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Book reviewed in this article:Reviews: Beyond the new paternalism: Basic security as equality. Guy STANDING.Reviews: Family life and family interests: A comparative study on the influence of the European Convention of Human Rights on Dutch family law and the influence of the United States Constitution on American family law. Gerda A. KLEIJKAMPReviews: The dynamics of full employment: Social integration through transitional labour markets. Günther SCHMID; Bernard GAZIER (eds.)Recent books: Critique du droit du travail. Alain SUPIOTRecent books: Réseaux de sociétés et codes de conduite. Un nouveau modèle de regulation des relations de travail pour les entreprises européennes. André SOBCZAKRecent books: Sociologie de la négotiation. Reynald BURQUE; Christian THUDEROZNew ILO publications: Fifteenth American Regional Meeting (Lima, December 2002), Report of the Director‐General: Globalization and decent work in the AmericasNew ILO publications: Annex: ILO activities in the Americas, 1999–2002New ILO publications: International Labour Conference, 90th Session, Geneva, 2002: Record of proceedingsNew ILO publications: International Labour Conference, 91st Session, 2003, Report IV(2): Learning and training for work in the knowledge society: The constituents' views.New ILO publications: International Labour Conference, 91st Session, 2003, Report VII(1): Improved security of seafarers' identificationNew ILO publications: A statistical profile of the teaching profession. By Maria Teresa SINISCALCONew ILO publications: Alcohol and drug problems at work: The shift to prevention Argentina: Una década de convertibilidad. Un análisis del crecimiento, el empleo y la distribución del ingreso. By Mario DAMILL, Roberto FRENKEL and Roxana MAURIZIONew ILO publications: Corporate success through people: Making international labour standards work for you. By Nicolai ROGOVSKY and Emily SIMSNew ILO publications: Decent work in Denmark: Employment, social efficiency and economic security. Edited by Philippe EGGER and Werner SENGENBERGER in collaboration with Peter AUER, Marco SIMONI and Corinne VARGHANew ILO publications: Employment, employability and equal opportunities in the postal and telecommunications servicesNew ILO publications: Employment trends in the tobacco sector: Challenges and prospects. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Future of Employment in the Tobacco SectorNew ILO publications: Formación profesional en el cambio de siglo. By Claudio de MOURA CASTRO. Edited by Klaus SCHAACK and Rudolf TIPPELTNew ILO publications: Global employment trendsNew ILO publications: How to read a balance sheetNew ILO publications: ILO generic crisis response modules. ILO InFocus Programme on Crisis Response and Reconstruction. Geneva, 2002. xxi + 132 pp. Loose‐leaf binder, glossary, boxes, tables, checklists, bibliography. 25 Swiss francs. ISBN 92–2–112690–0. Crisis response: Rapid needs assessment manualNew ILO publications: Lifelong learning in the mechanical and electrical engineering industriesNew ILO publications: Managing disability in the workplaceNew ILO publications: Measuring the non‐observed economy: A handbookNew ILO publications: Micro‐finance in the industrialized countries: Helping the unemployed to start a businessNew ILO publications: Panorama laboral 2002: America Latina y el CaribeNew ILO publications: Pension reform in central and eastern Europe. Edited by Elaine FULTZNew ILO publications: Pensiones no contributivas y asistenciales: Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Costa Rica y Uruguay. Edited by Fabio M. BERTRANOU, Carmen SOLORIO and Wouter van GINNEKENNew ILO publications: Public emergency services: Social dialogue in a changing environmentNew ILO publications: Social dialogue in the health services: Institutions, capacity and effectivenessNew ILO publications: Social reinsurance: A new approach to sustainable community health financing. Edited by David M. DROR and Alexander S. PREKERNew ILO publications: The Committee on Freedom of Association: Its impact over 50 years. By Eric GRAVEL, Isabelle DUPLESSIS and Bernard GERNIGONNew ILO publications: The evolution of employment, working time and training in the mining industry

