Suchergebnisse

The basic problem confronting the dairy industry today is one of utilizing its total fluid milk production. During recent years the industry has witnessed a general decrease in per capita consumption of dairy products while per capita production has remained fairly constant and in amounts approximating the average for the past 16 years (Table 2 ). As a result the dairy industry has produced a surplus of fluid milk and manufactured dairy products. The Federal Government, under its price support program, has been the ultimate recipient of these surpluses and now possesses huge warehouse stocks. The cost to the Federal Government and to the taxpayer has been great, resulting in an intense desire by both the Federal Government and the dairy industry to take steps to alleviate this condition. The following study is undertaken with the hope that the findings from it may provide the dairy industry with information which, in some small way, may contribute a partial solution to this problem.

Abstract Background The foundation of recommended diarrhea management in young children is increased fluids and continued feeding. This increase in fluids is necessary to replace those lost during diarrhea and ultimately prevent dehydration. There may be an opportunity to prevent deaths in children under five by discouraging the practice of reducing or curtailing fluids during diarrhea episodes across different settings worldwide. Methods We quantify and describe the extent of fluid curtailment in children with diarrhea in a selection of countries (Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda) with high burden of diarrhea-related mortality with national cross sectional survey data. We examine the practice of fluid curtailment in these countries and its relationship to child and household traits and to characteristics of diarrhea management. Results The prevalence of fluid curtailment among children under five with diarrhea is strikingly high in these countries: 55 % in Nigeria, 49 % in Ethiopia, 44 % in Uganda, 37 % in Tanzania, 36 % in DR Congo and 32 % in Burkina Faso. Fluid curtailment is associated with giving less food, potentially worsening the impact of this harmful practice. Children who were reported to have had fluids curtailed during diarrhea episodes were also 3.51 (95 % confidence, 2.66 - 4.64) times more likely to be reported to have food withheld (α = 0.05; p < 0.001). Children who received care from non-governmental providers, and those who were breastfed were more likely to have their fluids curtailed, as were children with an unimproved water source. Children of poorer or less educated mothers and those living in rural areas are more likely to have curtailed fluids, compared to children of less poor or more educated mothers, or those living in urban areas. Conclusions The harmful practice of curtailing fluids for a child with diarrhea is highly prevalent, representing an increased risk of dehydration and complications due to diarrhea, including death, especially for children in specific subgroups.

The use of photovoltaic panels is rising, and its use will play a significant role in achieving the European Union's target of 20% of energy consumption coming from renewable resources. At the same time, suppliers of solar energy panels aim to optimise the use of photovoltaic cells. This can be done, for example, by using intelligent methods of cooling to gain the maximum electrical output possible, and minimizing cost by reducing the number of cells without compromise in power output. WS Energia, a national market leader in solar technology, has developed proprietary solutions for the harvesting of solar energy. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the method of solving of the Navier-Stokes equations at discrete points via a numerical method. The aim of this study is to use CFD to gain an insight of on two different levels of the photovoltaic unit. The first is to calculate the forces and induced vibrations on the structure with varying wind velocities and profiles. The second objective is to study the heat transfer mechanisms within the solar cell, in order to utilize innovative cooling methods to optimise the electrical output. Preliminary studies consisting of laminar flow in two dimensions have been conducted on a photovoltaic unit. The aim is to validate the computational setup and the turbulence modelling. This will be compared with data aquired in the experimental facilities of WS Energia. More comprehensive simulations are in progress. The commercial Navier-Stokes solver, Ansys Fluent will be used for this study in a newly acquired computational hardware.

This study investigates the utilization of the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) level in the parotid fluid as a measure of mental or emotional stress. Twelve graduate students were subjected to three levels of mental stress, and the results of the chemical analysis of the parotid fluid indicate that there is a definite relationship between mental or emotional stress and the 17-OHCS level.