VERZEICHNISS DER IM MUSEUM FRANZISKO-CAROLINUM VORHANDENEN DRUCKSCHRIFTEN Verzeichniß der im Museum Franzisko-Carolinum vorhandenen Druckschriften ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Vorwort. ([III]) Inhalts-Anzeige. ( - ) A. Geschichte und ihre Hilfs-Wissenschaften. ([1]) I. Hilfs-Wissenschaften der Geschichte. ([1]) A. Geographie. ([1]) 1. Einleitung, Abhandlungen, Lexika. ([1]) 2. Alte Geographie. (2) 3. Mittlere und neue Geographie. (2) 4. Atlasse, Landkarten. (3) 5. Topographie, Balneographie. (4) 6. Statistik, Länder- und Völker-Kunde. (8) 7. Reisebeschreibungen. (13) B. Chronologie. (16) 1. Abhandlungen über die Chronologie. 2. Chronologische Tafeln. (16) C. Alterthumskunde im weiteren Sinne. (17) 1. Allgemeine Schriften. (17) 2. Schriften über besondere Gegenstände. (17) D. Philologie. (19) E. Numismatik. (19) 1. Antike Münzen. (19) 2. Mittlere und neue Münzen. (20) F. Epigraphik. (22) G. Genealogie. (22) H. Diplomatik, Heraldik, und Sphragistik. (25) 1. Diplomatik. (25) 2. Heraldik und Sphragistik. (25) II. Geschichte. (27) A. Allgemeine Geschichte. (27) 1. Einleitung, Abhandlungen, Lexiken. (27) 2. Geschichte durch alle Zeitalter. (28) 3. Alte Geschichte. (29) 4. Mittlere Geschichte. (30) 5. Neue Geschichte. (31) 6. Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte. (32) B. Geschichte von Deutschland - mit Ausschluß der des österreichischen Kaiserstaates. (33) 1. Quellen. (33) 2. Geschichte durch alle Zeitalter. (35) 3. Alte Geschichte. (37) 4. Mittlere Geschichte. (37) 5. Neue Geschichte. (38) 6. Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte. (40) 7. Geschichte einzelner Staaten, und Anstalten. (41) 8. Biographien der Regenten, Staatsmänner, Feldherren. (45) C. Geschichte des österreichischen Kaiserstaates. (45) 1. Quellen. (45) 2. Schriften, welche den Gesammt-Staat betreffen. (48) a. Durch alle Zeitalter. (48) b. Alterthum. (49) c. Mittelalter. (49) d. Neues Zeitalter. (50) 3. Schriften, die einzelne Länder betreffen. (54) a. Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns. (54) b. Salzburg. (57) c. Steyermark, Kärnthen und Krain. (60) d. Tyrol und Vorarlberg. (61) e. Böhmen, Mähren und Schlesien. (61) f. Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. g. Lombardisch-Venetianisches Königreich. (63) 4. Kirchen- und Kulturgeschichte. (63) D. Geschichte der übrigen europäischen und außereuropäischen Reiche. (65) a. Frankreich. (65) b. England, und Nordamerikanische Staaten. (67) c. Spanien, Niederlande, Portugal und Italien. (67) d. Türkei. (68) e. Skandinavische Staaten. f. Rußland. Polen. (69) B. Philologie. (70) I. Ueberhaupt; allgemeine und vermischte Sprach- und Schrift-Kunde. (70) II. Insbesonders. (71) A. Asiatische Sprachen. (71) B. Europäische Sprachen. (71) I. Alte. (71) 1. Griechische Literatur. (71) a. Grammatische und lexikographische Schriften. (71) b. Schriftsteller. (71) 2. Römische Literatur. (74) a. Grammatische und lexikographische Schriften. (74) b. Schriftsteller älterer und neuerer Zeit. (74) II. Neuere lebende Sprachen. (79) 1. Romanische. (79) 2. Germanische ältere und neuerer Zeit. (79) 3. Slavische. (80) C. Rechtsgelehrsamkeit, Politik und Gesetzkunde. (81) I. Rechtsgelehrsamkeit. (81) 1. Einleitungen und Abhandlungen. (81) 2. Natur-, Staats- und Völkerrecht. (81) 3. Civil-Recht. (82) a. Römisches Recht. (82) b. Deutsches Recht. (83) 4. Kriminalrecht. (88) 5. Kirchen-Recht. (89) II. Politik. (90) III. Gesetze und Gesetzsammlungen. (94) D. Theologie. (96) 1. Biblisch-exegetische. (96) 2. Historisch-Systematische. (97) 3. Praktische. (99) E. Philosophie und Pädagogik. (102) F. Schöne Wissenschaften und Künste. (105) A. Schöne Wissenschaften. (105) 1. Einleitung, Diktionäre und Abhandlungen. (105) 2. Dichter, altdeutsche. (105) 3. Dichter, neuerer Zeit. (106) 4. Erzählungen, Romane, Novellen, gesammelte Werke. (109) B. Schöne Künste. (109) G. Mathematik; reine und angewandte. (115) H. Naturkunde. (117) I. Naturlehre, Physik und Chemie. (117) II. Naturgeschichte oder Naturbeschreibung. (121) 1. Allgemeine Naturgeschichte. (121) 2. Besondere Naturgeschichte. (122) a. Mineralogie. (122) b. Pythologie (Botanik) oder Pflanzenkunde. (125) c. Zoologie, oder Thierkunde. (129) I. Heilkunde und ihre Zweige. (131) 1. Allgemeine Schriften, Abhandlungen. (131) 2. Anatomie und Physiologie. (132) 3. Arzneimittellehre. (133) 4. Praktische Medizin. (134) 5. Diätik. (135) 6. Chirurgie. (135) 7. Veterinärkunde. (136) K. Gewerbs-Kunde, mit Inbegriff der übrigen Künste, außer den schönen. (137) 1. Baukunst. (137) 2. Kriegs-Kunst und Kriegsgeschichte sammt den gymnastischen Künsten. (139) 3. Berg- und Hüttenkunde. (142) 4. Technologie. (142) 5. Oekonomie im engeren Sinne oder Landwirthschaft. (144) L. Literärgeschichte. (150) 1. Alphabetische und systematische Werke, über einzelne oder mehrere Wissenschaften. (150) 2. Geschichte literärischer Gesellschaften. (151) 3. Biographien, Memoiren und Briefe. (153) 4. Zeitschriften, literärische und politische. (154) M. Bibliographie. (157) Einband ( - )
STRATEGISCHE BELEUCHTUNG MEHRERER FELDZÜGE VON GUSTAV ADOLPH, TURENNE, LUXEMBURG UND ANDERE HISTORISCHE MATERIALIEN ZUR STRATEGIE Hinterlassene Werke über Krieg und Kriegführung des Generals Carl von Clausewitz (-) Strategische Beleuchtung mehrerer Feldzüge von Gustav Adolph, Turenne, Luxemburg und andere historische Materialien zur Strategie (9 ; / 1837) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ([II]) Vorrede. ([V]) Inhalt. ([XVII]) Gustav Adolphs Feldzüge von 1630 - 1632. ([1]) Erster Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1630. ([3]) Zweiter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1631. (19) Dritter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1632. (68) Historische Materialien zur Strategie. ([107]) Erster Abschnitt. Übersicht der niederländischen Unabhängigkeitskriege von 1568 - 1606. ([109]) Zweiter Abschnitt. Übersicht der Kriege unter Ludwig XIV. (126) I. Der Antheil am dreißigjährigen Kriege von 1643 - 1648. (126) 1. Feldzug von 1643. (126) 2. Fledzug von 1644. (127) 3. Feldzug von 1645. (127) 4. Feldzug von 1646. (128) 5. Feldzug von 1647. (129) 6. Feldzug von 1648. (129) II. Fortsetzung des Krieges bis zum Pyrenäischen Frieden 1648 - 1658. (130) 1. Feldzug von 1649. (130) 2. Feldzug von 1650. 3. Feldzug von 1651. 4. Feldzug von 1652. (131) 5. Feldzug von 1653. (131) 6. Feldzug von 1654. 7. Feldzug von 1655. (132) 8. Feldzug von 1656. 9. Feldzug von 1657. 10. Feldzug von 1658. (133) III. Devolutionskrieg zwischen Spanien und Frankreich wegen Brabant 1667 und 1668. (134) 1. Feldzug von 1667. 2. Feldzug von 1668. (134) IV. Holländischer Krieg 1672 - 1678. (134) 1. Feldzug von 1672. (134) 2. Feldzug von 1673. (134) 3. Feldzug von 1674. (135) 4. Feldzug von 1675. (135) 5. Feldzug von 1676. (136) 6. Feldzug von 1677. (136) 7. Feldzug von 1678. (137) V. Krieg zwischen Spanien und Frankreich 1683 und 1684. (137) 1. Feldzug von 1683. 2. Feldzug von 1684. (138) VI. Deutscher Krieg 1688 bis 1697. (138) 1. Feldzug von 1688. (138) 2. Feldzug von 1689. (138) 3. Feldzug von 1690. (139) 4. Feldzug von 1691. (139) 5. Feldzug von 1692. (140) 6. Feldzug von 1693. (140) 7. Feldzug von 1694. 8. Feldzug von 1695. (141) 9. Feldzug von 1696. (141) 10. Feldzug von 1697. (142) VII. Der spanische Erbfolgekrieg 1701 bis 1713. (142) 1. Feldzug von 1701. (142) 2. Feldzug von 1702. (143) 3. Feldzug von 1703. (144) 4. Feldzug von 1704. (145) 5. Feldzug von 1705. (147) 6. Feldzug von 1706. (148) 7. Feldzug von 1707. (149) 8. Feldzug von 1708. (149) 9. Feldzug von 1709. (150) 10. Feldzug von 1710. (150) 11. Feldzug von 1711. 12. Feldzug von 1712. (151) 13. Feldzug von 1713. (152) Turenne. ([153]) Erster Abschnitt. Bemerkungen beim Lesen von Zanthiers Feldzügen Turennes von 1643 - 1668. ([155]) §. 1. ([155]) §. 2. ([155]) §. 3. (156) §. 4. (159) §. 5. §. 6. (160) §. 7. (160) §. 8. (161) §. 9. (164) §. 10. (164) §. 11. (166) §. 12. (167) Zweiter Abschnitt. Der holländische Krieg. (Turennes letzte vier Feldzüge.) (169) §. 13. Übersicht des Feldzuges von 1672. Erster Theil derselben. (169) §. 14. Zweiter Theil dieses Feldzuges. (174) §. 15. Übersicht des Feldzuges von 1673. (178) §. 16. Übersicht des Feldzuges von 1674. Turenne gegen Bournonville, den Herzog von Lothringen und den großen Kurfürsten. (180) §. 17. Das Treffen bei Sinzheim. Turenne gegen den Herzog von Lothringen. (190) §. 18. Das Treffen bei Enzheim 1674. Turenne gegen Bournonville. (193) §. 19. Überfall der Quartiere der Verbündeten. (198) §. 20. Das Treffen bei Türkheim. Turenne gegen den großen Kurfürsten. (201) §. 21. Das strategische Resultat des Feldzuges. (201) §. 22. Decken der Grenze durch unmittelbares Vorlegen und Vorschieben. (202) §. 23. Der französische arrière-ban. (203) §. 24. Übersicht des Feldzuges von 1675. (204) §. 25. Die Verpflegung. (216) §. 26. Das politische Verhältnis der deutschen Reichstände. (217) §. 27. Die Strategie in Turennes und Montecuculis letztem Feldzuge. (218) Die Feldzüge Luxemburgs in Flandern von 1690 - 1694. ([229]) Erster Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1690. ([231]) §. 1. Übersicht der Stärke. ([231]) §. 2. Der Operationsplan. (232) §. 3. Übersicht des Feldzuges. (233) §. 4. Die Schlacht von Fleurus. (237) a) Der Vertheidiger. (237) b) Der Angreifende. (239) §. 5. Waffenverhältniß. (242) §. 6. Die Läger Luxemburgs. (242) §. 7. Die Märsche Luxemburgs. (243) Zweiter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1691. §. 8. Übersicht des Feldzuges. (244) Dritter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1692. (247) §. 9. Übersicht des Feldzuges. (247) §. 10. Die Läger. (251) §. 11. Die Linien von Namur. §. 12. Die Verpflegung. (252) §. 13. Die Schlacht von Steenkerke. (253) Vierter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1693. (255) §. 14. Übersicht des Feldzuges. (255) §. 15. Die Schlacht von Neerwinden. (262) Fünfter Abschnitt. Der Feldzug von 1694. §. 16. Übersicht des Feldzuges. (268) [Tabelle]: Das Machtverhältniß in diesem Feldzug war folgendes: (268) Bemerkungen zum spanischen Erbfolgekrieg. ([273]) Wegen Abwesenheit des Herausgebers eingeschlichene Druckfehler. ( - ) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )
CHRISTLICHES GEBETH-BUCH, DAHEIM UND IN DER KIRCHEN, BEY ALLERLEY ANLIEGEN, GEIST- UND LEIBLICHER NOTH ZU GEBRAUCHEN Christliches Gebeth-Buch, Daheim und In der Kirchen, Bey Allerley Anliegen, geist- und leiblicher Noth zu gebrauchen ( - ) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Beth-Kunst. ([2]) Vorbereitung zum Gebeth. ([2]) Um Gnade und Geist , in wahrer Andacht recht zu beten. ([2]) Ein andächtiges Gebeth zu sprechen. (3) Morgen-Gebeth am Sonntage. (4) Besondere Andacht am Sonntage. (5) Abend-Gebeth am Sonntage. (5) Morgen-Gebeth am Montage. (6) Besondere Andacht am Montage. (7) Abend-Gebeth am Montage. (7) Morgen-Gebeth am Dienstag. (8) Besondere Andacht am Dienstag. (9) Abend-Gebeth am Dienstag. (10) Morgen-Gebeth am Mittwochen. (11) Besondere Andacht am Mittwochen. (12) Abend-Gebeth am Mittwochen. (12) Morgen-Gebeth am Donnerstag. (13) Besondere Andacht am Donnerstag. (14) Abend-Gebeth am Donnerstag. (15) Morgen-Gebeth am Freytag. (16) Besondere Andacht am Freytag. (17) Abend-Gebeth am Freytag. (17) Morgen-Gebeth am Sonnabend. (18) Besondere Andacht am Sonnabend. (20) Abend-Gebeth am Sonnabend. (21) Gebeth wenn man zur Kirchen gehen wil. (22) Wenn man in die Kirche kömmt. (23) Vor der Predigt. (23) Bey Verlesung des Evangelii. (23) Wenn die Uhr schlägt. (24) Nach der Predigt (24) Gebeth üm Gnade den Sontag recht zu heiligen. (24) Danksagung für die Schöpfung , Fürsehung und göttliche Regierung. (25) Fest-Gebeth. Gebeth in der heiligen Advents-Zeit. (27) Danksagung für die Menschwerdung Christi. (28) Ein Gebeth auf das heilige Christ- oder Weyhnacht-Fest. (30) Gebeth am Neuen-Jahrs-Tage. (30) Gebeth am Fest der Erscheinung oder am Tage der heil. Drey-Könige. (31) Gebeth am Tage der Verkünd. Mariä. (33) Gebeth in der Fasten und zur Passions-Zeit. (34) Danksagung für das Leiden Jesu Christi. (35) Gebeth auf das heil. Oster-Fest. (36) Gebeth am Tage der Himmelfahrt Jesu Christi. (37) Gebeth auf das Heilige Pfingst-Fest. (38) Gebeth am Tage der Heil. Dreyeinigkeit. (40) Gebeth am Tage Michaelis. (41) Gebeth um den rechten Glauben. (42) Um wahre beständige Hoffnung. (43) Gebeth üm die Liebe Gottes. (44) Um wahre Gedult. (46) Gebeth um wahre Demuth. (47) Gebeth üm Sanftmuth. (49) Gebeth um die wahre himmlische Weißheit. (50) Gebeth um zeitlichen Segen und Nahrung. (51) Gebeth einer ledigen Person, so sich in den Stand der heiligen Ehe zu begeben gedenket. (51) Danksagung für ein erlangtes liebes Ehe-Gemahl. (52) Gebeth eines Christlichen Haus-Vaters oder Haus-Mutter. (52) Gebeth einer mit Leibes-Frucht gesegneten Ehe-Frauen. (53) Gebeth der Umstehenden für ein gebährendes Weib. (54) Danksagung zu Gott , wann er eine frölige Gebuhrt verliehen. (55) Gebeth einer Sechswöchnerin, wenn sie ihren Kirchgang hält. (55) Gebeth eines Reisenden. (56) Danksagung nach vollbrachter Reise. (56) Gebeth zur Zeit grossen Donners und Ungewitters. (57) Danksagung nach dem Ungewitter. (57) Gebeth zur Zeit grosser Theurung. (58) Danksagung für abgewendete schwere Zeit und Hungers-Noth. (58) Gebeth zur Krieges-Zeit. (60) Danksagung für den lieben Frieden. (60) Gebeth zur Zeit der Pestilentz und anderer gefährlichen Krankheiten. (61) Morgen-Gebeth eines Kranken. (61) Abend-Gebeth eines Krancken. (62) Danksagung nach wieder erlangter Gesundheit. (63) Um Abwendung eines schweren Todes. (64) Gebeth in Todes-Nöthen. (65) Gebeth der Umstehenden bey einem Sterbenden. (66) Wenn der Sterbende in den letzten Zügen lieget und den Geist aufgiebet. (66) Gebeth wenn der Sterbende nun schon verschieden ist. (67) Gebeth eines frommen Wittwers. (67) Tägliches Gebeth einer betrübten Wittwen. (68) Tägliches Gebeth Elter-losen Wäysen. (69) Besondere Buß-Andacht und Prüfung Für Communicanten. (69) Gebeth zu dem Dreyeinigen Gott, um die Gnade der rechten wahren Busse und Bekehrung. (77) Ein Anders. (80) Gebeth um Vergebung der Sünden. (81) Ein Anders. (81) Wenn man gleich jetzt zur Beicht gehen wil. (82) Nach empfangener Absolution. (82) Danksagung vor die Vergebung derSünden. (82) Gebeth vor dem heiligen Abendmahl um würdige Geniessung desselbigen. (83) Ein Anders. (83) Ein Anders. (84) Wenn man jetzt zum Altar tritt. (84) Bey Empfahung des gesegneten Brodtes. (85) Nach Empfahung desselben. (85) Bey Empfahung des gesegneten Kelches. (85) Nach Empfahung des H. Abendmahls. (85) Ein Anders. (86) Wann der Segen gesprochen. (86) Gebeth um die Besserung des Lebens, Glauben und gut Gewissen biß ans Ende. (87) Um die freudenvolle Vollkommenheit. (88) Allgemeines Kirchen-Gebeth , Welches nach denen Sonntags-Predigten von den Cantzeln abgelesen wird. (89) Das kurze Kirchen-Gebeth, Weclhes nach denen Wochen - Predigten von den Cantzeln abgelesen wird. (90) Das Bey gegenwärtiger Noth In den Freytags Beth-Stunden Bethende Wismar. (91) Vorrede zur Aufmunterung der Gemeine. (91) Neue Ordnung der Psalmen. (97) Collect vor dem Altar: (108) Eine andere: (108) Folget der Segen: (109) Eine kurze Vermahnung an die Communicanten. (109) Collecten, Welche in unsern Wismarischen Kirchen, an Sonntagen auch Fest-Tagen , vor dem Altar abgesungen werden. (110) An den dreyen grossen Fest-Tagen werden nach der Predigt folgende Præsationes gesungen: (115) Einband ( - ) Abschnitt ( - )