El articulo muestra los principales resultados obtenidos apartir de una investigación sobre la cárcel, centrándose en la construcción del orden interno y en el cambio disciplinar. En rimer lugar se interpreta la clasificación y el tratamiento penitenciario desplegados por la LOGP como elementos que redefinen el espacio físico y las relaciones sociales que sustenta. A continuación, se critica el funcionamiento del sistema de fases progresivas puesto en marcha or la Generalitat de Catalunya, destacando su eficacia en la gestión del conflicto en la consecución de la paz institucional como objetivo politico. Seguidamente, se contemplan los efectos del sistema defases respecto de la estratificación de presos en diferentes subclases, y se observan las consecuencias disciplinares que comporta este sistema al conjugar clasificación y tratamiento Finalmente se realiza un análisis de la organización carcelaria para poner de relieve bondad del sistema en la producción del orden interno desde una comunicación alienada. El articulo concluye que el sistema de fases, lejos de estar encaminado a la resocialización, como prescribe la Constitución, se incardina en lo que pueden constituir nuevas formas disciplinarias de construcción del orden en el interior de la cárcel. ; L'article mostra els principals resultats obtinguts a partir d' una investigació sobre la presó,i se centra en la construcció de l'ordre intern i en el cambi disciplinar.En primer lloc,s'interpreta la clasificació i el tractament penitenciari desplegats per la LOGP,com a elements que redefineixen l'espai físic i les relacions socials que sostè.Acontinuació es critica en funcionament del sistema de fasesprogressives poset en marxa per la Generalitat de Catalunya, i es destaca la seva eficiència en la gestió del conflicte i en la consecució de la pau institucional com a objectiu polític.Tot seguit, es contemplen els efectes del sistema de fases en relació amb l'estratificació de presos en diferent subclasses,i s'obseven les conseqüències disciplinars que comporta aquest sistema en conjugar clasificació i tractament. Finalment, es realitza una anàlisi de l'organitzacio de la presó per tal de posar en relleu la bondat del sistema en la producció de l'ordre intern des d'una comunicació alienada.L'article concluou que el sistema de fases, lluny de l'objectiu resocialitzador que la Constitució estableix, s' incardina en el que poden constituir noves formes discilinàries i de construcció de l'ordre a l'interior de la presó. ; The article shows the main results which stem from a reserch about the prison, focusing on the construction of internal order and on disciplinary change. First, the clasification and the penitentiary treatment developed by tre LOGP are interpreted, as elements which redefine the space and the social relations which it sustains. Thereafer, the working of the progressive phases system implemented by the Catalan Autonomous Government is criticised, emphasizing its eficacy in the management of conflict, and in the consecution of institutional peace as a political objective.then, the effects of the system of phases in relation to the stratification of prisoners in diferent subclasses are considered, and the disciplinary consequences are observed which this entails since it combines classification and treatment. Finally, an analysis of prison organization is conducted, in order to show the consistence of the sistem in the production of internal order from an alienated communication. the article concludes saying that the system ofphases, far from resocialization, as the Spanish Constitution points out,articulates itself in what constitutes new discipplinary forms, and those of order building inside the prison.

