Suchergebnisse

THE AUTHOR EXAMINES THE TREND AMONG MOSCOW AND LENINGRAD HISTORIANS TO DE-POLITICIZE HISTORY; SEEKING AUTONOMY FROM THE STATE, THEY FOCUS ON CIVILIZING SOCIETY. HE PONDERS THE FLIPSIDE--A DEHISTORIZATION OF POLITICS WHICH HE FEELS MUST ACCOMPANY THIS TREND IF CIVIL SOCIETY IS TO ESTABLISH A SENSE OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY, AND SIMULTANEOUSLY ELIMINATE ORTHODOXY. HE PROPOSES THAT THE NATIONALITY QUESTION IS A WAY OF NATURALLY IMPOSING LIMITS ON THESE TWO PROCESSES. A MEANS FOR SOVIET HISTORIANS TO REWRITE THE HISTORY OF THE U.S.S.R. INCLUSIVE THROUGH 2 REGIONAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS, LINGUISTIC POLICY, AND THE HISTORIES OF NATIVE INTELIGENTISIAS, BOTH CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL IS ALSO INHERENT.

Examines strategic significance and military policies of the nine nonaligned countries. Partial contents: A generic Euro-neutral defense policy; The Euro-neutrals' contribution to collective security.

Abstract
John Berger's work of the past dozen years, bearing witness to the disappearance of the European peasantry and seeking to rescue the practice of storytelling that it might be renewed and turned against the cultural amnesia of both industrial capitalism and State socialism, has represented a further articulation of his commitment to the necessity of critical historical thought and consciousness. This essay reviews Berger's earlier work and considers his most recent writings in terms of his commitment to historical remembrance and imagination. Though Berger's project is still found to be extremely compelling, the author finds Berger's formulation of the question of 'survival' as the central question of contemporary history problematic.

This is the second in our series of survey articles on topics in economics. Mike Williams argues that based, as it is primarily, on neoclassical thinking, Managerial Economics has no adequate theory of production or the creation of use values. It concentrates instead on aspects of business in which exchange and market valorisation are dominant. The author argues that far from being an aid to the rational use of resources and the satisfaction of consumer wants through more efficient use-value creation, Managerial Economics is directed at the interests of the firm and its capitalist owners and management. These are treated exclusively as "market enforced value-based interests."

In the town of Moena, Italy, province of Trent, not far from the Austrian border, there is preserved a handwritten document entitled «A Soldier's Life—the Campaign of 1859». In it are described the advance and retreat of the 6th Rhaetian (Alpine) Kaiserjaeger Battalion of the Austro-Hungarian army, terminating in the battles of Morando and Solferino and the armistice of Verona. The author, Pellegrino Chiocchetti (1835-1892), took part in the campaign of 1859 as a simple soldier, conscripted to fight on the Austrian side, against the French and Italian armies. At that time, his home province in northern Italy was under Austrian domination and the official language was German.

A model of gender‐work assimilation is employed to evaluate the structure of male‐dominated occupations and the behavior of women employed in these occupations. It is suggested that because certain occupations have been the exclusive domain of males, the masculine sex‐role "spilled‐over" into the definition of job related tasks. The masculine sex role and work‐emergent behavior cause women to act according to the norms of the occupation. With low occupational representation, women choose, or are pressured into choosing, job specialties considered sex appropriate. The author also suggests that the higher proportion of women in the occupation, the less conforming and more individualistic women become in choosing job specialties.

Building on the theoretical tradition established by Cyert and March, March and Simon, and Wolman, local government is conceived as a social organization engaged in problem-solving activities that maintain an equilibrium between the organization and its external environment. Analyzing 234 cities' fiscal responses to disruptions in the external environment, the author concludes (1) that revenue dedication for capital purposes has not resulted in increasing capital spending, (2) that cities turn to cost-shifting mechanisms primarily because of fiscal pressures, and (3) that capital-spending plans of cities are in general more revenue-elastic than operating programs. These findings confirm the expectations that cities adjust and adapt to their external environment.

In the introductory section of this article the author draws up a typology of definitions of physical culture prevalent in social sciences, above all in sociology. This is followed by an attempt to explain this category from an axiological point of view. Three basic spheres are differentiated: values of existence, social values and symbolic values. However, this approach to physical culture only refers to its objective dimension, whereas an interpretation from the point of view of mdividual attitudes, preferences and behavioral patterns is expressed in the three categories of recognized, perceived and implemented values. The final section of the article is devoted to reflections on the sociological and anthropological approach to physical culture.