LEBEN DER HEILIGEN JUNGFRAU UND ABBTISSIN LIOBAE AUSS DEM ORDEN DESS H. PATRIARCHEN BENEDICTI Leben Der Heiligen Jungfrau und Abbtissin Liobae Auss dem Orden dess H. Patriarchen Benedicti ( - ) Bezeichnung ( - ) [Caspar Liebler an Odo von Riedheim, deß hochfürstlichen Stiffts zu Fuld Capitularn, Probsten auf St. Peters-Berg.] ( - ) Approbatio theologorum ordinis . P.F. Martini Sneps . ( - ) Facultas. Reverendi admodum P. Provincialis. F. Martinus Sneps . ( - ) Censura ordinarii. ( - ) Bezeichnung ( - ) Protestatio. ( - ) Bezeichnung ( - ) S. Lioba Abbatissa et Virgo ordinis S. Benedicti. ( - ) Das I. Capitel. Der h. Liobae Eltern, und von einem Traum so iher Mutter im Schlaff vorkommen. (1) Das II. Capitel. Von der h. Lioba Geburt, und kindlichen Jahren. (5) Das III. Capitel. Wie Tetta, die würdigste Äbtissin ihren Geistlichen Töchtern, unter denen gewesen Lioba, gelehrte Leuth verschafft, . (8) Das IV. Capitel. Von einer Vision oder verwunderlichen Gesicht, welches Lioba gehabt. (13) Das V. Capitel. Wie der h. Bonifacius Jungfraw Clöster in Teutschland stifftet, . (16) Das VI. Capitel. Lioba kombt mit vier andern ihrer Geistlichen Mitschwestern auß Engel- in Teutschland, wird von dem h. Bonifacio freundliche empfangen. (20) Das VII. Capitel. Wie das Tugendreiche Leben der h. Lioba und ihrer geistlicher Kinder den leydigen Teuffel verdrossen, . (25) Das VIII. Capitel. Wie die h. Lioba durch flehendliches Gebett mit den ihrigen von Gott Hülff erhalten . (30) Das IX. Capitel. Wie der Teuffel Liobam und ihr Gesellschafft in Teutschland verfolgt, auch zu selbiger Zeit in Engelland . (35) Das X. Capitel. Wie durch die Hülff der h. Liobae eine erschröckliche Fewers Brunst gedämpfft wird. (40) Das XI. Capitel. Lioba vertreibt eine Schadtrohendes und gewaltiges gefährliches Ungewitter. (42) Das XII. Capitel. Lioba macht eine ihrer Geistlicher Töcher Todtkrancke wunderbarlicher Weis gesund. (44) Das XIII. Capitel. Von der h. Lioba Mäßigkeit und Abbruch. (47) Das XIV. Capitel. Wie die h. Lioba auß Andacht das Closter und Kirch zu Fuld besucht, und ihr solches vergönt gewesen. (50) Das XV. Capitel. Wie die h. Lioba von Königen Fürsten und andern grossen und fürnehmen Herrn in hohen Ehren gehalten worden. (54) Das XVI. Capitel. Wie die h. Lioba von dem Closter Bischoffsheimb nacher Schönersheimb verreiset. (57) Das XVII. Capitel. Von der h. Lioba seeligen Ableben. (60) Das XVIII. Capitel. Wie der h. Bonifacius seinem Nachfolger in dem Ertzbischofflichem Stuhl zu Mayntz Lullo anbefohlen der h. Liobae Cörper nach ihrem Todt bey seinen zu Fuld zubegraben. (63) Das XIX. Capitel. Wie der h. Liobae todter Leichnamb von dem Closter Schönersheimb nacher Fuld in die hohe Stiffts Krich bey dem h. Myartyrer Bonifacio gebracht . (65) Das XX. Capitel. Wer der h. Abbtissin Liobae in der Regierung deß Closters Bischoffsheimb an der Tauber gefolgt. (68) Das XXI. Capitel. Von erhebung der h. Liobae Gebeiner. (70) Das XXII. Capitel. Von versetzung der h. Liobae Gebeiner auß dem hohen Stifft auff den Peters-Berg. (72) Das XXIII. Capitel. Wie der h. Rabanus nach aufferbawung deß Closters auff dem Petersberg selbiges mit Religiosen oder Geistlichen besetzt und wie lang sie diesen Berg besessen; . (74) Das XXIV. Capitel. Wie der h. Liobae Gebeiner wiederumb in die hohe Stiffts Kirch seyn versetzt worden. (99) Das XXV. Capitel. Wie von der h. Liobae Heyligthumb für Bischoffsheimb begehrt worden. (101) Das XXVI. Capitel. Wie Ihr hochfürstliche Gnaden zu Fuld der Kloster-Kirch zu Bischoffsheimb an der Tauber Heyligthumb von der h. Liobae ertheilt . (105) Das XXVII. Capitel. Zu Ehren der h. Liobae wird ein newe Kirch in in Bischoffsheimb an der Tauber erbawt. (110) Das XXVIII. Capitel. Ihr Chur-Fürstliche Gnaden von Mayntz Herr Joan Philipp versprechen der newen Kirch zu Bischoffsheimb Reliquien von der h. Lioba. (116) Das XXIX. Capitel. Wie ein treffliche Particul Heyligthumb von der h. Lioba auß Mayntz nacher Bischoffsheimb in die zu ihrer Ehr erbawte Kirch verehret und gebracht worden. (119) Das XXX. Capitel. Wie die h. Lioba in einer andern Capell zu Bischoffsheimb neben dem h. Leonardo verehret wird. (128) Das XXXI. Capitel. Der h. Liobae Gebeiner werden auff den Altar in der Krufft der Petersberger Kirchen versetzt. (130) Das XXXII. Capitel. Von dem berühmbten und wunderthätigen Grab der h. Lioba. (132) Contra Tempestates & fulmina dic cum devotione. (136) Gebett. Zur Zeit deß Ungewitters. (142) Gebett. (145) Gebett. (148) Ein anders Gebett, für das Ungewitter. (149) Ein anders. (150) Ein anders. (150) Ein andächtig Gebett wider deß Teuffels widerwärtige Krafft, Gewalt und gifftige Pfeyl. (152) Ein schönes Gebett zu Christo Jesu, wieder die ungestümme Wetter. (154) Ein anders Gebett, zu Maria der allerheiligsten Jungfraw und Mutter Gottes, wider die Ungewitter. (155) Ein Gebett zu den heyligen Gottes. (157) Litaney von der h. Jungfraw und Abbtissin Lioba. (158) Drey Gebettlein zu der h. Lioba, umb Abwendung eines Ungewitters. (162) Ein Gebettt für ein kranckes Kind, zu der h. Lioba. (163) Ein ander Gebett zu der h. Lioba, für Beständigkeit im Dienst Gottes. (165) Ein anders, für die Tugend der Keuschheit und Gedult, in unbillicher zugefügter Schmach. (167) Demüthig-Bittliches Ersuchen deß Authoris an seine h. Patronin. (168) Gesang von der h. Lioba. (173) Ein anders. (174) Bezeichnung ( - ) . haben Herr Odo von Riedheim Ablaß in sieben Jahr sich erstreckent . für das Fest der hh. Aposteln Petri und Pauli wie auch für das Fest der h. . Liobae . ( - ) Bezeichnung ( - )
Bericht über die wunderbare Verlegung und die Weihe des KlostersMarienstatt und Summarium der zu gewinnenden Ablässe. Die göttliche Weisheit hat zum besonderen Haus der Himmelskönigin, das vielen, die zum ewigen Leben bestimmt sind, Schutz bietet, den Zisterzienserorden gemacht, der, anfangs arm und gering, danach aber vielfältig mit weltlichen Gütern gesegnet wurde (Fons sapientie verbum Dei in excelsis exemplo Salomonis regis Jherusalem domum regine matris sue specialem fe(cit) in terris ordinem Cistertiensem multos ad vitam sternam predestinatos a caumatibus et frigoribus pluviisque mundane iniquitatis protegentem, in prinvipio quidem sue fundacionis pauperem et modicum, sed processu temporis locorum varietate ac multitudine personarum per generaciones abbatiarum (a)liarum ab aliis benedictione copiosa bonorum temporalium Dei donante gracia multipliciter augmentatum). So berief sie auch durch den Dienst und die Frömmigkeit des Burggrafen Eberhard von Aremberg (Arberch), edler Abstammung (ingenu(e) condicionis), und seiner Frau Aleydis im Jahre Mo CCo XVo, am 20. August (in die sancti Bernar(d)i) aus dem Verbande (de gremio) von St. Petersthal in Heisterbach einen Konvent von zwölf Mönchen unter dem Abt Hermann als dem dreizehnten an den Ort Altenklosterhof (in loco, qui nunc Vetus claustrum dicitur) zur Gründung einer Abtei. Sie hielten sich dort eine Zeitlang (pro tempore aliquo) auf, wurden aber von äusserem Glück nicht begünstigt und durch die Ärmlichkeit und Ungeeignetheit des Platzes niedergedrückt. Die Mönche schlugen daher vor, sich an die Mutterkirche in Heisterbach zu wenden und dorthin zurückzukehren. Der damals kranke Abt ermahnte sie jedoch, vertrauensvoll in dreitägigem Gebet Hilfe und Trost von der göttlichen Barmherzigkeit zu erflehen. So geschah es auch. In der dritten Nacht, während von den Brüdern in der Kirche (oratorio) die Matutin angestimmt wurde, erschien dem Abt, der noch auf seinem Lager ruhte, im Schlaf als Vision ein sehr schönes Mädchen, das in ein weisses Gewand gekleidet war und den Zweig mit Blüten des Weißdorns (albe spine que theutonice hadorn dicitur) in der Hand hielt. Als der Abt voller Staunen es fragte, wer es sei, antwortete es: "Ich bin die Gründerin Eures Ordens, zu deren Dienst und Ehre Ihr, von meinem Sohn berufen, hierher gekommen seid. Tröste die Brüder. Ich verlasse Euch nicht, sondern verleihe Euch Hilfe und Trost." Es fügte hinzu: "Mit Anbruch des Tages begib Dich über den Berg zu einem anderen Fluss, genannt Grosse Nister (maior Nystria). Wo Du einen Zweig gleich dem siehst, den ich in der Hand halte, dort sollt Ihr Wohnung nehmen. Ich werde dort helfend bei Euch bleiben und denen, die mir fromm dienen, stets geneigt sein." Darauf verschwand es. Zweifellos war diese Trösterin der Armen die Himmelskönigin, Jungfrau Maria, wie aus ihren Worten und aus ihrem weißen Gewand, das ihre Jungfräulichkeit bezeichnet, zu ersehen war. Am Morgen rief der Abt die Mönche zusammen und eröffnete ihnen seine Vision. Nachdem ihm ein Gefährt hergerichtet war, liess er sich an den Ort (Meynbrechzauwe) bringen. Da er dort den ihm gezeigten Zweig nicht fand, wandte er sich weiter auf eine Wiese bei Arfelden (Aruel-), wo er aber auch den Zweig nicht antraf. Von dort kam er im Monat Februar, als stärkster Winter herrschte, an den Platz des gegenwärtigen Klosters, wo damals eine Wiese und Einöde (locus desertus) war. Voller Freude erblickte er dort den Zweig und sagte, indem er Gott pries: "Hier ist der Ort, den die Mutter der Gnade uns zum Wohnen ausersah. Hier wollen wir zu deren Ehre ruhen und wohnen." Als dies bekannt wurde, liess Guda, die alte Vögtin (advocata), Schwester des Herrn Rudolf von Greifenstein, dort, wo der Zweig gesehen wurde, eine Kapelle und einen Altar erbauen. Es ist dies die Kapelle, die jetzt dem Hospital (infirmarie) benachbart ist. Als dies der Landesherr, Graf Heinrich von Sayn, bemerkte, bemühte er sich mit andern Edlen und Mächtigen, die vom Geist Gottes entflammt waren, 15 Jahre und länger bei Erzbischof Dietrich von Trier um die Zustimmung zur Verlegung, weil der Ort der ersten Gründung in dessen Diözese lag. Inzwischen starb Abt Hermann. Ihm folgte Ulrich, der kaum ein Jahr regierte. Als er starb, folgte ihm Konrad, unter dem der vorgenannte Graf Heinrich nach Erlangung der Zustimmung unter dem ermordeten Erzbischof Engelbert von Köln dort das Fundament zur Erbauung des Klosters legte, in das der Konvent unter Abt Konrad im Jahre (Mo CCo XXVIIo) herabstieg, nachdem die Burg auf dem Felsen daselbst 16 Jahre zuvor durch jenen Grafen Heinrich von Sayn zerstört wurde. Von dessen Gütern, die zu dessen Lebzeiten dem Hause geschenkt wurden, und von den frommen Almosen anderer gläubiger Christen gedieh das Kloster unter der Sorgfalt (curarum sollicitudine) der Äbte und Mönche nach und nach so, dass es durch Erzbischof Heinrich von Köln, den 55. auf dem Erzstuhl aus dem Hause Virneburg, im Jahre (Mo CCCo XXIIIIo) am 27. Dezember (in die beati Johannis ewangeliste) im 17. Jahr seines Episkopats unter Abt Wigand von Greifenstein, dem 11. Abt des Ortes, im 27. Jahre von dessen Regierung, in Gegenwart von vielen angesehenen Klerikern und Laien, Freiherren (baronibus) und Rittern, zu Ehren der Himmelskönigin als Patronin des ganzen Cistercienserordens geweiht wurde. Der Jahrestag der Weihe des Klosters und aller Kapellen und Altäre innerhalb und ausserhalb desselben wurde mit allen ihren Ablässen (indulgentiis), die an jenem Weihetag durch den Erzbischof in öffentlicher Bekanntgabe bestätigt wurden, auf den ersten Sonntag nach dem 1. Mai (post festum beate Walburgis) gelegt. Alle gläubigen Christen, die dann andächtig zu dem Kloster, zu der Kapelle im Hospital (infirmatorio), zu der Kapelle vor dem Tor und den 17 geweihten Altären kommen, die sich darin (in eis) befinden, erlangen Ablässe von drei Jahren der ihnen auferlegten Bussssen, ferner 31 Karenen und 1520 Tage, die aus der Gnade des allmächtigen Gottes und der heiligen Apostel Petrus und Paulus durch verschiedene Kardinäle, Legaten, Erzbischöfe und Bischöfe zu verschiedenen Zeiten verliehen wurden, worüber sich beim Kloster ein offenkundiges Zeugnis befindet (de quibus habetur apud nos evidens testimonium veritatis). Ferner erlangen alle, die den Bau des Klosters mit Fuhren unterstützen und ein Seelgedächtnis (orationem) für die dort Begrabenen stiften, 40 Tage Ablass (nach Struck bzw. der Archivdatenbank).