14 pages, 8 figures, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03777-9.-- Data availability: The Supplementary tables and figures can be found under the https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14987001 in the public repository Figshare. To further facilitate exploration and viewing of Cehalopods Global Trade Networks by users from outside the academy or with basic technical knowledge, we have launched a fully operational web application at https://aospina.shinyapps.io/CGTN_app/.-- Correction: A network analysis of global cephalopod trade. Scientific Reports 12: 2329 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06289-2 ; The global trade in cephalopods is a multi-billion dollar business involving the fishing and production of more than ten commercially valuable species. It also contributes, in whole or in part, to the subsistence and economic livelihoods of thousands of coastal communities around the world. The importance of cephalopods as a major cultural, social, economic, and ecological resource has been widely recognised, but research efforts to describe the extent and scope of the global cephalopod trade are limited. So far, there are no specific regulatory and monitoring systems in place to analyse the traceability of the global trade in cephalopods at the international level. To understand who are the main global players in cephalopod seafood markets, this paper provides, for the first time, a global overview of the legal trade in cephalopods. Twenty years of records compiled in the UN COMTRADE database were analysed. The database contained 115,108 records for squid and cuttlefish and 71,659 records for octopus, including commodity flows between traders (territories or countries) weighted by monetary value (USD) and volume (kg). A theoretical network analysis was used to identify the emergent properties of this large trade network by analysing centrality measures that revealed key insights into the role of traders. The results illustrate that three countries (China, Spain, and Japan) led the majority of global market movements between 2000 and 2019. Based on volume and value, as well as the number of transactions, 11 groups of traders were identified. The leading cluster consisted of only eight traders, who dominated the cephalopod market in Asia (China, India, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam), Europe (the Netherlands, and Spain), and the USA. This paper identifies the countries and territories that acted as major importers or exporters, the best-connected traders, the hubs or accumulators, the modulators, the main flow routes, and the weak points of the global cephalopod trade network over the last 20 years. This knowledge of the network is crucial to move towards an environmentally sustainable, transparent, and food-secure global cephalopod trade ; AO was supported by H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (746361) and Contract financed through the call for postdoctoral fellowships of the Government of the Balearic Islands, program "Vicenç Mut" 2020. SV, GA, PP, CP and FLM knowledge the financial support from the INTERREG Cephs and Chefs Project (EAPA 282/2016), and Xunta de Galicia Grupos de Referencia Competitiva (under Grant ED431C2019/11). PP was supported by Xunta de Galicia (RECREGES II project under Grant ED481B2018/017). CP acknowledges FCT for the research contract 2020.02510.CEECIND. CP and FLM would also like to acknowledge FCT/MCTES national funds for the financial support to CESAM (UIDP/50017/2020 + UIDB50017/2020) ; With the institutional support of the 'Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence' accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) ; Peer reviewed

