Suchergebnisse

On New Year's Day, 2001, Beijing was struck by a massive dust storm, coursing through and glutting the city on the eve of a long-awaited Chinese century. On the backs of coursing winds and in the long, sandy wake of massive desertification afflicting inner, upwind China, dust storms portended a multi-faceted and multi-scaled environmental crisis in the coming, a shade on the glowing economic futures to which the Chinese party-state had yoked its post-Mao, post-ideological legitimacy. Combating dust storms in Beijing – and then, protecting places as far downwind as Seoul, Tokyo, and even the western US – introduced new political problems and actors into an emerging field of environmental governance, with the central government, through forestry agencies especially, scrambling to devise ways of holding the earth to the ground, against its dangerous tendency to lift into the air. In the course of this, geological, ecological, and meteorological things and processes came to the fore as problems of government.My dissertation explores how dust and wind, in the first decades of the 2000s, were consequential in the elaboration of various emerging topologies of power. It explores how, in the Chinese Communist Party's brand of ecological governance, how ecology, sociology, and economy are re-assembled into elements in a shifting governmental topology, aimed at the stabilization of a shifty, desertified environment as well as the maintenance of 'social stability' against the economic and ecological ravages of desertification. In particular, I argue that in the ecological governance of sand and storms, new deployments of an infrastructural political logic are reorganizing both sandy landscapes and the peoples on them – each is figured as structurally unsound and in need of stabilizing state intervention. In this, environmental interventions at many scales think the country, its land, and its people, as elements in a variegated infrastructural program aimed at the control and stabilization of shifty things. It explores tree-walls, sand barriers, and sand ecology and engineering on one hand as polytechnic and scientific interventions into intervening into shifting landscapes. In tandem, it explores how 'environment' as a historically situated and multiple concept in China inspires new ways of ordering a populace that is also taken to be shifty and chaotic. Through multi-sited ethnography, it explores, along a dust storm's path, the emergent topologies of power that arise to confront dust and sand. This is a contribution to political and environmental anthropology, political ecology, China studies, and science and technology studies.

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana politik hukum pidana tentang denda di Indonesia dan bagaimana eksistensi pidana denda dalam sistem pemidanaan di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1. Tidak dapat dipungkiri juga dalam politik hukum pidana dalam undang-undang, legislator masih menjadikan pidana penjara sebagai primadona. Hukum pidana nasional itu lebih bersifat formal dan belum mempunyai arti hukum pidana nasional yang bersifat materiil, karena dasar pikirannya adalah asas-asas hukum pidana berdasarkan pada ilmu hukum pidana dan praktik pada jaman kolonial. Perkembangan lain tentang penggunaan pidana denda, dalam politik hukum dan politik hukum pidana, merupakan suatu fenomena tersendiri. Hal ini dikarenakan terjadinya perkembangan peraturan perundang-undangan yang sangat jauh di luar KUHP dan undang-undang administrasi yang memuat ketentuan pidana. 2. Di dalam Rancangan KUHP telah dilakukan peningkatan kredi­bilitas pidana denda yang dilakukan baik terhadap berat ringannya maupun cara pelaksanaannya. Mengenai jumlahnya akan diguna­kan sistem kategori, sedangkan mengenai cara pelaksanaannya dapat diangsur dalam waktu yang ditetapkan oleh Hakim. Kata kunci: Eksistensi, pidana, denda

There is an extensive history of research projects with Indigenous communities around the world where the projects were based on Western epistemologies and were neither collaborative, nor community- based.This editorial introduces the International Indigenous Policy Journal's special issue on the governance of Indigenous information. The issue opens a dialog about how data can be collected and governed in a way that empowers Indigenous peoples and communities.

Seeking a remedy for the radiation fear in Japan, the author re-examined an article on radiation hormesis. It describes the background for this fear and evidence in the first UNSCEAR report of a reduction in leukemia of the Hiroshima survivors in the low dose zone. The data are plotted and dose-response models are drawn. While UNSCEAR suggested the extra leukemia incidence is proportional to radiation dose, the data are consistent with a hormetic J-shape and a threshold at about 100 rem (1 Sv). UNSCEAR data on lifespan reduction of mammals exposed continuously to gamma rays indicate a 2 gray/year threshold. This contradicts the conceptual basis for radiation protection and risk determination established in 1956–58. In this paper, beneficial effects and thresholds for harmful effects are discussed, and the biological mechanism is explained. The key point: the rate of DNA damage (double-strand breaks) caused by background radiation is 1000 times less than the endogenous (spontaneous) rate. It is the effect of radiation on an organism's very powerful adaptive protection systems that determines the dose-response characteristic. Low radiation up-regulates the protection systems, while high radiation impairs these systems. The remedy for radiation fear is to expose and discard the politicized science.