This issue of the Journal contains an article by Gynning et al (1) on the impact of work-life interference on burnout and job discontent in a sample of 1575 physicians in Sweden. The authors measured work-life interference and burnout at baseline in 2021, followed participants for one year, and then measured burnout again. Higher levels of work-life interference in 2021 were associated with an increased risk of high burnout in 2022, after adjustment for sex, occupational rank, family situation, work hours, overtime work, work with COVID-19 patients, and high burnout in 2021. The estimates for the association were substantial, with odds ratios of 3.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.78-4.83] and 1.53 (95% CI 1.05-2.25) in the crude and the adjusted analysis, respectively. Work-life interference in 2021 was also associated with risk of job dissatisfaction and turnover intention in 2022. Whereas the design of the study was simple and straightforward, the researched phenomena, both the exposure − work-life interference − and the outcome − burnout − are anything but simple and straightforward. Work-life interference Work-life interference and related concepts, such as work-life balance or work-family conflict, have been viewed and understood differently, depending on historical and other contexts. In the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the demand for a healthy balance between work and life might have been best expressed in the slogan "eight hours labor, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest", allegedly coined by the British textile manufacturer and social reformer Robert Owen (1771–1858). Although the link between number of working hours and work-life balance persisted in the 21st century − as illustrated in a review by Albertsen et al (2) on working hours and work-life balance published in this journal in 2008 − new aspects emerged, such as the role of gender and gender disparities. Albertsen et al reported in their review that long working hours were strongly associated with a risk of lower work-life balance among women, whereas among men the association was much less clear. Today, there is a substantial literature studying and critically discussing concepts such as work-life interference and work-life balance from a feminist and post-feminist perspective (3, 4). In recent years, a generational perspective has been added to the research on work-life interference. It has been argued that workers from Generation Y (Gen Y or Millennials), comprising those born between the early 1980s and the mid-to-late 1990s, and Gen Z, those born between the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2010s, are more sensitive about the negative effects of work on life and focused on protecting themselves from work that interferes with life than previous generations (such as Gen X or Baby Boomers) (5, 6). Other researchers, though, have strongly criticized the generational perspective and argue there are little-to-no generational effects and that the apparent differences between the generations are actually due to age and period effects (7). An important period effect might be that in this day and age, the distinction between work and life is becoming less clear compared to earlier days of industrialized societies. Whether this is good or not for workers' physical and mental health is not easy to answer. For many workers, and in particular but not limited to highly educated professionals (such as us, academic researchers), work is a major part of life and a key contributor to identity and self-esteem. The domains of work and life are often so much entangled that terms such as "interference" or "balance" may not be adequate to describe the relation between the two. The distinction between work and life may be further blurred because of technological advancements that allow a growing proportion of workers to work from home. Burnout The term burnout emerged in the 1970s from research on physical and mental exhaustion among volunteer workers in the USA (8). It gained popularity in particular due to the work by Christina Maslach, professor of psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, and the development of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (9). Maslach conceptualized burnout with three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization (also termed cynicism), and reduced personal accomplishment (also termed reduced professional efficacy) (9). While the Maslach burnout inventory is by far the most widely-used instrument to assess burnout, it has also been criticized and controversially discussed, in particular with regard to the dimensions of depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishments (10, 11). Several other instruments, definitions, and conceptualizations of burnout have been proposed over the decades (12). A few years ago, the Network on the Coordination and Harmonisation of European Occupational Cohorts (OMEGA-NET) set up a panel of 50 researchers and healthcare professionals, with the aim of developing a consensual definition of occupational burnout. The results were published in the Journal in 2021 (12). The consensus definition was: "In a worker, occupational burnout or occupational physical AND emotional exhaustion state is an exhaustion due to prolonged exposure to work-related problems" (12). This brief consensus definition was the result of the panel`s impressive work that included reviews of the literature, critical discussions of the findings, and thoughtful deliberations. However, already in the next issue of the Journal, the consensus definition was challenged. In an editorial, Wilmar Schaufeli concluded that several questions regarding burnout still remain unsolved (13). One question is whether "exhaustion" is sufficient to define burnout, as the panel argued, or, as Schaufeli argued, that the burnout concept requires the inclusion of both the inability to spend effort at work (exhaustion) and the unwillingness to spend this effort (what Schaufeli termed "mental distancing"). Gynning et al (1) seem to have followed Schaufel`s reasoning and used in their study the Burnout Assessment Tool 12 (BAT-12) (14), a measurement that includes items both on exhaustion and mental distancing (see the supplementary material of their article for the wording of the items). Prevalence of burnout among physicians When one searches the Web of Science for the topics "work-life interference" OR "work-life balance", remarkably, the top-five cited articles that show up are all about burnout among physicians (15–19). It is further notable that each of these five articles had more than 1000 citations even though they were relatively recently published: in 2018 (two articles), 2016, 2015, and 2012, respectively. Thus, it seems fair to conclude that the study by Gynning et al addresses an area of great contemporary interest. Is prevalence of burnout particularly high among physicians compared to other occupational groups? The seminal article by Shanafelt et al (15) reported that 45.8% of the physicians showed at least one burnout symptom on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. For comparison with a US population control sample, Shanafelt and colleagues used a 2-item burnout measure that yielded a burnout prevalence of 37.9% among physicians and 27.8% among controls. Recently, Møller et al (20, 21) presented results from a burnout study that invited all 104 active vascular surgeons (including vascular surgeons in training) employed at a department of vascular surgery in a Danish hospital. Of those 104 surgeons, 85 completed the survey, yielding an astonishing response rate of 82%. Burnout was measured with the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, which assesses exhaustion (but not mental distancing) on three separate scales: personal burnout (exhaustion without attribution to a cause), work-related burnout (exhaustion attributed to work), and client/patient-related burnout (exhaustion attributed to work with clients or patients (10). The prevalence of moderate or severe burnout was 28%, 16% and 4% for personal, work-related, and client/patient-related burnout, respectively (20). Compared to the burnout prevalence reported by Shanafelt et al (15) and Møller et al (20), the burnout prevalence reported by Gynning et al is rather low (4.5% and 5.8% in 2021 and 2022, respectively). There might be many explanations for these huge differences in burnout prevalence across the three studies, such as different response rates and bias due to selective non-response or differences in working conditions between the USA, Denmark and Sweden. The most likely explanation, though, is probably the use of different instruments to measure burnout and thereby different definitions of burnout used in the three studies. Thus, for comparative studies, across countries, industries, or job group, a harmonization of burnout measurements is needed. Mechanisms As delineated above, work hours and overtime work are seen as crucial components of work-life interference in the literature (2). It is therefore remarkable that Gynning et al reported that the association between work-life interference and burnout remained, even after adjusting for work hours and overtime work. So, what is it in work that is interfering with life if not work hours and overtime? The five items to measure work-life interference in the study by Gynning et al are rather general: (i) feeling tired when coming home from work; (ii) private life is not as desired because of work; (iii) overlook personal problems because of demands at work; (iv) personal life suffers because of work; (v) change and adapt personal life to demands at work (see the Supplementary Material of the article for the exact wording of the items). The demands at work that are mentioned in the items could be quantitative demands, including work intensity, but also emotional demands, which tend to be high among physicians (22). It is also possible, though, that the respondents viewed "demands" more broadly and subsumed under the term interpersonal conflicts at work or poor work organization. In an invited commentary to Møller et al`s (21) study on burnout among vascular surgeons, Jonathan Meizoso, a US-American physician, discussed possible explanations for the high burnout prevalence in the study (23). He first expressed his puzzlement that so many Danish vascular surgeons reported burnout, in particular since the working conditions of the Danish physicians seem to be so much better compared to their US-American counterparts (37-hour regular work week, paid overtime work, paid sick leave, paid maternity and paternity leave, six weeks of paid vacation). But then he pointed to adverse working conditions listed in the article that sounded familiar to him as a physician practicing in the USA, such as "increasing bureaucracy, rising requirements of documentation, and an unfavorable electronic health record system"(23). On a theoretical level, these factors seem to be related to the concepts of "unnecessary and unreasonable tasks" in the "Stress as Offense to Self" framework (24). Future studies on work-life interference and burnout might want to examine these and other work organizational factors as potential determinants of work-life interference. These studies could also investigate the extent to which a possible effect of work organizational factors on the risk of burnout is due to work-life interference and the extent to which such an effect occurs via other mechanisms. References 1. Gynning BE, Christiansen F, Lidwall U, Brulin E. Impact of work-life interference on burnout and job discontent: A one-year follow-up study of physicians in Sweden. Scand J Work Environ Health 2024 Aug;4181. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4181 2. Albertsen K, Rafnsdóttir GL, Grimsmo A, Tómasson K, Kauppinen K. Workhours and worklife balance. Scand J Work Environ Health 2008; Supplement 5:14–21. 3. Rosa R. The trouble with 'work-life balance' in neoliberal academia: a systematic and critical review. J Gend Stud 2022;31(1):55–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1933926 4. Sørensen SØ. The performativity of choice: postfeminist perspectives on work-Life balance. Gend Work Organ 2017;24(3):297–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12163 5. Campbell WK, Campbell SM, Siedor LE, Twenge JM. Generational differences are real and useful. Ind Organ Psychol 2015;8(3):324–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.43 6. Twenge JM, Campbell SM, Hoffman BJ, Lance CE. Generational differences in work values: leisure and extrinsic values increasing, social and intrinsic values decreasing. J Manage 2010;36(5):1117–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352246 7. Schröder M. Work motivation Is not generational but depends on age and period. J Bus Psychol 2024;39(4):897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-023-09921-8 8. Freudenberger HJ. Staff Burn-Out. J Soc Issues 1974;30(1):159–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x 9. Maslach C, Jackson SE. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Occup Behav 1981;2(2):99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205 10. Kristensen TS, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress 2005;19(3):192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500297720 11. Schaufeli WB, Taris TW. The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: common ground and worlds apart. Work Stress 2005;19(3):256–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500385913 12. Guseva Canu I, Marca SC, Dell'Oro F, Balázs Á, Bergamaschi E, Besse C et al. Harmonized definition of occupational burnout: A systematic review, semantic analysis, and Delphi consensus in 29 countries. Scand J Work Environ Health 2021 Mar;47(2):95–107. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3935 13. Schaufeli W. The burnout enigma solved? Scand J Work Environ Health 2021 Apr;47(3):169–70. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3950 14. Schaufeli WB, De Witte H, Hakanen JJ, Kaltiainen J, Kok R. How to assess severe burnout? Cutoff points for the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) based on three European samples. Scand J Work Environ Health 2023 May;49(4):293–302. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4093 15. Shanafelt TD, Boone S, Tan L, Dyrbye LN, Sotile W, Satele D et al. Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population. Arch Intern Med 2012 Oct;172(18):1377–85. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199 16. Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, Satele D, Sloan J et al. Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clin Proc 2015 Dec;90(12):1600–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023 17. West CP, Dyrbye LN, Shanafelt TD. Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions. J Intern Med 2018 Jun;283(6):516–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12752 18. West CP, Dyrbye LN, Erwin PJ, Shanafelt TD. Interventions to prevent and reduce physician burnout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2016 Nov;388(10057):2272–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31279-X 19. Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, Rosales RC, Guille C, Sen S et al. Prevalence of burnout among physicians: a systematic review. JAMA 2018 Sep;320(11):1131–50. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12777 20. Møller CM, Clausen T, Aust B, Eiberg JP. A cross-sectional national study of burnout and psychosocial work environment in vascular surgery in Denmark. J Vasc Surg 2022 May;75(5):1750–1759.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2021.11.042 21. Møller CM, Clausen T, Aust B, Budtz-Lilly JW, Eiberg JP. Burnout and its consequences among vascular surgeons and trainees: a Danish national survey. J Am Coll Surg 2023 Dec;237(6):874–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/XCS.0000000000000853 22. Framke E, Sørensen JK, Nordentoft M, Johnsen NF, Garde AH, Pedersen J et al. Perceived and content-related emotional demands at work and risk of long-term sickness absence in the Danish workforce: a cohort study of 26 410 Danish employees. Occup Environ Med 2019 Dec;76(12):895–900. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106015 23. Meizoso JP. Invited Commentary: Burnout among surgeons: a pandemic in its own right. J Am Coll Surg 2023 Dec;237(6):883–4. https://doi.org/10.1097/XCS.0000000000000858 24. Semmer NK, Tschan F, Jacobshagen N, Beehr TA, Elfering A, Kälin W et al. Stress as Offense to Self: a promising approach comes of age. Occup Health Sci 2019;3(3):205–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41542-019-00041-5
El propósito de la investigación fue determinar la relación entre el estilo de liderazgo de los docentes y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes del IV ciclo de la Facultad de Administración Hotelera y de Turismo de la Universidad Nacional de Frontera-Perú. La investigación fue de tipo analítico, ambispectivo y de diseño no experimental, transversal, correlacional. La Recolección de datos se realizó a través del uso de técnicas de observación y la encuesta, con sus instrumentos: fichas técnicas de observación y cuestionario; respectivamente. La muestra de estudio estuvo representada por 14 estudiantes. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó las medidas de tendencia central como es la media aritmética, la varianza y la desviación estándar. Además, se empleó la estadística inferencial, el coeficiente Rho de Spearman, para medir la correlación entre la variable de liderazgo del docente y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Los resultados arrojaron que los docentes aplican el estilo de liderazgo democrático obteniendo en los estudiantes un rendimiento académico promedio de 13.26 como aceptable y el coeficiente Rho = -0.44 que indica la existencia de una correlación media negativa entre las variables en estudio. Palabras Clave: Liderazgo, rendimiento académico, coeficiente Rho. Referencias [1]R. A. P. Vidal, «El liderazgo y su relación con el rendimiento académico. Universidad del Bio Bio,» Chillan, 2008. [2]M. B. Castro, «El liderazgo docente y el rendimiento académico en el área de persona, familia y relaciones humanas de los alumnos en la I.E. 5117, Jorge Portocarrero Rebaza. Ventanilla, 2014,» Lima, 2015. [3]F. A. G. Contreras, . E. Navarrete Andrade y W. Suárez Amaya, «Aproximación a los fundamentos teóricos del liderazgo auténtico.,» Revista Venezolana deGerencia, vol. 22, nº 77, pp. 36-55, 2017. [4]C. Fernández y N. Quintero, «Liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en emprendedores venezolanos.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 22, nº 77,pp. 56-74. [5]L. P. Rejas, C. Araneda Guirriman, A. Bernasconi y P. Viancos, «Liderazgo, cultura académica y calidad de las universidades: aproximación conceptual y relaciones.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 23, nº 1, pp. 184 - 199., 2018. [6]L. A. Montoya, O. Luna Monterrosa, S. Navarro Lobo y B. Salas Muñoz, «Estilos de liderazgo de la alta dirección en industrias exportadoras de Barranquilla,»Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 86, pp. 575-591., 2019. [7]D. M. E. Barbosa y A. Hurtado Ayala, «Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas,» Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, p. 137–145, 2016. [8]J. Zuzama, «Estilos de liderazgo según Kurt Lewin y análisis de un caso real,» 2017. [9]O. Gonzáles y L. Gonzáles, «Impacto del estilo de liderazgo del docente universitario en el rendimiento académico del estudiante,» Revista Multiciencias, vol.14, nº 04, pp. 401-409, 2014. [10]Y. Alvarado, A. T. Prieto Sánchez y D. Betancourt, «Liderazgo y motivación en el ambiente educativo universitario,» Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación",, vol. 9, nº 3, pp. 1-18, 2009. [11]G. P. Ortega, L. Guarín Herrera y G. Romo Morales, «Liderazgo transformacional en los docentes universitarios desde la perspectiva estudiantil. Estudio decaso: universidad nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, » SABER, CIENCIA Y Libertad, vol. 10 , nº 1, pp. 203-2018, 2015. [12]G. Y. A. Tirado, «Liderazgo docente y disciplina en el aula,» Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 2014. [13]L. K., «Experiments in social space,» pp. 71-83, 1939. [14]J. M. V. Vergés, Función directiva, España: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. [15]J. B. S. Reyes y . L. Barraza Barraza, «Percepciones sobre liderazgo,» Revista Ra Ximhai, vol. 11, nº 4, pp. 161-170, 2015. [16]M. Villalva y Isidro Fierro, «El liderazgo democrático: Una aproximación conceptual,» INNOVA Research Journal, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 155-162, 2017. [17]P. L. Vera, L. R. Trelles Pozo y M. M. Mogollón Taboada, «Asertividad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias administrativas de la Universidad Nacional de Piura,» UCV-SCIENTIA, vol. 11, nº 1, pp. 13-20, 2019. [18]K. Perez, «Influencia de la función ejecutiva en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios. Caso Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, » Revista Espacios, vol. 40, nº 8, p. 7, 2019. [19]R. A. A. Sauceda y Á. E. Rafael Sánchez, , «Estrategias de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico universitario: Una mirada desde los estudiantes de tecnológicos públicos,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 87, pp. 938-953., 2019. [20]M. E. G. Salinas, «Factores Socioeconómicos y pedagógicos que inciden en el Rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la carrera de Ciencias Sociales, UNAM - CUR Matagalpa, durante el I semestre, 2008,» 2010. [21]M. J. C. López, A. Llanes Castillo, A. A. Peña Maldonado y . J. Cruz Casados, «Estrategias para potenciar el aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 25, nº 90, pp. 579-594, 2020. [22]R. Martelo, I. Jiménez Pitre y P. M. Martelo, «). Incidencia de las redes sociales en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la universidad de La Guajira (Colombia),» Revista Espacios, vol. 38 , nº 45, p. 24, 2017. [23]E. G. D. Caballero y A. Contreras Orozco, «Estilos de vida y rendimiento academico de adolescentes escolarizados del departamento de Sucre. Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 11, p. 28, 2020. [24]M. Custodio, C. Espinoza , C. Baltazar, . R. Montalvo S. Ochoa y R. Peñaloza, «Rendimiento académico de estudiantes de medicina humana según modalidadde admisión en la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 9, p. 24, 2020. [25]M. Rezazadeh y M. Tavakoli, «Investigating the Relationship among Test Anxiety, Gender, Academic Achievement and Years of Study: A Case of IranianEFL University Students,» English Language Teaching, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 68-74, 2014. [26]E. Coneo, C. Martínez y E. Amed, «Atención visual y auditiva y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria,» Espacios, vol. 40, nº 19, p. 29, 2019. [27]M. Redondo y L. Jiménez, «Autoconcepto y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria en la ciudad de Valledupar-Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº9, p. 17, 2020. [28]P. Torres, «Acerca de los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación educativa cubana actual,» Revista científico pedagógica, vol. 2, nº 34, pp.1-5, 2016. [29]R. Hernández, Metodología de la Investigación, México: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. [30]S. Ross, Introducción a la Estadística. Reimpresión, Barcelona. España: Editorial Reverté S.A. , 2008. [31]J. Acuña, «Autoestima y Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes del X Ciclo 2012 - II de la Escuela Académica Profesional de Educación Primaria y problemas de aprendizaje de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión – Huacho.,» Huacho, 2013. [32]J. Domínguez y . C. Tamayo, «Intervenciones educativas con estrategias didácticas bajo el enfoque Sociocognitivo orientadas al desarrollo del aprendizaje en los estudiantes de Educación Básica regular de Perú.,» Chimbote, 2011. [33]F. Chávez, «El liderazgo personal e interpersonales docentes y estudiantes de enfermería de la U.N.M.S.M,» Lima, 2007. [34]A. Mondragón, «Uso de la correlación de Spearman en un estudio de intervención en fisioterapia.,» Rev. Mov. Cient., vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 98-104, 2015. [35]L. Suarez, «Desempeño docente y rendimiento académico en el área de matemáticas en la I.E. Carlos J.Arosemena Tola del cantón de la provincia del Guayas Ecuador 2018"» 2018. [36]J. L. L. Castilla, «La Enseñanza Universitaria, los Recursos Didácticos y el Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la E.A.P de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,» 2012. [37]V. Martínez, « Factores condicionantes del rendimiento escolar y perfil de alumnos con alto rendimiento.,» Madrid. España, 1997. [38]C. Muñoz y J. Guzmán, «Calidad docente e insumos físicos de las escuelas como factores del rendimiento escolar en educación primaria.,» México, 1991. ; The purpose of the research was to determine the relationship between the leadership style of the teachers and the academic performance of the students of the IV cycle of the Faculty of Hotel and Tourism Administration of the National University of Frontera-Peru. The research was analytical, ambispective and of a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design. The data collection was carried out through the use of observation techniques and the survey, with its instruments: technical observation sheets and questionnaire; respectively. The study sample was represented by 14 students. For the statistical analysis, the measures of central tendency were used, such as the arithmetic mean, the variance and the standard deviation. In addition, inferential statistics, Spearman's Rho coefficient, was used to measure the correlation between the teacher leadership variable and the students' academic performance. The results showed that the teachers apply the democratic leadership style, obtaining in the students an average academic performance of 13.26 as acceptable and the coefficient Rho = -0.44, which indicates the existence of a negative mean correlation between the variables under study. Keywords: Leadership, academic performance, Rho coefficient. References [1]R. A. P. Vidal, «El liderazgo y su relación con el rendimiento académico. Universidad del Bio Bio,» Chillan, 2008. [2]M. B. Castro, «El liderazgo docente y el rendimiento académico en el área de persona, familia y relaciones humanas de los alumnos en la I.E. 5117, Jorge Portocarrero Rebaza. Ventanilla, 2014,» Lima, 2015. [3]F. A. G. Contreras, . E. Navarrete Andrade y W. Suárez Amaya, «Aproximación a los fundamentos teóricos del liderazgo auténtico.,» Revista Venezolana deGerencia, vol. 22, nº 77, pp. 36-55, 2017. [4]C. Fernández y N. Quintero, «Liderazgo transformacional y transaccional en emprendedores venezolanos.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 22, nº 77,pp. 56-74. [5]L. P. Rejas, C. Araneda Guirriman, A. Bernasconi y P. Viancos, «Liderazgo, cultura académica y calidad de las universidades: aproximación conceptual y relaciones.,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 23, nº 1, pp. 184 - 199., 2018. [6]L. A. Montoya, O. Luna Monterrosa, S. Navarro Lobo y B. Salas Muñoz, «Estilos de liderazgo de la alta dirección en industrias exportadoras de Barranquilla,»Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 86, pp. 575-591., 2019. [7]D. M. E. Barbosa y A. Hurtado Ayala, «Influencia de los estilos de liderazgo en el desempeño de las empresas exportadoras colombianas,» Estudios Gerenciales, vol. 32, p. 137–145, 2016. [8]J. Zuzama, «Estilos de liderazgo según Kurt Lewin y análisis de un caso real,» 2017. [9]O. Gonzáles y L. Gonzáles, «Impacto del estilo de liderazgo del docente universitario en el rendimiento académico del estudiante,» Revista Multiciencias, vol.14, nº 04, pp. 401-409, 2014. [10]Y. Alvarado, A. T. Prieto Sánchez y D. Betancourt, «Liderazgo y motivación en el ambiente educativo universitario,» Revista Electrónica "Actualidades Investigativas en Educación",, vol. 9, nº 3, pp. 1-18, 2009. [11]G. P. Ortega, L. Guarín Herrera y G. Romo Morales, «Liderazgo transformacional en los docentes universitarios desde la perspectiva estudiantil. Estudio decaso: universidad nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín, » SABER, CIENCIA Y Libertad, vol. 10 , nº 1, pp. 203-2018, 2015. [12]G. Y. A. Tirado, «Liderazgo docente y disciplina en el aula,» Quetzaltenango, Guatemala, 2014. [13]L. K., «Experiments in social space,» pp. 71-83, 1939. [14]J. M. V. Vergés, Función directiva, España: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1999. [15]J. B. S. Reyes y . L. Barraza Barraza, «Percepciones sobre liderazgo,» Revista Ra Ximhai, vol. 11, nº 4, pp. 161-170, 2015. [16]M. Villalva y Isidro Fierro, «El liderazgo democrático: Una aproximación conceptual,» INNOVA Research Journal, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 155-162, 2017. [17]P. L. Vera, L. R. Trelles Pozo y M. M. Mogollón Taboada, «Asertividad y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias administrativas de la Universidad Nacional de Piura,» UCV-SCIENTIA, vol. 11, nº 1, pp. 13-20, 2019. [18]K. Perez, «Influencia de la función ejecutiva en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes universitarios. Caso Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco, » Revista Espacios, vol. 40, nº 8, p. 7, 2019. [19]R. A. A. Sauceda y Á. E. Rafael Sánchez, , «Estrategias de aprendizaje y rendimiento académico universitario: Una mirada desde los estudiantes de tecnológicos públicos,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 24, nº 87, pp. 938-953., 2019. [20]M. E. G. Salinas, «Factores Socioeconómicos y pedagógicos que inciden en el Rendimiento académico en estudiantes de la carrera de Ciencias Sociales, UNAM - CUR Matagalpa, durante el I semestre, 2008,» 2010. [21]M. J. C. López, A. Llanes Castillo, A. A. Peña Maldonado y . J. Cruz Casados, «Estrategias para potenciar el aprendizaje y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios,» Revista Venezolana de Gerencia, vol. 25, nº 90, pp. 579-594, 2020. [22]R. Martelo, I. Jiménez Pitre y P. M. Martelo, «). Incidencia de las redes sociales en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la universidad de La Guajira (Colombia),» Revista Espacios, vol. 38 , nº 45, p. 24, 2017. [23]E. G. D. Caballero y A. Contreras Orozco, «Estilos de vida y rendimiento academico de adolescentes escolarizados del departamento de Sucre. Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 11, p. 28, 2020. [24]M. Custodio, C. Espinoza , C. Baltazar, . R. Montalvo S. Ochoa y R. Peñaloza, «Rendimiento académico de estudiantes de medicina humana según modalidadde admisión en la Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº 9, p. 24, 2020. [25]M. Rezazadeh y M. Tavakoli, «Investigating the Relationship among Test Anxiety, Gender, Academic Achievement and Years of Study: A Case of IranianEFL University Students,» English Language Teaching, vol. 2, nº 4, pp. 68-74, 2014. [26]E. Coneo, C. Martínez y E. Amed, «Atención visual y auditiva y su relación con el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria,» Espacios, vol. 40, nº 19, p. 29, 2019. [27]M. Redondo y L. Jiménez, «Autoconcepto y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de secundaria en la ciudad de Valledupar-Colombia,» Espacios, vol. 41, nº9, p. 17, 2020. [28]P. Torres, «Acerca de los enfoques cuantitativo y cualitativo en la investigación educativa cubana actual,» Revista científico pedagógica, vol. 2, nº 34, pp.1-5, 2016. [29]R. Hernández, Metodología de la Investigación, México: Mc Graw-Hill, 2006. [30]S. Ross, Introducción a la Estadística. Reimpresión, Barcelona. España: Editorial Reverté S.A. , 2008. [31]J. Acuña, «Autoestima y Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes del X Ciclo 2012 - II de la Escuela Académica Profesional de Educación Primaria y problemas de aprendizaje de la Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión – Huacho.,» Huacho, 2013. [32]J. Domínguez y . C. Tamayo, «Intervenciones educativas con estrategias didácticas bajo el enfoque Sociocognitivo orientadas al desarrollo del aprendizaje en los estudiantes de Educación Básica regular de Perú.,» Chimbote, 2011. [33]F. Chávez, «El liderazgo personal e interpersonales docentes y estudiantes de enfermería de la U.N.M.S.M,» Lima, 2007. [34]A. Mondragón, «Uso de la correlación de Spearman en un estudio de intervención en fisioterapia.,» Rev. Mov. Cient., vol. 8, nº 1, pp. 98-104, 2015. [35]L. Suarez, «Desempeño docente y rendimiento académico en el área de matemáticas en la I.E. Carlos J.Arosemena Tola del cantón de la provincia del Guayas Ecuador 2018"» 2018. [36]J. L. L. Castilla, «La Enseñanza Universitaria, los Recursos Didácticos y el Rendimiento Académico de los estudiantes de la E.A.P de Educación de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos,» 2012. [37]V. Martínez, « Factores condicionantes del rendimiento escolar y perfil de alumnos con alto rendimiento.,» Madrid. España, 1997. [38]C. Muñoz y J. Guzmán, «Calidad docente e insumos físicos de las escuelas como factores del rendimiento escolar en educación primaria.,» México, 1991.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-5 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 408 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, about one per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 3 land use classes. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). Entire area is having clayey soils at the surface. About 51 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) . An area of about 31 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 68 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands. An area of about 31 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 68 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands. An area of about 28 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 71 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0). The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 337 kg/ha) in 56 per cent area of the soils. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 26 per cent area of the soils. Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 6 per cent area of the soils. Available iron is deficient in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed. Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area. The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 201(49) 97 (24) Pomegranate - 246(60) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 246(60) Jamun - 246 (61) Bengal gram 218(53) 80 (20) Musambi 201 (49) 49(12) Groundnut - - Lime 201 (49) 49 (12) Sunflower 201(49) 49(12) Cashew - - Cotton 218(53) 80(20) Custard apple 218 (53) 80(20) Chilli - - Amla - 298 (73) Tomato - - Tamarind 246 (60) Drumstick - 250(61) Marigold - 298(73) Mulberry - 184(45) Chrysanthemum - 298 (73) Mango - - Jasmine - 48 (12) Sapota - - Crossandra - 222(54) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 88 (53.33%) men and 77 (46.67%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.2, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 4.8, semi medium farmers' was 3.5 and medium farmers were 4.5. The data indicated that, 21 (12.73%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 68 (41.21%) were in 16-35 years of age, 60 (36.36%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (9.70%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kavalur East-5 had 25.45 per cent illiterates, 0.61 per cent functional literates, 26.06 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.48 per cent of them had middle school education, 17.58 per cent of them had high school education, 11.52 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.21 per cent did ITI and 7.88 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture labour and 2.78 per cent of household heads were practicing government service and student. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 20.00 per cent of the household members, 53.94 per cent were agricultural labourers,3.64 per cent were household industry, 0.61 per cent were in government service, private service, trade and business and housewives, 17.58 per cent were students and 1.21 per cent were children's. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 86.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 16.67 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 55.56 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.78 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, 47.22 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 19.44 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 83.33 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 2,875, DVD/VCD player was 3,000, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,347, bicycle was Rs. 4,957, motor cycle was Rs. 28.038 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,411. About, 8.33 per cent possess bullock cart, 11.11 per cent possess plough, 2.78 per cent possess tractor, 5.56 per cent possess sprayer, 55.56 per cent of them possess weeder and 8.33 per cent possess chaff cutter. 2 The results show that the average value of bullock cart Rs. 19,000, plough was Rs. 1,640, tractor was Rs. 500,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,000, weeder was Rs.18 and average value of chaff cutter was Rs.383. The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 2.78 per cent of the household possess local cow, buffalo, sheep and goat. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.49, average hired labour (men) available was 10.74 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.38. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Kavalur East-5 micro-watershed possess 57.35 ha (100%) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 8.79 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 14.48 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 20.25 ha (100%) of dry land and medium farmers possess 13.84 ha (100 %) of dry land . The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 200,444.57. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 489,221.56 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 248,588.20 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 138,237.06 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 57,777.78 for dry land. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.32 ha), Bengal gram (7.87 ha), cotton (1.34 ha), groundnut (1.68 ha), maize (11.30 ha), sorghum (9.18 ha) and sunflower (3.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, cotton, groundnut, jowar, maize, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown Bengal gram, maize, sorghum, sunflower and jowar. Medium farmers have grown bajra, maize and sorghum. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kavalur East-5 microwatershed was found to be 80.26 per cent. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs.24059.71. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 21166.38. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -2893.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.88. The total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 31085.58. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37668.39. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 6582.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21. The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 20577.65. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28741.82. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 8164.16. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4. 3 The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35264.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 42238.30. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 6974.17. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.2. The total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs 11689.00. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22920.54. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 11231.54. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs 22318.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33174.30. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 10855.88. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.49. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 25660.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23632.22. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -2028.06. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 18326.04. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 52611.00. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 34284.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.87. The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder, 2.78 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate and 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was in adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 82,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 62,963.64, for small farmers it was Rs. 126,379.40, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 159,450 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 335,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 14,437.67. For landless households it was Rs. 12,750, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,570.25, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,240, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 21,916.67 and medium farmers it was Rs. 85,000. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 3coconut trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 eucalyptus, 2 teak, 28 neem, 4 tamarind and 5 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, jowar, maize and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Bengal gram was sold to the extent of 98.67 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 93.33 and sorghum was sold to the extent of 99.62 per cent. The results indicated that, about 27.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village, 61.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market, 2.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing Society and contract marketing arrangement. The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households used tractor. The results indicated that, 16.67 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 4 The results indicated that, 75 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.78 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for41.67 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 55.56 per cent of the households and 2.78 per cent of the households used lake/ tank. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 52.78 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 94.44 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 13.89 per cent vegetables were adequate for 11.11 per cent, fruits were adequate for 41.67 per cent, milk were adequate for 27.78 per cent, egg and meat was adequate for 22.22 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 5.56 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 83.33 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 980.56 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 47.22 per cent, milk were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, egg were inadequate for 77.78 per cent and meat were inadequate for 66.67 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 86.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (80.56%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (58.33%), inadequacy of irrigation water (38.89%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (36.11%), high rate of interest on credit (19.44%), low price for the agricultural commodities (13.89%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (11.11%), inadequate extension services (8.33%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (47.22%), less rain fall (66.67 %) and source of Agri-technology information (19.44%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Narayanpet-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 596 ha in Narayanpet-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 87 per cent is covered by soils, 150 cm). About 83 per cent of the area has clayey soils and 4 per cent loamy soils at the surface. Entire area of about 87 per cent has non-gravelly lands. About 75 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 2 per cent very low (9.0) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly is 0.75%) in organic carbon. An area of 9 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. About 10 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 77 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 5 per cent area of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. About 3 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm). Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed. Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc. The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Narayanpet-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 506 (85) Sapota - - Maize - 519 (87) Guava - - Red gram - 490 (82) Pomegranate - 490 (82) Bajra - 504 (84) Jackfruit - - Ground nut - - Jamun - 450 (75) Sunflower - 490 (82) Musambi - 490 (82) Cotton - 505 (85) Lime - 490 (82) Bengalgram - 505 (85) Cashew - - Chilli - 503 (84) Custard apple - 505 (85) Tomato - - Amla - 505 (85) Drumstick - 490 (82) Tamarind - 450 (75) Mulberry - - Marigold - 505 (85) Mango - - Chrysanthemum - 505 (85) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 3 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed among them 4 (11.43 %) were landless, 6 (17.14 %) were marginal farmers, 14 (40 %) were small farmers, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium farmers and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 94 (58.39 %) men and 67 (41.61 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 4, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.6, semi medium farmers' was 5.7 and medium farmers' was 6. The data indicated that, 38 (23.60 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 71 (44.10 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 43 (26.71 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 9 (5.59 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Narayanpet-1 had 41.61 per cent illiterates, 0.62 per cent Functional Literate, 29.19 per cent of them had primary school, 5.59 per cent of them had middle school, 7.45 per cent of them had high school education, 4.97 per cent of them had PUC, 1.24 per cent of them had Diploma, 0.62 per cent of them had ITI, 4.35 per cent of them had Degree and 1.24 per cent of them had Masters education. The results indicate that, 65.71 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 14.29 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers, 17.14 per cent of the household heads were General labourers and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were Housewives. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.24 per cent of the household members, 8.70 per cent were agricultural labourers, 9.94 per cent were General Labour, 0.62 per cent were Government Service, 3.11 per cent were Private Service, 24.22 per cent were Student, 6.83 per cent were Housewife and 3.73 per cent were children. The results show that, 0.62 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in User Group. The results indicate that 8.57 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 77.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 14.29 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 68.57 per cent of the households possess TV, 42.86 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 20 per cent of the households possess Bicycle, 28.57 per cent of the households possess Motor Cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess auto and Landline Phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. 2 The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3,645, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,400, Bicycle was Rs. 1,142, motor cycle was Rs. 32,500, auto was Rs. 60,000, Landline Phone was Rs. 2,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,280. About 8.57 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 5.71 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess tractor, 5.71 per cent of them possess Sprayer and 74.29 per cent of them possess Weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 25,000, plough was Rs. 2,500, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 3,500, tractor was Rs. 700,000, sprayer was Rs. 3,750 and weeder was Rs. 30. The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 2.86 per cent of the households possess local cow and 5.71 per cent of the households possess Sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.45, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 13.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 14.42. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed possess 58.53 ha (98.64 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (1.36 %) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.18 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 20.19 ha (96.15 %) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.85 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 24.76 ha (100%) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 9.40 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 284,349.72 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 988,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 728,578.34 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 309,430.75 for dry land and Rs. 988,000 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 246,273.29 for dry land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 132,967.27 for dry land. The results indicate that, canal was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, small farmers had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (14.01 ha), cotton (33.81 ha), paddy (0.81 ha), Red gram (14.01 ha) and Sorghum (7.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown red gram and cotton. Small farmers have grown red gram, cotton, sorghum and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum, red gram and cotton. Medium farmers have grown red gram and cotton. 3 The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Narayanpet-1 micro-watershed was found to be 90.89 per cent. The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 57.14 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 24097.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 50036.33. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 25938.41. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.08. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 10861.55. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24428.78. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13567.23. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.25. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 20532.37. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31589.33. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 11056.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.54. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 33932.61. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 160550. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. 126617.39. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.73. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 162,500 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 65,016.67, for small farmers it was Rs. 117,403.57, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 182,027.78 and medium farmers it was Rs. 179,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 17,092.40. For landless households it was Rs. 30,625, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,643.71, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 23,246.91 and medium farmers it was Rs. 36,250. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 1mango trees in their field. The results indicate that, households have planted 4 Teak, 30 neem, 2 tamarind, 6 Banyan and 2 acacia trees in their field and also 2 teak and 5 neem in backyard. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 12,942.86 for land development Rs. 18,142.86 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 1,228.57 for improved crop production and Rs. 2,485.71 for improved livestock management. 4 The results indicated that Government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and improved livestock management, Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development and 13.89 per cent for irrigation facility, 25 per cent for improved crop production and 16.67 per cent for improved livestock management, soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for improved livestock management. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Paddy was sold to the extent of 60 per cent, Redgram was sold to the extent of 71.26 per cent and Sorghum to the extent of 90.48 per cent. The results indicated that, about 94.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation and 91.43 per cent of the households have used Tractor as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households used firewood, 5.71 per cent of the households used Kerosene and 14.29 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.29 per cent and 2.86 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 48.57 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards and 2.86 per cent of the sampled households Not Possessed. The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.14 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 88.57 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, milk were adequate for 80 per cent and Egg were adequate for 8.57 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 100 per cent, milk were 5 inadequate for 20 per cent, egg were inadequate for 88.57 per cent and meat were inadequate for 100 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, wild animal menace on farm field and Frequent incidence of pest and diseases was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, Inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86 %), High cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals, High rate of interest on credit and Low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71 %), Lack of marketing facilities in the area (82.86 %), high rate of interest on credit (11.43%), low price for the agricultural commodities (20%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (17.14%), Inadequate extension services (5.71 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (80%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Shahpura microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of about 403 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 68 per cent is covered by soils, 21 per cent is covered by mining/industrial, 1 per cent is covered by railway track, 5 per cent is covered by rockout crops and 5 per cent is covered by others (Habitation and Settlements). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 4 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). An area of about 28 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 41 per cent clayey soils at the surface. An area of about 35 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 27 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands and 41 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands. An area of about 28 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 41 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded. An area of about 0.75%) in 66 per cent area and medium (0.5-0.75%) in 2 per cent area of the microwatershed. An area of about 4 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 65 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 65 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 3 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Available sulphur content is low (4.5 ppm) in the available iron content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in the available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 137(34) 84(21) Sapota 23(6) 65(16) Maize 22(6) 198(49) Pomegranate 23(6) 180(45) Bajra 77(19) 199(49) Guava 22(5) 66(16) Groundnut 54(13) 91(22) Jackfruit 23(6) 65(16) Sunflower 138(34) 54(13) Jamun <1(<1) 202(50) Cotton 116(29) 104(26) Musambi 138(34) 65(16) Red gram 23(6) 169(42) Lime 138(34) 65(16) Bengalgram 115(29) 150(37) Cashew 22(5) 66(16) Chilli 23(6) 83(20) Custard apple 191(48) 83(20) Tomato 23(6) 83(20) Amla 77(19) 198(49) Brinjal 76(19) 116(29) Tamarind <1(<1) 138(34) Onion 76(19) 2(<1) Marigold 22(6) 198(49) Bhendi 76(19) 116(29) Chrysanthemum 22(6) 198(49) Drumstick 23(6) 169(42) Jasmine 22(6) 84(21) Mulberry 23(6) 180(45) Crossandra 22(6) 198(49) Mango <1(<1) 23(6) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 91 (51.70%) men and 85 (48.30%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless was 3, marginal farmers' was 6.63, small farmers' was 5.28 and semi medium farmers' was 4.63. The data indicated that, 35 (19.89%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 82 (46.59%) were in 16-35 years of age, 46 (26.14%) were in 36-60 years of age and 13 (7.39%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Shahpura had 30.11 per cent illiterates, 1.14 per cent functional literate, 27.84 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.70 per cent of them had middle school education, 15.91 per cent of them had high school education, 7.95 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.41 per cent of them had degree education, 3.98 per cent of them did ITI, 0.57 per cent of them did masters and 3.98 per cent of them did diploma. The results indicate that, 23.53 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 50 per cent of them were agricultural labourers and 5.88 per cent were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 13.64 per cent of the household members, 51.14 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.14 per cent were general labourers, 9.66 per cent were in private service, 0.57 per cent were into trade and business, 19.32 per cent were students, 1.70 per cent were housewives and 2.27 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 8.82 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 73.53 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 17.65 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 91.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.65 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 41.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.24 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,903, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,934, motor cycle was Rs. 40,500 and mobile phone was Rs. 3,150. About 64.71 per cent of the households possess plough and 88.24 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs. 1,536 and the average value of weeder was Rs.53. The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.76 per cent possess buffalo, 2.94 per cent possess crossbred cow and 26.47 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.87, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 15.07 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.48. The results indicate that, 91.18 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Shahpura micro-watershed possess 10.34 ha (35.61%) of dry land and 18.70 ha (64.39%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.24 ha (71.43%) of dry land and 1.30 ha (28.57%). Small farmers possess 7.10 ha (50.80%) of dry land and 6.88 ha (49.20%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 10.52 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 560,704.50 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 652,251.08. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 771,875 for dry land and Rs. 1,234,999.98 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 464,444.45 for dry land and was Rs. 799,117.65 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 484,500 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 58.82 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 90.99 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 1.30 ha, 6.88 ha and 10.53 ha respectively. The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (12.64 ha), maize (11.43 ha) and paddy (4.98 ha). The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Shahpura micro-watershed was found to be 94.72 per cent. In case of marginal farmers, it was 100 per cent, small farmers it was 100 per cent and in case of semi medium farmers it was 86.67 per cent. The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households have bank account. The results indicate that, 5.88 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households availed loan from cooperative bank and 50 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 27,500. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. 3 The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from institutional sources helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 50 per cent of them opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 30405.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47384.46. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. 16979.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.56. The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 25680.29. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45670.48. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 19990.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.78. The total cost of cultivation for Paddy was Rs. 81971.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75345.68. The net income from Paddy cultivation was Rs. - 6625.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.92. The results indicate that, 26.47 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 26.47 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 100,500 for landless households, Rs. 91,375 for marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,071.43 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 128,375. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 12,268.44. For landless households it was Rs. 37,583.33, marginal farmers it was Rs. 9,750, for small farmers it was Rs. 6,429.71 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 12,347.22. The results indicate that, households have planted 74 coconut trees in the field. The results indicate that, households have planted 10 neem trees, 1 tamarind tree and 4 teak trees in their field. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 205.88 and for improved crop production Rs. 1,470.59. The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for improved crop production and soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, Bajra was sold to the extent of 97.59 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 97.46 per cent. The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 70.59 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 82.35 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 94.12 per cent of the households used firewood and 2.94 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. 4 The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 2.94 per cent of the households and piped supply was the source of drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 61.76 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.06 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 20.59 per cent, fruits were adequate for 26.47 per cent, milk was adequate for 97.06 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.06 per cent and meat was adequate for 97.06 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.06 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 76.47 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 70.59 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.29 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.29%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.24%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.24%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.29%), high rate of interest on credit (88.24%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.29%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (2.94%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Virapura-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 826 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 54 per cent is covered by soils and 46 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 9 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land Management Units. The length of crop growing period is 150 cm). Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface. An area of about 42 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 337 kg/ha) in available potassium. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is low (1.0 ppm) in available boron content. An area of about 12 per cent is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 42 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content. Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content. An area of about 50 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content. The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 265(32) 46(6) Sapota 77(9) - Maize 77(9) 234(28) Pomegranate 77(9) 188(23) Bajra 77(9) 129(16) Guava 38(5) 39(5) Groundnut - 85(10) Jackfruit 77(9) - Sunflower 182(22) 83(10) Jamun 39(5) 142(17) Cotton 226(27) 84(10) Musambi 182(22) 83(10) Red gram 77(9) 188(23) Lime 182(22) 83(10) Bengalgram 188(23) 115(14) Cashew 38(5) 56(7) Chilli 77(9) 8(1) Custard apple 265(32) 63(8) Tomato 77(9) 8(1) Amla 77(9) 251(30) Brinjal 38(5) 289(35) Tamarind 39(5) 142(17) Onion 38(5) 63(8) Marigold 77(9) 234(28) Bhendi 38(5) 288(35) Chrysanthemum 77(9) 234(28) Drumstick 77(9) 188(23) Jasmine 77(9) 46(6) Mulberry 77(9) 100(12) Crossandra 77(9) 113(14) Mango 39(5) 38(5) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data on households sampled for socio economic survey in Virapura-1 microwatershed indicated that 35 farmers were sampled in Virapura-1 micro-watershed among them 5 (14.29 %) were landless, 12 (34.29 %) were marginal farmers, 8 (22.86 %) were small farmers, 7 (20 %) were semi medium farmers and 3 (8.57 %) were medium farmers. The data indicated that there were 81 (54 %) men and 69 (46 %) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.41, small farmers' was 4, semi medium farmers' was 5 and medium farmers' was 4.28. The data indicated that, 30 (20 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 61 (40.67 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 44 (29.33 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (10 %) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Virapura-1 had 23.33 per cent illiterates, 31.33 per cent of them had primary school education, 8 per cent of them had middle school education, 12.67 per cent of them had high school education, 10.67 per cent of them had PUC, 2 per cent of them had Diploma and 4.67 per cent of them did Degree education. The results indicate that, 80 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 8.57 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labour and 2.86 per cent each of the household heads were General Labour, Private Service, Trade & Business and Students. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 55.33 per cent of the household members, 11.33 per cent were agricultural labourers, 2 per cent were General labourers and Private Service, 1.33 per cent were Trade & Business, 16.67 per cent were students, 2.67 per cent were housewives, 0.67 per cent were Dairy farm and 6.67 per cent were children. The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 2.