Background and objectives: To explore the ethical and legal complexities arising from the controversial issue of surrogacy, particularly in terms of how they affect fundamental rights of children and parents. Surrogacy is a form of medically-assisted procreation (MAP) in which a woman "lends" her uterus to carry out a pregnancy on behalf of a third party. There are pathological conditions, such as uterine agenesis or hysterectomy outcomes, that may prevent prospective mothers from becoming pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term; such patients may consider finding a surrogate mother. Many issues relating to surrogacy remain unresolved, with significant disagreements and controversy within the scientific community and public opinion. There are several factors called into play and multiple parties and stakeholders whose objectives and interests need to somehow be reconciled. First and foremost, the authors contend, it is essential to prioritize and uphold the rights of children born through surrogacy and heterologous MAP. Materials and methods: To draw a parallel between Italy and the rest of the world, the legislation in force in twelve European countries was analyzed, eleven of which are part of the European Union (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Greece, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Lithuania, Czech Republic and Portugal) and three non-members of the same (United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia), as well as that of twelve non-European countries considered exemplary (United States, Canada, Australia, India, China, Thailand, Israel, Nigeria and South Africa); in particular, legislative sources and legal databases were drawn upon, in order to draw a comparison with the Italian legislation currently in force and map out the evolution of the Italian case law on the basis of the judgments issued by Italian courts, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR); search engines such as PubMed and Google Scholar were also used, by entering the keywords "surrogacy" and "surrogate motherhood", to find scientific articles concerning assisted reproduction techniques with a close focus on surrogacy. Results: SM is a prohibited and sanctioned practice in Italy; on the other hand, it is allowed in other countries of the world, which leads Italian couples, or couples from other countries where it is banned, to often contact foreign centers in order to undertake a MAP pathway which includes surrogacy; in addition, challenges may arise from the legal status of children born through surrogacy abroad: to date, in most countries, there is no specific legislation aimed at regulating their legal registration and parental status. Conclusion: With reference to the Italian context, despite the scientific and legal evolution on the subject, a legislative intervention aimed at filling the regulatory gaps in terms of heterologous MAP and surrogacy has not yet come to fruition. Considering the possibility of "fertility tourism", i.e., traveling to countries where the practice is legal, as indeed already happens in a relatively significant number of cases, the current legislation, although integrated by the legal interpretation, does not appear to be effective in avoiding the phenomenon of procreative tourism. Moreover, to overcome some contradictions currently present between law 40 and law 194, it would be appropriate to outline an organic and exhaustive framework of rules, which should take into account the multiplicity of interests at stake, in keeping with a fair and sustainable balance when regulating such practices.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiera, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM ; The running of the top quark mass is experimentally investigated for the first time. The mass of the top quark in the modified minimal subtraction ( MS‾ ) renormalization scheme is extracted from a comparison of the differential top quark-antiquark ( tt¯ ) cross section as a function of the invariant mass of the tt¯ system to next-to-leading-order theoretical predictions. The differential cross section is determined at the parton level by means of a maximum-likelihood fit to distributions of final-state observables. The analysis is performed using tt¯ candidate events in the e ± μ ∓ channel in proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2016, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1 . The extracted running is found to be compatible with the scale dependence predicted by the corresponding renormalization group equation. In this analysis, the running is probed up to a scale of the order of 1 TeV ; Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie programme and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract Nos. 675440, 752730, and 765710 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the F.R.S.-FNRS and FWO (Belgium) under the "Excellence of Science – EOS" – be.h project n. 30820817; the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, No. Z181100004218003; The Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Lendület ("Momentum") Programme and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the New National Excellence Program ÚNKP, the NKFIA research grants 123842, 123959, 124845, 124850, 125105, 128713, 128786, and 129058 (Hungary); the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS programme of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus programme of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Ministry of Science and Education, grant no. 3.2989.2017 (Russia); the Programa Estatal de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y Técnica de Excelencia María de Maeztu, grant MDM-2015-0509 and the Programa Severo Ochoa del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programmes cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); the Nvidia Corporation; The Welch Foundation, contract C-1845; and the Weston Havens Foundation (USA)

Цель: выявление взаимосвязи и взаимообусловленности коррупции с другими социальными явлениями и выработка на основании анализа вышеназванных явлений новых мер правового характера по противодействию коррупции. Методы: диалектический подход к познанию социальных явлений, позволяющий проанализировать их в историческом развитии и функционировании в контексте совокупности объективных и субъективных факторов, который определил выбор следующих методов исследования: формально-логический, сравнительно-правовой.Результаты: на основе анализа научной литературы, законодательства о противодействии коррупции выявлено, что коррупция в финансовой сфере является главным препятствием развития человечества, а немонетарная коррупция прямо или косвенно связана с ней. Коррупционные денежные потоки на национальном и международном уровнях такие же мощные и неприкрытые, как законные финансовые потоки. Коррумпированные лица и группы по-прежнему находятся вне досягаемости закона. По-настоящему эффективные антикоррупционные меры не входят в спектр деятельности правителей мира. В связи с этим необходимо достичь всеобщего согласия в вопросе противодействия коррупции. Народы Китая и Индии особенно значимы в сфере борьбы с коррупцией благодаря своей многочисленности. Население этих стран может сыграть особую роль, побудив свои правительства предпринять борьбу с коррупцией, поскольку именно эти народы больше всего страдают от данного явления в своей повседневной жизни. Кроме того, низкий уровень жизни многих стран мира объясняется на самом деле коррупцией.Научная новизна: в статье впервые рассмотрены характерные особенности коррупции в мире, выявлены взаимосвязи коррупции с другими социальными явлениями в разных государствах.Практическая значимость: основные положения и выводы статьи могут быть использованы в научной, просветительской и образовательной деятельности при рассмотрении вопросов, связанных с противодействием коррупции.Objective: to identify the relationship and correlation of corruption with other social phenomena and, basing on the analysis of the above phenomena, to develop the new legal measures on anti-corruption.Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, allowing to analyze them in historical development and functioning in the context of the totality of objective and subjective factors that determined the choice of the following research methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal. Results: basing on the analysis of scientific literature and legislation on combating corruption, it was revealed that financial corruption is the major point of contention of the world's smooth development, and non-monetary corruptions are directly or indirectly relevant of it. International as well as national corrupt monetary flows are as bold and resourceful as the legal finance. The corrupt world of individuals or groups is far away from legal hand of punishment. Effective anti-corruption measures are invisible from the activities of global powers. Struggle against corruption requires joint efforts of mass involvement and global unified action without any bias. The peoples of China and India like countries are so important in number concern. The awareness among such big populations of developing countries plays a vital role to force the respective governments in favour of this long fight as these peoples are suffering most in daily-life from corruption. Besides, the low standard of living in many countries of the world is actually resulting from corruption.Scientific novelty: for the first time the article considers characteristic features of corruption in the world, and identifies the relationship of corruption with other social phenomena in different countries.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in research, enlightenment and educational activities in addressing the issues related to combating corruption.

