herders' perceptions of reindeer herding as a part of their future and culture in addition to their guardians' perspectives. The results show that the young herders do have confidence in the centuries-old adaptive capacity built into their livelihood, which their guardians support. Rather than seeing themselves as victims of dramatic global changes, young herders display optimism towards a future that allows them to combine reindeer herding with other occupations, for example, other professions or other kinds of mixed economy such as tourism, the production of local handicrafts and meat processing. The gender-specific issue is that young women also see reindeer herding as an important occupation due to its importance in their lives. These results reveal similar results to research in other Arctic contexts on women with traditional livelihoods. The future of traditional Arctic livelihoods will be in a creative diversification process if legal and political conditions allow the youth to harness new opportunities rather than limiting their agency.

The Sámi is the only indigenous people in the EU. The Sámi live in the Arctic region in Finland, Norway Sweden, and Russia. Nature and natural lifestyles, respect for the nature and sustainability make an important part of the Sámi culture. Today's rapid environmental, economic, and political developments pose a threat to the continuity of traditional values. Early childhood education (ECE) has a strong supportive role in the maintenance, transmitting,and strengthening of the Sámi cultures and languages. This research describes the implementation of Sámi ECE by the narratives of Sámi early childhood educators. Special focus is on the pedagogy educators use to strengthen children's connectedness to nature, respecting nature and living in nature. The theoretical foundation is the eco-cultural theory. The Sámi Parliament has composed a core curriculum and a guide for the daily practices of the Sámi ECE. The research participants (N=23) represent various educational professions. The data comprised personal interviews. The data was analysed with qualitative content analysis. The significance of the nature appeared at many levels of ECE. The research provided grounds for early education which is culturally sustainable as it leans on the cultural tradition and the strong relationship with the nature.

Across Europe, educational institutions are essential in assisting exploration of politics, culture and history, and the use of creative arts appears crucial to supporting this aim. This article reports on Creative Connections, a multi-partner research project that facilitated exchanges for young people to explore their European identities using online art galleries and blogging technologies. Their multimodal conversations revealed an openness to consider artworks as sources of knowledge and experience. Participants did not focus on the nationality of the artist, but concentrated on the relationship that the subject matter of the work had with their own concerns. Anxiety related to populism, exclusive nationalism, social inequality and new forms of labour appeared to impact young European citizens' relationships and their perceptions of democracy. ; Across Europe, educational institutions are essential in assisting exploration of politics, culture and history, and the use of creative arts appears crucial to supporting this aim. This article reports on Creative Connections, a multi-partner research project that facilitated exchanges for young people to explore their European identities using online art galleries and blogging technologies. Their multimodal conversations revealed an openness to consider artworks as sources of knowledge and experience. Participants did not focus on the nationality of the artist, but concentrated on the relationship that the subject matter of the work had with their own concerns. Anxiety related to populism, exclusive nationalism, social inequality and new forms of labour appeared to impact young European citizens' relationships and their perceptions of democracy.

Educating a responsible and ethically sensitive citizen is a challenging task, and pupils should be offered the opportunity to exercise these qualities such as evaluating the ethical issues of nanotechnology. In the European Union, the concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) was developed to connect both the scientific and industrial processes and their outcomes with the values, needs and expectations of society. RRI helps teachers and pupils engage with scientists, educators, museum workers and the public in doing research and innovations as part of school projects. The aim of the study was to examine how RRI dimensions were understood by Finnish pupils grade five and seven (ages 11-12 and 13-14). The results indicate that the pupils' ideas about RRI are rather difficult to measure; there was no substantial variation in the pupils' answers to the RRI questionnaire. Because the results indicated that learning to act in a socially responsible way should not take place only inside a classroom. ; Educating a responsible and ethically sensitive citizen is a challenging task, and pupils should be offered the opportunity to exercise these qualities such as evaluating the ethical issues of nanotechnology. In the European Union, the concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) was developed to connect both the scientific and industrial processes and their outcomes with the values, needs and expectations of society. RRI helps teachers and pupils engage with scientists, educators, museum workers and the public in doing research and innovations as part of school projects. The aim of the study was to examine how RRI dimensions were understood by Finnish pupils grade five and seven (ages 11-12 and 13-14). The results indicate that the pupils' ideas about RRI are rather difficult to measure; there was no substantial variation in the pupils' answers to the RRI questionnaire. Because the results indicated that learning to act in a socially responsible way should not take place only inside a classroom.

This chapter evaluates the EU's cybersecurity policy from four perspectives – neofunctionalism, liberal intergovernmentalism, post-functionalism, and the imperial paradigm. A search for a theory-based framework is performed to ensure that the analysis in this chapter is completed within a set of boundaries, and does not stray into speculation about the EU's prospective strategic steps. Using this contribution's findings and elaborations, a proposal on the policy-associated model is made. Having observed the empirical data, while analytically reflecting on actuality, it can be argued that a 'Cyber Maastricht' is long overdue.

As American leadership over climate change declines, China has begun to identify itself as a great power by formulating ambitious climate policies. Based on the premise that great powers have unique responsibilities, this book explores how China's rise to great power status transforms notions of great power responsibility in general and international climate politics in particular. The author looks empirically at the Chinese party-state's conceptions of state responsibility, discusses the influence of those notions on China's role in international climate politics, and considers both how China will act out its climate responsibility in the future and the broader implications of these actions. Alongside the argument that the international norm of climate responsibility is an emerging attribute of great power responsibility, Kopra develops a normative framework of great power responsibility to shed new light on the transformations China's rise will yield and the kind of great power China will prove to be. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of international relations, China studies, foreign policy studies, international organizations, international ethics and environmental politics.