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 94.29 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house. The results show that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV and 54.29 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.86 per cent of them possess bicycle, 28.57 per cent of them possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of them possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.4,692, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,926, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 46,500 and mobile phones was 2,003. 2 About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 20 per cent of them possess plough, 11.43 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.86 per cent of them possess Transplanter/Grinder and tractor, 11.43 per cent of them possess sprayer and 57.14 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 20,000, plough was Rs. 2,028, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 2,250, Transplanter/Grinder was Rs. 3,000, sprayer was Rs. 1,200, weeder was Rs. 133 and Tractor was Rs. 100,000. The results indicate that, 20 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.57 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.86 per cent of the households possess Crossbred cow and buffalo and 5.71 per cent of them possess sheep. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.43, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 18.10 and average hired labour (women) available was 18.10. The results indicate that 85.71 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Virapura-1 micro-watershed possess 55.21 ha (100 %) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 9.62 ha (100 %) of dry land. Small farmers possess 11.81 ha (100 %) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 17.54 ha (100 %) of dry land. Medium farmers possess 16.24 ha (100 %) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 301,303.42. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 685,822.47 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 323,351.61 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 233,664.05 for dry land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 130,518.44 for dry land. The results indicate that, farmers have grown Green gram (7.85 ha), maize (30.32 ha), Sunflower (5.48 ha), Chilly (3.24 ha), Groundnut (2.67 ha) and Red gram (1.21 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower and Chilly. Small farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower and Groundnut. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, Green gram, Sunflower, Groundnut and Red gram. Medium farmers had grown maize, Green gram and chilly. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Virapura-1 micro-watershed was found to be 67.77 per cent. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. 3 The results indicate that, 6.67 per cent each of the households have borrowed from Friends/Relatives and Grameena Bank. The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs. 2,333.33. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private credit for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from Private source. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Sunflower was Rs. 30803.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82153.30. The net income from Sunflower cultivation was Rs. 51349.55. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.67. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Maize was Rs. 26946.39. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51642.35. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 24695.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.92. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Green gram was Rs. 21962.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95043.81. The net income from Green gram cultivation was Rs. 73080.94. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 4.33. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 15988.72. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39520. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 23531.28. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.47. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 37252.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46393.04. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 9140.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 1.25. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Chilly was Rs. 24559.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49235.33. The net income from Chilly cultivation was Rs. 24675.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1: 2.0. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent was green fodder was adequate of the households. 4 The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 60,666.67for marginal farmers, it was Rs. 81,750 for small farmers, it was Rs. 99,285.71 for semi medium farmers and for medium farmers it was Rs. 128,666.67. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 47,830.48. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,233.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 12,500, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 16,933.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 42,000. The results indicate that, households have planted 12 neem, 1 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field. The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,000.29 for land development, Rs. 85.71 for Irrigation facility, Rs. 2,285.71 for improved crop production and Rs. 142.86 for Improved livestock management. The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 54.29 per cent for land development, for 2.86 per cent each for irrigation facility and improved livestock management and for 51.43 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 2.86 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, Sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and Chilly was sold to the extent of 85.29 percent, Green gram was sold to the extent of 83.92percent, Groundnut was sold to the extent of 64.29 percent, maize was sold to the extent of 99.01percent and Red gram was sold to the extent of 66.67 percent. The results indicated that, about 100 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 91.43 per cent of the households in micro watershed, Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent and Lake/ Tank was the source of drinking water for 5.71 per cent of the households in micro watershed . The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sample households possessed BPL card. 5 The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 85.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 65.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk were adequate for 97.14 per cent and egg were adequate for 22.86 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 14.29 per cent, Vegetables were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, milk were inadequate for 2.86 per cent, egg were inadequate were 80 per cent and meat were inadequate were 91.43 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil by 85.7176 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and low price for the agricultural commodities (80 %), inadequacy of irrigation water (14.29 %), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (71.43 %), high rate of interest on credit (74.29 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (77.14 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kyaspanahalli Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 473 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 427 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 2 ha by railway line and about 44 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 10 soil series and 15 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 44 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 46 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 14 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 10 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 37 per cent area very low (0.75%), 80 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 5 per cent is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 1 per cent of the microwatershed. Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of 53 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 1(<1) 144(30) Guava - 1(<1) Maize 1(<1) 144(30) Sapota - 1(<1) Bajra 1(<1) 144(30) Pomegranate - 1(<1) Groundnut - 46(10) Musambi - 1(<1) Sunflower - 1(<1) Lime - 1(<1) Redgram - 100(21) Amla 1(<1) 45(9) Bengal gram - - Cashew - 1(<1) Cotton - 1(<1) Jackfruit - 1(<1) Chilli 1(<1) 45(9) Jamun - - Tomato 1(<1) 45(9) Custard apple 1(<1) 45(9) Brinjal 1(<1) 45(9) Tamarind - - Onion 1(<1) 45(9) Mulberry - 1(<1) Bhendi 1(<1) 45(9) Marigold 1(<1) 45(9) Drumstick - 1(<1) Chrysanthemum 1(<1) 45(9) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 111 (63.43%) men and 64 (36.57%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.86, small farmers' was 5.09, semi medium farmers' was 5.90 and medium farmers' was 3.50. The data indicated that, 31 (17.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (47.43%) were in 16-35 years of age, 55 (31.43%) were in 36-60 years of age and 6 (3.43%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Kyaspanahalli had 57.14 per cent illiterates, 0.57 per cent functional literate, 13.71 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.29 per cent of them had middle school education, 10.86 per cent of them had high school education, 6.86 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.29 per cent of them did ITI and 3.43 per cent of them had degree education. The results indicate that, 74.29 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 22.86 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were general labour. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.57 per cent of the household members, 9.71 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.29 per cent were general labourers, 1.71 per cent were in private service, 26.86 per cent were students, 8 per cent were housewives and 2.86 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 51.43 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 34.29 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 31.43 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 34.29 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of the households possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.9000, mixer grinder was Rs.2000, refrigerator was Rs.8000, motor cycle was Rs.47333, auto was Rs.85000 and mobile phone was Rs.2259. About 11.43 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess sprayer and 60 per cent of them possess weeder. The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1500, the average value of sprayer was Rs.1000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.50. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 17.14 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2 The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.26, average own labour (women) available was 1.42, average hired labour (men) available was 11.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.35. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, households of the Kyaspanahalli micro-watershed possess 16.55 ha (44.48%) of dry land and 20.66 ha (55.52%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.66 ha (97.05%) of dry land and 0.08 ha (2.95%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.87 ha (81.74%) of dry land and 2.65 ha (18.26%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (12.81%) of dry land and 13.77 ha (87.19%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.16 ha (100%) of irrigated land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 428,777.50 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 566,092.06. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,015,068.49 for dry land and Rs. 6,174,999.91. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,435.05 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 867,328.25. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 247,000 for dry land and Rs. 493,709.58 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers it was Rs. 504,571.97 for irrigated land. The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 42.24 meters. The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.08 ha, 2.65 ha, 13.77 ha and 4.16 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (12.9 ha), green gram (10.95 ha), red gram (7.86 ha), groundnut (4.16 ha) and paddy (1.36 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, green gram, red gram and paddy. Small farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton Green gram, red gram and paddy. Medium farmers have grown groundnut. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kyaspanahalli micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent. The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have bank account in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, 2.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households availed loan from grameena bank. The results indicate that, average credit availed in the micro watershed was Rs. 80000. 3 The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production. The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources of credit. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 45812.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 118585.38. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 72772.63, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.59. The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 43878.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 182303.81. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 138425.64. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.15. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 22740.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 63118.12. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 40377.46. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.78. The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 35032.01. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 64000.66. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 28968.65. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.83. The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 395605.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 515104.42. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 119499.10. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.3. The results indicate that, 28.57 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 28.57 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 48,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 118,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 152,487.36, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 210,160 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 252,500. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 15,496.49. For landless households it was Rs. 6,400, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,387.76, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,620.87, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 13,983.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 81,500. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 coconut trees, 2 lemon trees and 11 mango trees in their fields. The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 42 neem and 1 banyan tree in their field. The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, Greengram to the extent of 84.1 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 66.7 per cent, paddy to the extent of 57.6 per cent and redgram to the extent of 69.6 per cent. The results indicated that, about 85.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants. 4 The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce. The results indicated that, 60 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 85.71 per cent of the marginal farmers, 45.45 per cent of small farmers, 80 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. The results indicated that, 77.14 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 81.82 per cent of small farmers, 100 per cent of semi medium farmers and 50 per cent of medium farmers. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households used firewood and 20 per cent used LPG as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 88.57 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.71 per cent of the households possessed APL card. The results indicated that, 88.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 22.86 per cent, fruits were adequate for 20 per cent, milk was adequate for 100 per cent, eggs were adequate for 94.29 per cent and meat was adequate for 54.29 per cent. The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 97.14 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 77.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 80 per cent and meat was inadequate for 40 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (85.71%), inadequacy of irrigation water (85.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (82.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%) and lack of marketing facilities in the area (20%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hadagimadra Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 593 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 498 ha (84%) ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, about 13 ha (2%) by rock outcrops and about 83 ha (14%) by others (Habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 7 soil series and 12 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. An area of about 84 per cent is suitable for agriculture in the microwatershed. About 59 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep to very deep (100- >150 cm), whereas 17 per cent soils are moderately deep (75-100 cm) and about 8 per cent soils are shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 17 per cent area of the microwatershed is medium (101-150 mm/m) and about 8 per cent soils are low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity. An area of about 67 percent is very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands, about 17 per cent soils are nearly level (0-1% slope) lands in the microwatershed. Maximum area of about 67 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and about 17 per cent are slightly (e1) eroded lands in the microwatershed. Entire cultivated area is neutral (6.5-7.3) in soil reaction. The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is 0.75%), about 50 percent is medium (0.50-0.75%) and 3 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus. An area of about 9 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 75 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha) in the microwatershed. Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in an area of about 11 per cent, about 26 per cent is medium (10-20 ppm) and about 47 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in an area of about 72 per cent and 12 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content in the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 2(<1) 349(59) Guava - - Maize - 351(59) Sapota - - Bajra - 351(59) Pomegranate - 246(42) Groundnut - - Musambi 2(<1) 244(41) Sunflower 2(<1) 244(41) Lime 2(<1) 244(41) Redgram - 351(59) Amla - 2(<1) Bengal gram 2(<1) 244(41) Cashew - - Cotton 2(<1) 244(41) Jackfruit - - Chilli - 246(42) Jamun - 2(<1) Tomato - - Custard apple 2(<1) 244(41) Brinjal - - Tamarind - 2(<1) Onion - - Mulberry - - Bhendi - 246(42) Marigold - 246(42) Drumstick - 2(<1) Chrysanthemum - 246(42) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc. Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel to generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY The data indicated that there were 94 (62.25%) men and 57 (37.75%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.22, small farmers' was 4.73 and semi medium farmers' was 4. The data indicated that, 32 (21.19%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 73 (48.34%) were in 16-35 years of age, 36 (23.84%) were in 36-60 years of age and 10 (6.62%) were above 61 years of age. The results indicated that Hadagimadara had 48.34 per cent illiterates, 26.49 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.65 per cent of them had middle school education, 3.97 per cent of them had high school education, 7.28 per cent of them had PUC education, 3.31 per cent of them had degree education and 0.66 per cent of the population had diploma. The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 11.43 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers and 2.86 per cent of them were in private service. The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 21.19 per cent of the household members, 50.99 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.66 per cent were in private service, 23.18 per cent were students, 0.66 per cent were housewives and 3.31 per cent were children. The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions. The results indicate that 22.86 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 54.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 25.71 per cent of them possess pucca house. The results show that 97.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 48.