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine resource allocation under the centrally sponsored scheme Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and its impact on development of elementary education in India. First, the author describes the current educational disparity across states in terms of state funding. Second, the author shows that interstate disparities in education resources have more to do with capacity of states to finance elementary education. For this, the author examines funding mechanism under SSA, focusing on principles of adequacy and absorptive rates. Third, the author analyzes the impact of additional funding on the progress of elementary education across states. Fourth, the author demonstrates how funding under SSA reinforces rather than reduces interstate disparity in school funding. Finally, the author concludes with certain policy implications for reforming federal transfers in Right to Education (RTE)-SSA, which can easily be extended to Rashtria Madhya Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) to be more responsive to educational inadequacy, effort and capacity across states.


Design/methodology/approach
– The author uses box plots for illustrating interstate disparity across various indicators on financing and growth of elementary education. Box plots are good at portraying extreme values and illustrate differences between distributions. Because the thrust of the paper is examining difference in distribution across and within states, box plots appropriately portray the distribution of both. Further, coefficient of variation is estimated in education funding and its impact variables.


Findings
– Interstate disparity in additional to the funding of SSA through discretionary transfers is examined by looking at two principles of inter-governmental transfers, viz., adequacy and absorptive rates. In a way, it appears that the educationally backward states getting the highest shares and also as per the requirement of the child population, but not necessarily so in terms of their relative proportions of enrolment, schools and teachers. Yet another revelation is that actual absorptive rates are much less than apparent absorptive rates. Unambiguously, additional resources coming from the Center for Development of Education can have a positive influence only after states have achieved a certain threshold level of absorptive capacities. As evidenced, fiscal disability is not compensated by transfers via SSA, as matching shares are uniform across states.


Research limitations/implications
– One significant limitations of the study is its use of administrative data. Often, administrative data from developing countries especially on social sector like education report inflated figures. The study uses primarily such but published secondary data sources.


Practical implications
– Finally, the author suggests certain policy implications for reforming federal role in the current RTE-SSA, which can easily be extended to RMSA, a CSS in secondary education, to be more responsive to state effort and capacity.


Social implications
– Though SSA attempts to address regional imbalance, the accumulated initial advantage of better-off states with uniform norms under SSA funding widens the interstate disparity rather than reduce it. It is, hence, mandated to look at building capacities and enable states for a level-playing field.


Originality/value
– It adds value to existing studies in two ways: rarely studies examine SSA expenditures and its impact on development and financing of elementary education, and examine a question on horizontal equalization mechanism whether additional allocation under SSA induce or reduce interstate disparity.