As China's cross-regional diplomacy is not separated from the party-state's overall foreign policy goals and doctrines, this chapter offers a review of China's foreign policy and economic interests. Without doubt, these dynamics also shape China's policy in the Arctic. The chapter concludes that Beijing is no longer content to be a norm-taker in international politics but it is more comfortable with becoming a norm-maker. However, there are noteworthy differences between China's Arctic engagement and its diplomacy in other parts of the world.

The Arctic region is rapidly transforming from a peripheral region to a global theatre with an increasing number of non-Arctic stakeholders. One illustration of this transformation process is the growing presence of China in the Arctic. This report first discusses China's changing role in global affairs (Chapter 1). This provides background for exploring China's interests, role and presence in the Arctic. The study of China's presence in the region is carried out through the lens of the Chinese government's four priority areas towards the region as expressed in the country's first official Arctic statement – the White Paper – from January 2018 (Chapter 2). Further, Chinese interests and actions in the Arctic are studied from the viewpoint of one particular Arctic State, Finland. The authors provide an overview of a broad spectrum of Chinese-Finnish interactions in different contexts, including investments in Northern Finland and co-operation within the areas of Finnish Arctic expertise and research. In addition, concerns and risks related to interaction with Chinese actors are discussed (Chapter 3). Over the past decade, China has undertaken an effort to demonstrate its growing knowledge of, and commitment to, the Arctic region. Some actors and experts are concerned about China's aims and actions in the region, while others express hope for Chinese institutions, investors and companies to contribute to regional development and knowledge-building. The report presents a balanced and multifaceted, although necessarily not fully comprehensive, picture of China's rise as an actor in the Arctic.

Although it is part of a that has been ongoing since 2014, the invasion of Ukraine by Russia that began on 24 February 2022 provides a historical marker. The invasion and the war crimes and crimes against humanity that continue to be committed by Russian forces in Ukraine have already impacted international relations more dramatically than any other event since the end of the Cold War. 24 February 2022 marks the end of the post-Cold War era and will likely be seen as a historical date on par with the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. In this short text, it will be shown how reactions by other states to Russia's illegal war against Ukraine is impacting international cooperation and human rights.

This chapter offers an account of China's ecological footprint in the Arctic. Because China is the world's biggest carbon dioxide emitter and a significant contributor of short-lived climate pollutants, the chapter pays special attention to China's role in international efforts to tackle climate change. In addition to China's domestic climate policies, the chapter elaborates the state's contribution to international climate negotiations under the United Nations climate regime. It also introduces the ways in which China's Arctic policy addresses climate change and reviews China's potential to reduce black carbon and other pollutants.

The chapter focuses on economic relations between China and Finland in the Arctic context. This is done from two perspectives. First, the chapter considers Chinese investments and presence in northern Finland and particularly Lapland. Relevant sectors include bioeconomy and tourism, the Arctic railway project, as well as – in terms of future prospects – mining, renewable energy, data centres and testing facilities. Second, the chapter looks at the instances of economic cooperation – Finnish investments in China, Chinese in Finland and joint ventures – in areas of Finnish Arctic expertise.

This chapter elaborates on China's evolving strategy in the Arctic. For China, the Arctic is no longer about simply being an observer in the Arctic Council, but much more. The chapter will analyze mainly the specifics of China's Arctic white paper and examine a pair of specific cases, namely China's role in negotiating the Polar Code and the Arctic fisheries agreement. Special attention will be paid to the ways in which China's national policy towards the Arctic has emerged and how it has been viewed by other actors and commentators following China's role in the Arctic. As a sub-section, China's policy towards the Arctic's indigenous peoples will also be studied.

The chapter focuses on economic presence of China in the Arctic regions. First, it considers the economic relations between China and the Nordic states, North American Arctic and Russia. China and Chinese actors are active in different ways in different parts of the Arctic. Second, it looks at the key Arctic industries, where China's role is or may become relevant: shipping, oil and gas, minerals extraction, and tourism. Finally, the chapter considers the two dimensions of concerns related to Chinese economic activities: the problem of economic and political influence gained through investments and the environment and social performance as well as reliability of Chinese companies.

ABSTRACTThe field of Security Studies traditionally focused on military threats to states' survival, however, since the end of the Cold War the concept of security has widened and individuals and communities have gradually become viewed as appropriate referent objects of security: Multifaceted challenges facing communities at the sub-state level are increasingly regarded as security threats, including their potential to cause instability for the larger society, thus affecting states' security. In the Arctic region, a central challenge is that inhabitants are exposed to multiple non-traditional and non-military threats resulting from environmental, economic, and societal changes, which can be understood as threats to human security. We argue that a comprehensive approach to human security overlaps with the concept of societal security, and must therefore consider threats to collective identity and the essential conditions necessary for the maintenance and preservation of a distinct society. We see the human security framework as a suitable analytical tool to study the specific challenges that threaten the Arctic population, and in turn the well-being of Arctic societies. Therefore, we argue that utilising the concept of human security can promote societal security in the context of the Arctic, and in particular, its sub-regions, for example, the Barents region.

Worldwide, there are tensions over resources and territories between Indigenous peoples and extractive industries. That these tensions have increased and become more intense is no surprise, given historical records and current land encroachments. Still, efforts at cooperation by Indigenous peoples and industry are by no means unheard of. Indigenous peoples have successfully secured rights through international law, improving participation and enhancing self-determination as a people equal to other peoples. The business sector has also increasingly reformed its approach to human rights. This book is based on projects studying how Indigenous peoples interact with different industries—mining, aquaculture and renewable energy—and how the interaction is framed by international law, national legislation and policies, and business approaches. Our theoretical framework for understanding new forms of governance that involve actors from government (state), market and civil society is interactive governance theory formulated by Jan Kooiman and others. This chapter presents the background on Indigenous rights, discusses the framework of interactive governance and outlines the chapters of the book.