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 2.86 per cent of the households possess refrigerator, 77.14 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent of the households possess landline phone and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The results show that the average value of television was Rs.5735, mixer grinder was Rs.1811, refrigerator was Rs.5000, motor cycle was Rs.51464, landline phone was Rs.1000 and mobile phone was Rs.4616. About 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of them possess plough, 8.57 per cent of the households possess tractor, 25.71 per cent of them possess sprayer, 25.71 per cent of them possess weeder and 20 per cent of them possess harvester. The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.23000, plough was Rs.2050, the average value of tractor was Rs.600000, the average value of sprayer 2 was Rs.4500, the average value of harvester was Rs.1380 and the average value of weeder was Rs.445. The results indicate that, 37.14 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 48.57 per cent of the households possess local cow. The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.4, average hired labour (men) available was 4.97 and average hired labour (women) available was 5.40. The results indicate that, 82.86 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate. The results indicate that, households of the Hadagimadara micro-watershed possess 27.78 ha (97.17%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (2.83%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 11.73 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 13.94 ha (94.51%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (5.49%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.11 ha (100%) of dry land. The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 406,628.79 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 741,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 588,095.24 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 294,047.62 for dry land and the average land value was Rs.741000. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 141954.03 for dry land. The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers. The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 10 meters. The results indicate that, small had an irrigated area of 0.81 ha. The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (24.45 ha), red gram (2.92 ha), sorghum (0.83 ha) and greengram (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers have grown cotton, greengram, red gram and sorghum. Small farmers have grown cotton and semi medium farmers have grown red gram. The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hadagimadara micro-watershed was found to be 101.42 per cent. The results indicate that, 88.57 per cent of the households have bank account and savings. The results indicate that, 62.86 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources. The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 33982.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 75413.24. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 41430.65, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.22. 3 The total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 24883.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 57920.08. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 33036.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.33. The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 22681. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39520. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 16839. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74. The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 62922.56. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 36931.25. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. -25991.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.59. The results indicate that, 22.86 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 20 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 16,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 168,420, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,166.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 183,833.33 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 310,000. The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,809.24. For landless households it was Rs. 6,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 13,318.10, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,925.93, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 6,250 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 24,375. The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 custard apple trees in their fields. The results indicate that, households have planted 2 teak, 44 neem, 2 tamarind, 5 eucalyptus and 3 banyan trees in their field. The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 4600. The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 14.29 per cent and soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 42.86 per cent for land development. The results indicated that, all crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent except cotton which was sold to the extent of 93.97 per cent. The results indicated that, about 25.71 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 57.14 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, 80 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation. The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 33.33 per cent of the marginal farmers and 36.36 per cent of small farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems. 4 The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test which accounts for 100 per cent of marginal farmers, 100 per cent small farmers and 100 per cent of semi medium farmers. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used firewood as a source of fuel. The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 60 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 40 per cent of the households in the micro watershed. Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed. The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet. The results indicated that, 97.14 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.86 per cent of the households did not possess any PDS card. The results indicated that, 40 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 68.57 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 25.71 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 25.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 54.29 per cent, milk was adequate for 31.43 per cent and eggs were adequate for 37.14 per cent. The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 28.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 31.43 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 60 per cent of the households. The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 88.57 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (40%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), low price for the agricultural commodities (17.14%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (34.29%), inadequate extension services (5.71%) and less rainfall (40%) and source of agri-technology information (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
¡Que se vayan todos! fue la proclama que se escuchó en las calles de Quito aquel 20 de abril del 2005, tras la caída del Ing. Lucio Gutiérrez. Y es que es innegable que el Ecuador vivió -y vive aún- una crisis de los partidos políticos tradicionales, arrastrada desde las elecciones del 2002, hasta la llegada de la Revolución Ciudadana, con su estigmatización de la partidocracia. Cuando era candidato a la presidencia en el 2002, Gutiérrez aseguraba: "Si Noboa y yo estamos encabezando es porque la gente dijo basta a los mismos políticos de siempre"[1].A partir de ese año electoral, tanto el Partido Renovador Institucional de Acción Nacional (PRIAN) y el Partido Sociedad Patriótica (PSP) tomaron la posta de los partidos tradicionales como el Partido Social Cristiano (PSC), Izquierda Democrática (ID), Democracia Popular (DP), Movimiento Popular Democrático (MPD) y el Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano (PRE). No obstante, con el liderazgo de Rafael Correa y su movimiento Alianza PAIS en el 2006, la dinámica del sistema de partidos volvió a cambiar. Actualmente, tanto el PSP como el PRIAN representan a la partidocracia, según el oficialismo.Ahora, cabe preguntarse: ¿Hasta qué punto el nuevo sistema de partidos será sostenible y legítimo para el electorado?Causas de la crisis de partidosLos partidos políticos son, por excelencia, el "eslabón de representación entre el gobierno y los ciudadanos, éstos reflejan las diversas aspiraciones de una sociedad heterogénea, pero también modelan la estructura social, económica y cultural de un país, a través de las políticas de gobierno que aprueban"[2]. Por ello, es necesario que los partidos presenten un alto grado de representatividad, legitimidad y credibilidad, cualidades carentes en los partidos políticos ecuatorianos.La falta de Identificación y conexión de los ciudadanos con estas organizaciones ha resultado en una población marginada política y socioeconómicamente, que a su vez propicia a un electorado volátil y vulnerable frente a medidas clientelares que dan cabida a la presencia de 'outsiders' y candidatos antisistema. Es así como Gutiérrez y Correa, con un discurso anti partido, calaron hondo en los ecuatorianos, aprovechándose de "la pérdida de control de redes clientelares por parte de los partidos tradicionales en beneficio" de sus organizaciones, alcanzando finalmente la Presidencia.[3]Esta carencia de representatividad también facilita el surgimiento de asambleístas independientes (permitido tras el referéndum de 1997) que desean alejarse de los viejos partidos para no manchar su imagen frente al electorado. Sin embargo, al existir diputados y asambleístas carentes de ideología, se presentó un espacio propicio para que personas ajenas a la política, como personajes de la televisión, deportistas y artistas nacionales fueran electos tanto en el Congreso como en la Asamblea. La persistente crisis ha resultado en que, en la actualidad, tanto los partidos políticos tradicionales como los nuevos, (quienes incluso criticaron este recurso previamente), utilicen la popularidad de estas figuras públicas para atraer votos desprovistos de ideología.El politólogo Simón Pachano considera que, desde el período electoral del 2006 hasta la actualidad, con la incursión de Rafael Correa en la política a través de PAIS, se ha generado un cambio de sistema de partidos que se puede clasificar como uno de pluralismo extremo a uno de partido predominante.[4] Es decir que el electorado en el 2006 -alentado por el actual Presidente de la República a votar nulo y testigo de su victoria en 14 provincias, junto a la posterior destitución de 57 diputados de oposición reiteró una vez más la ilegitimidad y el rechazo total al sistema de partidos tradicionales y depositó su confianza en un solo movimiento: PAIS. Confianza que se vio legitimada como nunca antes en la historia ecuatoriana en siete oportunidades: la victoria en las elecciones presidenciales de 2006; la consulta a la convocatoria a una Asamblea Constituyente en abril de 2007; la mayoría en la Asamblea Constituyente en septiembre de 2007; el triunfo del 'Sí' a la Constitución en septiembre de 2008; la victoria en las elecciones presidenciales y de 59 asambleístas en abril de 2009, y el 'Sí' a la consulta popular en mayo de 2011. Finalmente, el 17 de febrero de 2013, el pueblo reiteró su confianza una vez más.¿Continúa la crisis del sistema de partidos?Con la elección y reelección de Rafael Correa, en 2007, 2009 y 2013 respectivamente, se rompió el recurrente patrón bajo el cual "ningún partido político lograba tener más que un presidente elegido". Asimismo, cuando Alianza País obtuvo 59 escaños en la Asamblea, disminuyó el número efectivo de partidos* al nivel más bajo desde el retomo a la democracia, de una media de 5,85 hasta las elecciones del 2006 hasta un promedio de 3,76 en las elecciones del 2009.[6]Sin embargo, y a pesar de que se podría considerar que el sistema de partidos se encuentra en un momento de transición, es incuestionable que éstos continúan carentes de legitimidad frente a los ciudadanos. Tanto en el 2008 como en el 2010, los partidos políticos presentaron los niveles más bajos de confianza dentro de las instituciones del Estado, con 22.6 y 26.4 puntos respectivamente, dentro de una escala de 0 a 100[7].El sistema de partidos actual continúa presentando algunas características del anterior, como la atomización de partidos. La creación de nuevos partidos tiene sus raíces en la ambición personal que presentaban ciertos políticos para figurar y liderar las campañas.Hoy en día, la creación de estas instituciones como vehículos electorales se presentan nuevamente en los casos de los movimientos Creando Oportunidades (CREO) de Guillermo Lasso y SUMA de Mauricio Rodas. Igualmente, la fragmentación partidaria interna y los llamados 'camisetazos'** no están exentos en estas elecciones. Un partido tradicionalmente importante, como la ID de tendencia socialdemócrata, ha distribuido a sus principales políticos entre los movimientos CREO, Avanza y Ruptura25.Asimismo, figuras como la de Auki Tituaña, que sin desafiliarse de Pachacutik aceptó ser candidato a la vicepresidencia por el movimiento CREO, y Juan Carlos Solines, quien finalmente se convirtió en el binomio de Lasso tras haberse desempeñado como presidente del Movimiento Concertación, evidencian nuevamente la falta de incentivos colectivos, como la poca importancia de la ideología y las convicciones políticas, en la toma de decisiones.El caudillismo y el personalismo político característico del sistema de partidos ecuatoriano no se ha alejado de los partidos políticos actuales. El PSP, el PRIAN y PAIS están bajo la única y sola tutela de sus líderes, Lucio Gutiérrez, Alvaro Noboa y Rafael Correa respectivamente, por lo que si estas piedras angulares cayeran, el partido entero se desmoronaría.La indefinición y discrepancias ideológicas, junto a la ruptura de alianzas, es aún característico de este sistema. Un ejemplo claro es el PSP, que se presentó en el 2002 con una tendencia de centro izquierda y forjó alianzas con Pachacutikyel MPD, mientras que en las elecciones de 2013 profesó una tendencia de centro derecha. De la misma manera, los movimiento Ruptura25, Pachacutik y MPD, que apoyaron a Rafael Correa en la elección del 2006, en 2013 se convirtieron en sus rivales, tanto en las elecciones del legislativo como en las presidenciales.ConclusionesA pesar de que el Ecuador ha pasado de un sistema de partidos de pluralismo extremo a uno de partido predominante, como lo dijo Pachano, todavía la realidad de un sistema de partidos políticos fuertes y, sobretodo, institucionalizados, es lejana. Y es que, evidentemente, los partidos políticos tienen que ser instituciones confiables que logren sobrepasar sus 20 puntos de confianza, actuar coherentemente de acuerdo a la ideología que profesan, deslindarse de caudillismos y la personalización del poder, y, por sobre todo, deben ser reconocidos como el medio de representación de los intereses de la sociedad a nivel nacional, para que así el grito de ¡que se vayan todos! nunca más sea escuchado. ; ¡Que se vayan todos! fue la proclama que se escuchó en las calles de Quito aquel 20 de abril del 2005, tras la caída del Ing. Lucio Gutiérrez. Y es que es innegable que el Ecuador vivió -y vive aún- una crisis de los partidos políticos tradicionales, arrastrada desde las elecciones del 2002, hasta la llegada de la Revolución Ciudadana, con su estigmatización de la partidocracia. Cuando era candidato a la presidencia en el 2002, Gutiérrez aseguraba: "Si Noboa y yo estamos encabezando es porque la gente dijo basta a los mismos políticos de siempre"[1].A partir de ese año electoral, tanto el Partido Renovador Institucional de Acción Nacional (PRIAN) y el Partido Sociedad Patriótica (PSP) tomaron la posta de los partidos tradicionales como el Partido Social Cristiano (PSC), Izquierda Democrática (ID), Democracia Popular (DP), Movimiento Popular Democrático (MPD) y el Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano (PRE). No obstante, con el liderazgo de Rafael Correa y su movimiento Alianza PAIS en el 2006, la dinámica del sistema de partidos volvió a cambiar. Actualmente, tanto el PSP como el PRIAN representan a la partidocracia, según el oficialismo.Ahora, cabe preguntarse: ¿Hasta qué punto el nuevo sistema de partidos será sostenible y legítimo para el electorado?Causas de la crisis de partidosLos partidos políticos son, por excelencia, el "eslabón de representación entre el gobierno y los ciudadanos, éstos reflejan las diversas aspiraciones de una sociedad heterogénea, pero también modelan la estructura social, económica y cultural de un país, a través de las políticas de gobierno que aprueban"[2]. Por ello, es necesario que los partidos presenten un alto grado de representatividad, legitimidad y credibilidad, cualidades carentes en los partidos políticos ecuatorianos.La falta de Identificación y conexión de los ciudadanos con estas organizaciones ha resultado en una población marginada política y socioeconómicamente, que a su vez propicia a un electorado volátil y vulnerable frente a medidas clientelares que dan cabida a la presencia de 'outsiders' y candidatos antisistema. Es así como Gutiérrez y Correa, con un discurso anti partido, calaron hondo en los ecuatorianos, aprovechándose de "la pérdida de control de redes clientelares por parte de los partidos tradicionales en beneficio" de sus organizaciones, alcanzando finalmente la Presidencia.[3]Esta carencia de representatividad también facilita el surgimiento de asambleístas independientes (permitido tras el referéndum de 1997) que desean alejarse de los viejos partidos para no manchar su imagen frente al electorado. Sin embargo, al existir diputados y asambleístas carentes de ideología, se presentó un espacio propicio para que personas ajenas a la política, como personajes de la televisión, deportistas y artistas nacionales fueran electos tanto en el Congreso como en la Asamblea. La persistente crisis ha resultado en que, en la actualidad, tanto los partidos políticos tradicionales como los nuevos, (quienes incluso criticaron este recurso previamente), utilicen la popularidad de estas figuras públicas para atraer votos desprovistos de ideología.El politólogo Simón Pachano considera que, desde el período electoral del 2006 hasta la actualidad, con la incursión de Rafael Correa en la política a través de PAIS, se ha generado un cambio de sistema de partidos que se puede clasificar como uno de pluralismo extremo a uno de partido predominante.[4] Es decir que el electorado en el 2006 -alentado por el actual Presidente de la República a votar nulo y testigo de su victoria en 14 provincias, junto a la posterior destitución de 57 diputados de oposición reiteró una vez más la ilegitimidad y el rechazo total al sistema de partidos tradicionales y depositó su confianza en un solo movimiento: PAIS. Confianza que se vio legitimada como nunca antes en la historia ecuatoriana en siete oportunidades: la victoria en las elecciones presidenciales de 2006; la consulta a la convocatoria a una Asamblea Constituyente en abril de 2007; la mayoría en la Asamblea Constituyente en septiembre de 2007; el triunfo del 'Sí' a la Constitución en septiembre de 2008; la victoria en las elecciones presidenciales y de 59 asambleístas en abril de 2009, y el 'Sí' a la consulta popular en mayo de 2011. Finalmente, el 17 de febrero de 2013, el pueblo reiteró su confianza una vez más.¿Continúa la crisis del sistema de partidos?Con la elección y reelección de Rafael Correa, en 2007, 2009 y 2013 respectivamente, se rompió el recurrente patrón bajo el cual "ningún partido político lograba tener más que un presidente elegido". Asimismo, cuando Alianza País obtuvo 59 escaños en la Asamblea, disminuyó el número efectivo de partidos* al nivel más bajo desde el retomo a la democracia, de una media de 5,85 hasta las elecciones del 2006 hasta un promedio de 3,76 en las elecciones del 2009.[6]Sin embargo, y a pesar de que se podría considerar que el sistema de partidos se encuentra en un momento de transición, es incuestionable que éstos continúan carentes de legitimidad frente a los ciudadanos. Tanto en el 2008 como en el 2010, los partidos políticos presentaron los niveles más bajos de confianza dentro de las instituciones del Estado, con 22.6 y 26.4 puntos respectivamente, dentro de una escala de 0 a 100[7].El sistema de partidos actual continúa presentando algunas características del anterior, como la atomización de partidos. La creación de nuevos partidos tiene sus raíces en la ambición personal que presentaban ciertos políticos para figurar y liderar las campañas.Hoy en día, la creación de estas instituciones como vehículos electorales se presentan nuevamente en los casos de los movimientos Creando Oportunidades (CREO) de Guillermo Lasso y SUMA de Mauricio Rodas. Igualmente, la fragmentación partidaria interna y los llamados 'camisetazos'** no están exentos en estas elecciones. Un partido tradicionalmente importante, como la ID de tendencia socialdemócrata, ha distribuido a sus principales políticos entre los movimientos CREO, Avanza y Ruptura25.Asimismo, figuras como la de Auki Tituaña, que sin desafiliarse de Pachacutik aceptó ser candidato a la vicepresidencia por el movimiento CREO, y Juan Carlos Solines, quien finalmente se convirtió en el binomio de Lasso tras haberse desempeñado como presidente del Movimiento Concertación, evidencian nuevamente la falta de incentivos colectivos, como la poca importancia de la ideología y las convicciones políticas, en la toma de decisiones.El caudillismo y el personalismo político característico del sistema de partidos ecuatoriano no se ha alejado de los partidos políticos actuales. El PSP, el PRIAN y PAIS están bajo la única y sola tutela de sus líderes, Lucio Gutiérrez, Alvaro Noboa y Rafael Correa respectivamente, por lo que si estas piedras angulares cayeran, el partido entero se desmoronaría.La indefinición y discrepancias ideológicas, junto a la ruptura de alianzas, es aún característico de este sistema. Un ejemplo claro es el PSP, que se presentó en el 2002 con una tendencia de centro izquierda y forjó alianzas con Pachacutikyel MPD, mientras que en las elecciones de 2013 profesó una tendencia de centro derecha. De la misma manera, los movimiento Ruptura25, Pachacutik y MPD, que apoyaron a Rafael Correa en la elección del 2006, en 2013 se convirtieron en sus rivales, tanto en las elecciones del legislativo como en las presidenciales.ConclusionesA pesar de que el Ecuador ha pasado de un sistema de partidos de pluralismo extremo a uno de partido predominante, como lo dijo Pachano, todavía la realidad de un sistema de partidos políticos fuertes y, sobretodo, institucionalizados, es lejana. Y es que, evidentemente, los partidos políticos tienen que ser instituciones confiables que logren sobrepasar sus 20 puntos de confianza, actuar coherentemente de acuerdo a la ideología que profesan, deslindarse de caudillismos y la personalización del poder, y, por sobre todo, deben ser reconocidos como el medio de representación de los intereses de la sociedad a nivel nacional, para que así el grito de ¡que se vayan todos! nunca más sea escuchado.