This research is part of a multidisciplinary approach - . monographic, ethnographic, sociolinguistic, and includes a longitudinal dimension. It attempts to expound the language practices of four Indian immigrant families settled in four European countries : France, Sweden, Norway and Finland. This study also seeks to identify issues of family language policies, a domain where little research has been undertaken and therefore, remains to be developed. Moreover, ideologies and attitudes about languages are reflected in decisions taken by the heads of the household, who manifest a special penchant for a specific language, for themselves and in particular, for their children. At the macro level, the national language policy of each country in our study is discussed, including that of India, with a focus on language education policy and on the teaching of immigrant languages in schools. The plurilinguism of participants is analyzed with the concept of multilingual repertoire, in which language competencies are truncated by specific domains. The concepts of space, context, mobility, scale, polycentrality and orders of indexicality were raised in order to understand and sift the truncated verbal repertoire. Intergenerational language transmission is examined through a critical analysis of national and family language policies ; the question of the effect of the legacy of cultural and linguistic values of the country of origin (or the absence of such transmission) on the construction of the identity of the second generation are equally reviewed. The main contribution of this thesis is to take a look at language issues related to migration from the immigrants' own perspective rather than the perspectives of their host countries. ; Ce travail de recherche s'inscrit dans une approche pluridisciplinaire – monographique, ethnographique et sociolinguistique avec une dimension longitudinale. Il tente de décrire de manière approfondie les pratiques langagières familiales de quatre familles indiennes immigrantes installées dans quatre pays européens : la France, la Suède, la Norvège et la Finlande. Cette étude cherche également à cerner les enjeux des politiques linguistiques familiales, domaine dans lequel peu de recherches ont été entreprises et qui, de ce fait, reste à développer. Par ailleurs, les idéologies et attitudes concernant les langues se traduisent dans les décisions prises par les chefs de la famille, les parents, qui privilégient l'apprentissage de telle ou telle langue, pour eux-mêmes et surtout pour les enfants. Au plan macro, la politique linguistique nationale de chacun des pays concernés par notre étude est évoquée, y compris celle de l'Inde, avec un centrage sur la politique linguistique éducative et les modalités d'enseignement des langues migrantes. Le plurilinguisme des participants est analysé avec la notion de répertoire multilingue au sein duquel les compétences langagières sont segmentées par domaine. Les notions d'espace, de contexte, de mobilité, d'échelle, de polycentralité et d'ordres d'indexicalité ont été convoquées pour pouvoir appréhender ces compétences. La transmission linguistique intergénérationnelle est abordée par le biais d'une analyse critique de la politique linguistique familiale et nationale ainsi que la question de l'incidence du legs des valeurs culturelles et linguistiques du pays d'origine (ou de son absence) sur la construction de l'identité de la deuxième génération. L'apport principal de cette thèse est de porter un regard sur les questions de langues en lien avec la migration qui ne s'inscrit pas dans la perspective des pays d'accueil, mais celle des migrants eux-mêmes.