Potential patients who do not show up for their first appointments at a mental health clinic represent a puzzling and important phenomenon. When the setting, as in this study, is a multi-ethnic community, the psychosocial determinants for such behaviour are complex indeed. The author presents preliminary data relating clinic no-show rate to the variables of age, sex, presenting problem, and referral source. From the patterns which emerge from the data, certain possible explanations and tentative hypotheses are discussed in relation to previous reports in the literature. Some prac tical, clinical implications of these findings are considered. The results of this pilot project indicate some directions for future investigation in this area.

IN THIS ADDRESS THE AUTHOR URGES THAT NATIONS DO NOT REDUCE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS TO A SERIES OF SLOOT - OUTS IN A GLOBAL "OK CORRAL." ALL PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES ARE THE POTENTIAL VICTIMS OF SUCH A RETROGRESSION FROM WORLD ORDER. WORLD LEADERS MUST ARREST THIS DECLINE AND RE-ESTABLISH A MORE SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR MULTILATERALISM. THE TIME IS BECOMING OPPORTUNE TO DEVELOP AN AGENDA FOR POLITICAL ACTION LEADING TO A NEW ERA OF WORLD ORDER. A STRUCTURE OF PREVENTIVE PEACE - KEEPING, INVOLVING FACT - FINDING MISSIONS, MILITARY OBSERVER TEAMS AND MILITARY COLLECTIVE SECURITY FORCES ALL TO BE DEPLOYED IN ADVANCE OF ARMED CONFLICT WOULD PROVIDE THE WILL AND THE MEANS TO PREVENT ARMED CONFLICT.

APPROACHES TO COLLECTIVE ACTIVITY HAVE SUFFERED FROM A COMMON DEFICIENCY: THEY HAVE ALL LACKED STRONG THEORETICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN GROUPS. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE ISSUE BY CONSIDERING POLITICAL SCIENCE AND ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO COLLECTIVE ACTION AMONG THE AMERICAN STATES. THE AUTHOR FINDS THAT THESE PERSPECTIVES YIELD CONFLICTING EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF COLLECTIVE ACTION. THIS DIFFERENCE, HE ARGUES, IS THE RESULT OF ASSUMPTIONS EACH OF THE PERSPECTIVES MAKES ABOUT THE ENDS OF GROUP ACTIVITY. THE CONFLICT MAY BE RESOLVED, HE CONCLUDES, BY CONSIDERING INTEREST GROUP ORIENTATIONS TO MARKETS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH, AS WELL AS FEATURES OF INSTITUTIONAL DYNAMICS DURING THE COURSE OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.

THE IDEA OF APPROVAL VOTING AS AN ELECTORAL REFORM HAS RECEIVED GENERALLY FAVORABLE ATTENTION FROM SCHOLARS IN RECENT YEARS. THERE HAS, HOWEVER, BEEN VERY LITTLE OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY IT EMPIRICALLY UNDER DIFFERING CONDITIONS. THIS ARTICLE MOVES TO FILL THIS VOID WITH AN EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN APPROVAL VOTING AND TWO OTHER ELECTORAL CONDITIONS, THE WORDING OF THE BALLOT INSTRUCTIONS AND THE CANDIDATE LIST. THE AUTHOR FINDS THAT THESE CONDITIONS, ESPECIALLY THE WORDING OF THE INSTRUCTIONS, INFLUENCE VOTER BEHAVIOR UNDER APPROVAL VOTING AND SUGGESTS THAT THIS MAY HAVE AN IMPACT ON THE OUTCOMES OF CONTESTS CONDUCTED UNDER APPROVAL VOTING. HE CONCLUDES BY CAUTIONING AGAINST UNCONSIDERED APPLICATIONS OF THE REFORM.

IN THIS PAPER THE AUTHOR USES A MODEL OF BUREAUCRATIC INFLUENCE TO ARGUE THAT BUREAUCRACY CANNOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ANOMALOUS RESULTS FOUND IN THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE. THE PAPER DEMONSTRATES THAT: (1) IF BUREAUCRACIES CAN ALTER THE COMPOSITION OF SPENDING IN A COMMUNITY, THEY WILL PUSH FOR LOCAL PUBLIC GOODS WHICH ARE CLOSE TO THE PURE PUBLIC GOOD, RATHER THAN PURE PRIVATE GOOD, EXTREME; AND (2) IF BUREAUCRATIC POWER IS CORRELATED WITH POPULATION, THE ESTIMATED RESULTS WILL BE BIASED TOWARD THE PURE PUBLIC GOOD EXTREME. THE PURPOSE OF THE PAPER IS TO DIVERT STUDY ON THE QUESTION OF THESE EMPIRICAL RESULTS AWAY FROM BUREAUCRACY INTO MORE FRUITFUL LINES OF RESEARCH.