AMÉRICA LATINAVenezuela congela precios: la administración de Chávez aplica una nueva legislación.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15850784 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/E1CA8620-EA13-4AA7-B643-8796751DED7B.htm?id={E1CA8620-EA13-4AA7-B643-8796751DED7B} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-pone-en-vigor-ley-de-costos-y-congela-precios-de-varios-productos_10812706-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425656-chavez-anuncia-un-polemico-congelamiento-de-precios#comentar http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75339.htmlChina le da un crédito multimillonario a Venezuela para producir petróleo.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2011/11/111122_ultnot_china_venezuela_credito_petroleo_fp.shtmlPrecandidato opositor denuncia a Chávez por crímenes de lesa humanidad.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321908448_227631.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/precandidato-opositor-denuncia-a-chvez-por-crmenes-de-lesa-humanidad_10807265-4Enrique Peña Nieto queda solo en carrera interna del PRI por la presidencia mexicana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/americas/mexico-institutional-revolutionary-party-candidate-drops-out.html?ref=world&gwh=9FAB962EFBDA60208817D64D998BB21C http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321994112_646778.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/C9E2C91C-E706-4164-898B-A95B15F51E20.htm?id={C9E2C91C-E706-4164-898B-A95B15F51E20}La izquierda mexicana elige como su candidato a López Obrador.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/15/actualidad/1321382388_500126.html El nuevo jefe de las FARC intenta movilizar a sus bases.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/15/world/americas/colombia-farc-leader/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321909000_157359.htmlEncuentran 16 cuerpos calcinados en dos camionetas en norte de México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/encuentran-16-cuerpos-calcinados-en-dos-camionetas-en-norte-de-mexico_10817028-4Terremoto de 6.2 grados sacude a Bolivia.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/americas/bolivia-earthquake/index.html Líder guaraní es asesinado en Brasil.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15799712La indignación chilena llega a los barrios acomodados de Santiago.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321946885_214330.htmlOposición de Nicaragua asegura fraude en las pasadas elecciones presidenciales.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/16/world/americas/nicaragua-elections/index.htmlLa Justicia francesa acepta la extradición de Noriega a Panamá.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-justicia-francesa-acepta-la-extradicin-de-noriega-a-panam_10815244-4Rousseff sanciona dos leyes para promover la transparencia en Brasil.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321715470_824807.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15799705México, el proveedor de armas de Latinoamérica.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75323.htmlLa presidenta Cristina de Kirchner abre la era del ajuste en Argentina.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/argentina-cristina-abre-era-del-ajuste_10800507-4 Se encontraron cuerpos de víctimas de guerra civil en Guatemala.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/americas/guatemala-bodies-of-civil-war-victims-found.html?ref=world&gwh=7FAEA2F7D44BBF99A2D46FAAB510BB43Aprobación de Humala cae en medio de escándalo y conflictos en Perú.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/aprobacin-de-humala-cae-en-medio-de-escndalo-y-conflictos_10801065-4Encuentran 15.3 millones de dólares en auto perteneciente al narco mexicano.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15846066 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45408974/ns/world_news-americas/#.TszDCHKwA9062 jueces de Brasil sospechosos de lucrarse con la venta de sentencias.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321910471_413127.html "MSNBC" analiza el rol de las familias cubanas en el exilio estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398215/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/#.TszDPnKwA90 Chávez despliega tropas para combatir el crimen.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15786541 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Estados Unidos refuerza sus sanciones a Irán.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-sanctions-20111122,0,5739709.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321904927_392915.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425319-obama-aumenta-la-presion-sobre-iran-con-mas-sanciones#comentar http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/thomas-e-donilon-obama-aide-says-iran-feels-strain-of-sanctions.html?ref=world&gwh=60F10D2A742A6A8B76432527E7771B0E Renuncia embajador de Pakistán en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-envoy-resigns-20111123,0,7594172.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/asia/pakistan-ambassador-resigns/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/23/l-ambassadeur-du-pakistan-aux-etats-unis-pousse-a-la-demission_1607838_3216.html http://openchannel.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/22/8956530-pakistans-memogate-triggers-us-ambassadors-resignation http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14149301.htmObama presiona por un acuerdo para reducir el déficit de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/en-carreras-para-definir-recorte-en-gasto-en-estados-unidos_10805044-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425436-obama-presiona-por-un-acuerdo-para-reducir-el-deficit-de-eeuu#comentar El gobernador de Oregón suspende la pena de muerte por considerarla "moralmente equivocada".Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/23/l-orgegon-renonce-a-la-peine-de-mort_1607822_3222.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/23/actualidad/1322024205_805318.html ]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15851828La batalla del déficit marca el declive del liderazgo de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321987733_364881.htmlA la justicia militar soldado que filtró información a WikiLeaks.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/BB9707C3-1602-4641-9D64-A035E3258DCF.htm?id={BB9707C3-1602-4641-9D64-A035E3258DCF}Según Obama su gira por Asia fue un éxito.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/19/world/asia/thailand-obama/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 Candidatos republicanos se enfrentan en debate televisado.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/22/newt-gingrich-nouvelle-coqueluche-des-electeurs-republicains_1607420_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75336.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop-debate-print-20111123,0,311678.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15849057El FED pondrá a prueba fortaleza de los bancos estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/11/22/la-fed-va-tester-la-resistance-des-grandes-banques-americaines_1607809_3234.htmlLas represalias contra Ocupa Wall Street paralizan una universidad de California.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321994181_191477.html EUROPAVictoria de Mariano Rajoy en elecciones españolas.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/spains-election http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425600-rajoy-bajo-presion-externa-para-que-anuncie-sus-planes#comentar http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rajoy-presidente-del-gobierno-espaol-no-quiso-dar-pistas- no_10806484-4 http://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/generales.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/english/Pressure/builds/on/Rajoy/to/reveal/plans/elpepueng/20111122elpeng_11/Tenhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/world/europe/falling-markets-welcome-new-spanish-leader.html?ref=world&gwh=3DDA3F0DD1C1757428F3BCFA67C404E4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/BE207423-B09C-4187-8F76-CE3748DC9203.htm?id={BE207423-B09C-4187-8F76-CE3748DC9203}http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321995888_407623.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/20/world/europe/spain-election/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9La crisis de la economía europea incrementó la xenofobia en España.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/xenofobia-en-espaa_10813227-4España paga por su deuda el costo más alto en casi 20 años.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425410-espana-paga-por-su-deuda-mas-que-grecia-y-portugal#comentarLos políticos italianos y griegos tratan de sobrevivir a la tecnocracia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321725831_851802.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14145311.htmEuropa sigue azotada por la crisis económica.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/11/euro-crisis-16 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15840939 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/business/global/banks-seek-emergency-funds-from-ecb.html?ref=world&gwh=12082F92F7B01A5D929A17AE65133412Fondo Monetario Internacional expande herramientas crediticias.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15847359La crisis sentencia la política exterior europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321907864_965289.html"La Nación" publicó: "La crisis en Europa sigue arrasando. gobiernos".Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425165-la-crisis-en-europa-continua-arrasando-gobiernos#comentar Muere ex primera dama francesa Danielle Mitterrand.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/810535.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398085/ns/world_news-europe/#.TszDinKwA90 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBE8C684-A60F-422E-BD06-EFD6AE470379.htm?id={FBE8C684-A60F-422E-BD06-EFD6AE470379}Rusia contempla una respuesta al escudo antimisiles de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rusia-contempla-una-respuesta-al-escudo-antimisiles-de-ee-uu_10815487-4Financieros e intelectuales franceses no descartan el final de la moneda única.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-france-denial-20111117,0,19630.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321729116_096626.htmlStrauss Kahn demanda a consejero de Sarkozy.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/europe/dominique-strauss-kahn-files-lawsuit.html?ref=world&gwh=352C181344B8D3C3D70F6DC111426C5C http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/B5E863C0-A3B2-49EB-84F4-C37B29A3C899.htm?id={B5E863C0-A3B2-49EB-84F4-C37B29A3C899}Agoniza el mayor lago de los Balcanes devastado por contaminación.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/agoniza-el-lago-shkodra-de-los-balcanes_10798868-4El primer ministro de Bélgica presenta su dimisión al rey.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321905076_971841.htmlGran Bretaña impulsa sanciones contra Irán mientras que Rusia las rechaza.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/meast/iran-sanctions/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/europe/uk-iran-sanctions/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Encuentros entre gobierno británico y oposición siria.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/europe/uk-syria-opposition/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2Berlusconi acude al Tribunal de Milán por el proceso Mediaset.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321965890_550310.htmlPrimer ministro turco recomienda a su homologo sirio el fin de la violencia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-says-syrian-president-should-quit.html?ref=world&gwh=520C39538BA1703CF9EA85DCF888C8A7 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEComienza el juicio contra la cúpula del Khmer Rojo, responsable del genocidio en Camboya.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/defendant-says-khmer-rouge-saved-cambodia-from-vietnam.html?ref=world&gwh=A0D22879C1730952271E66ACC55E18D6 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/23/pour-khieu-samphan-le-regime-khmer-rouge-etait-soutenu-par-la-population_1607825_3216.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15850062 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-cambodia-khmer-tribunal-20111122,0,7925250.storySiria: una protesta al borde de la guerra.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-una-protesta-al-borde-de-la-guerra_10795604-4 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/muertos-por-represin-en-siria_10813924-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/20/world/meast/syria-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321950162_347268.html http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/22/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Tunisia-New-Assembly.html?ref=world&gwh=3622C13B9909B78911A14D8D6F0859B3 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425094-nuevo-ataque-en-siria#comentarNaciones Unidas condena a Siria por la represión contra civiles.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/22/l-assemblee-generale-de-l-onu-condamne-la-repression-en-syrie_1607762_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/naciones-unidas-condena-la-represin-siria-contra-los-civiles_10812866-4Presidente de Yemen firmó plan que prevé su salida del poder.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15850913 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/traspaso-de-poder-en-yemen_10813904-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/23/le-president-saleh-se-rend-a-ryad-pour-signer-l-accord-de-transfert-du-pouvoir-au-yemen_1607820_3218.htmlIrán condena nuevas sanciones occidentales y las considera sin efecto.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/in-iran-newspaper-protest-new-friction-seen.html?ref=world&gwh=65CEEEB72F52CCB1180077F7912AB5F0 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321965125_727429.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/irn-condena-nuevas-sanciones-occidentales-y-las-considera-sin-efecto_10807924-4Al menos un muerto y cuatro heridos en ataque en noroeste de Pakistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-en-noroeste-de-pakistn_10813884-4Corea del Sur firma Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos. Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/business/global/seoul-votes-a-chaotic-yes-to-free-trade-with-us.html?ref=world&gwh=BB739A3062162F41118E54C510844BA2Rey de Jordania visita Ramallah.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/meast/jordan-palestinians/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/hamas-gains-momentum-in-palestinian-rivalry.html?gwh=20968B04656665E3C22947475DC9AB9ALa ganadora del Nobel Suu Kyi se presenta al Parlamento de Myanmar.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45389461/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/#.TszDhXKwA90Crece la tensión entre Tayikistán y Rusia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/tajikistan-moscow-tensions-ease.html?ref=world&gwh=56F107720E6492668796DDA4B1E14C81Filipinas: se encuentran explosivos en zona de masacre del 2009.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/philippines-bombs-are-found-near-site-of-2009-massacre.html?ref=world&gwh=B2634F670E7E9A2DCC9F313DBA0B1FDFÁFRICALas protestas y la violencia aceleran la transición en Egipto.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15848602 http://printempsarabe.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/11/23/ahmad-harara-heros-tragique-de-la-revolution-egyptienne/ http://printempsarabe.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/11/22/ce-que-la-place-tahrir-veut/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398123/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.TszDBHKwA90 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-street-cop-20111123,0,5218854.storyhttp://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14149626.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/egypts-cabinet-offers-to-quit-as-activists-urge-wider-protests.html?_r=1&ref=world&gwh=FAFB4F2ED0D8667242D11DA56225420E http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/africa/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321991775_513676.html http://blogs.elpais.com/aguas-internacionales/2011/11/tahrir-2-ya-no-compra-promesas.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321956370_052101.html http://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2011/11/22/ben-jaafar-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-constituante-tunisienne_1607747_1466522.htmlMarruecos : miles de manifestantes piden en las calles el boicot a las elecciones.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/20/actualidad/1321809192_348786.htmlLibia no entregará a Saif al Islam a La Haya.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-new-govermmnet-20111123,0,2688168.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15847309 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/810537.html http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2011/11/22/la-libye-devoile-son-nouveau-gouvernement_1607773_1496980.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14147504.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/africa/libyas-interim-premier-appoints-militia-leader-to-cabinet.html?ref=world&gwh=3F3DE5BBED98C4DD29506A54DB186626 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/africa/libya-icc/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Azania, verdadero objetivo de Kenia en Somalia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321958191_945005.htmlOTRAS NOTICIASVolatilidad en los mercados ante la creciente incertidumbre.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425675-volatilidad-en-los-mercados-ante-la-creciente-incertidumbre#comentar "El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21538805