ACT UP -- Activism in Africa South of the Sahara -- Adoption and surrogacy in Europe -- Adoption, fostering, and surrogacy (international) -- Aestheticism and decadence, nineteenth-century -- African commission on human and peoples' rights -- Afropop music -- AIDS memorial quilt : the NAMES Project -- Al-Akharun (2006; Seba al-Herz) -- alQaws -- Amer, Ghada (1963-) -- Ana Hiya Anti (2000; Elham Mansour) -- Antes que Anochezca (1992; Reinaldo Arenas) -- Anthropology in Africa South of the Sahara -- Anti-gender movement in Europe -- Anti-racist activism in Europe -- Anti-Semitism and Zionism -- Anti-Semitism in Europe -- Antisodomy and buggery trials -- Archives in Africa -- Archives in Asia -- Archives in Australia and New Zealand -- Archives in Europe -- Archives in Latin America -- Archives in North America -- Argentina's gender identity law -- The art of identity in India -- The art of queering Asian mythology -- Asexuality -- Asia Pacific Transgender Network -- Asrar 'Ailiyyah (2013; Hany Fawzy) -- Aswat -- Athletes, Trans and intersex -- Athletes, Trans and intersex, in Asia -- Australia and New Zealand -- 'Awdat al-Almani ila Rushdih (2006; Rashid al-Daif) -- El Baile de los 41 -- Bakla -- Barbin, Herculine (1838-1868) -- Bareed Mista3jil : True stories (2009) -- Bars and cabarets in Europe -- Bars, Working-class, in Mexico -- Bathhouse raids, Toronto (1981) -- Bayrut '75 (1975; Ghada al-Samman) -- BDSM (Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism) -- Benga, Francois "Feral" (1906-1957) -- El Beso de la Mujer Arana (1976; Manuel Puig) -- Bhutan -- Biological essentialism -- Black freedom movement and sexuality -- Blackmail -- The body politic -- Bom-Crioulo (1895; Adolfo Ferreira Caminha) -- Bookstores -- Boston marriage and women's romantic friendships -- Botswana -- Boys love (yaoi) manga -- Brokeback mountain -- The bubble (2006; Eytan Fox) -- Butt magazine -- Cabaret theater in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Cabo Verde -- Cameroon -- Camp -- Canadian criminal code reform (1969) -- Cape Town -- Carnival and sexuality in Brazil -- Cavafy, C.P. (1863-1933) -- Central American solidarity movement -- Chechnya, detention camps in -- Chevalier d'Eon or Mademoiselle Beaumont (1728-1810) -- Christianity in Africa : Anglican -- Christianity in Africa : LGBT friendly -- Christianity in Africa : Pentecostal and Charismatic -- Christianity in Africa : Roman Catholicism -- Cinema, African (Anglophone) -- Cinema, African (Francophone) -- Cinema, Latin American (early twentieth century) -- Cinema, Latin American (late twentieth and twenty-first centuries) -- Cisgender or cis -- Classical studies -- Clitoris -- The closet -- Cold War and sexuality in Latin America -- Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara -- Combahee River Collective -- Coming-out/coming-in discourses in the Middle East -- Comite d'Urgence Anti-repression Homosexuelle (CUARH) -- Communism and queers in Europe -- Compton's cafeteria riot (1966) -- Confessional manuals in colonial Latin America -- Conquest and sodomy in Latin America -- Conversion therapy in China -- Cote d'Ivoire -- Cross-dressing in the West -- Cruising and cruising grounds -- The Cuban revolution and homosexuality -- Darnell v. Lloyd (1975) -- Daughters of Bilitis -- Defense of Marriage Act (1996) -- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) -- Diasporas, Queer -- Digital cultures in Latin America -- Dissidence in Singapore -- Al-Dizil (1994; Thani al-Suwaidi) -- Drag, Asian -- Dyketactics! -- Ecology and environmental issues and activism -- Egymasra Nezve (1982; Karoly Makk) -- Einayim Pkuhot (2009; Haim Tabakman) -- Elbe, Lili (1882-1931) -- Erauso, Catalina de (1592-1650) -- Ethiopia -- Ethnopornography -- Ethnopsychiatry -- Eunuchs -- Eurovision Song Contest -- Family law in Asia -- Female husband -- Feminism, African -- Femmes and butches -- Film festivals -- Fin de Siecle sexuality -- Fire (1996; Deepa Mehta) -- Florentine Codex and Nahua sexuality -- Fortune and men's eyes -- Foucault, Influence of -- Frente de Liberacion Homosexual -- Friendship societies in Europe -- FTMInternational --

Machine generated contents note:pt. IINTRODUCTION --1.Gender and health: an introduction /Jasmine Gideon --pt. IIGENDER, HEALTH AND PUBLIC POLICY --2.Agenda-setting in women's health: critical analysis of a quarter-century of paradigm shifts in international and global health /Peggy McDonough --3.Gender, health and climate change /Sarah Payne --4.Towards a new political agenda for indigenous women's health in Latin America in the post-2015 era /Sandra Del Pino --5.Dangerous discourses? Silencing women within `global mental health' practice /Rochelle Ann Burgess --6.Cost-cutting, co-production and cash transfers: neoliberal policy, health and gender /Deborah Johnston --7.Applying a genders lens to public health discourses on men's health /Steve Robertson --8.Men, `masculinity' and mental health: critical reflections /Mark Robinson --9.Stigmatized, marginalized and overlooked: health, later life and gender in India and the United Kingdom /Penny Vera-Sanso --pt. IIIGENDER, WORK AND HEALTH --10.Gender, work and health: a step forward in women's occupational health /Vicenta Escriba-Aguir --11.Intersectionality: the value for occupational health research /Nadia Younes --12.Gendered work violence issues and mental health among Chilean women workers /Amalia Mauro Cardarelli --pt. IVGENDER, MIGRATION AND HEALTH --13.Migration, gender and health /Lorena Nunez Carrasco --14.Migration and health in a Chinese context: examining the linkages through a gender lens /Jasmine Gideon --15.Engendered movements: migration, gender and health in a globalized world /Denise L. Spitzer --16.Migration and sex work in South Africa: key concerns for gender and health /Jo Vearey --pt. VGENDER AND HEALTH SYSTEMS --17.Gender equity and the politics of health sector reform: overcoming policy legacies and forming epistemic communities /Christina Ewig --18.Gender and commercialization of health care /Sarah Sexton --19.Commercialization in maternity care: uncovering trends in the contemporary health care economy /Susan F. Murray --20.Building post-conflict health systems: a gender analysis from Northern Uganda /Sophie Witter --21.Reproductive health care and indigenous peoples in Venezuela /Johanna Goncalves Martin --pt. VIHOUSEHOLDS, HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE --22.Cycles of violence in gendered social contexts: why does child maltreatment lead to increased risk of intimate partner violence in adulthood? /Louise Knight --23.Capacities to exercise strategic decision-making agency: exploring the gendered production of health within intimate partnerships and households /Sally Theobald --pt. VIIGENDER, SOCIAL ACTIVISM AND HEALTH --24.Citizen monitoring: promoting health rights among socially excluded women in Andean Peru /Jeannie Samuel --25.Emergent masculinities, men's health and the Movember movement /Marcia C. Inhorn --pt. VIIIGENDER, HEALTH, SEXUALITY AND RIGHTS --26.Men's sexual health and destiny /Matthew Gutmann --27.Claiming Rosa Parks: conservative Catholic bids for `rights' in contemporary Latin America /Lynn M. Morgan --28.Conservative backlashes to women's bodily integrity in Latin America: the case of Chile /Gabriela Alvarez Minte --29.Deconstructing human rights-based discourses: the case of women's right to health and health sector reforms in Brazil /Marianna Leite --30.Men, masculinities and health in Brazil: a feminist critique /Benedito Medrado --31.Sexual health or rights? USAID-funded HIV/AIDS interventions for key populations in Ghana /Benjamin Eveslage --32.Positive women managing reproduction in the HIV pandemic /Lesley Doyal.

Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances. These documents inform and shape patient care around the world. In this Perspective we discuss the importance of diversity on guideline panels ; the disproportionately low representation of women on critical care guideline panels, and existing initiatives to increase the representation of women in corporations, universities, and government. We propose five strategies to ensure gender parity within critical care medicine. ; American College of Emergency Physicians ; American Thoracic Society Assembly on Critical Care, Women in Critical Care Working Group ; American Thoracic Society-Health Equality and Diversity Committee ; Australia and New Zealand Intensive Care Society ; Canadian Critical Care Society ; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group ; German SepNet Critical Care Trials Group ; German Sepsis Society ; Global Sepsis Alliance ; International Forum for Acute Care Trialists (InFACT) ; Latin American Sepsis Institute ; Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine ; George Institute for Global Health ; World Federation of Critical Care Nurses ; World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine ; Univ Toronto, Dept Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; lnterdepartmental Div Crit Care Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Sinai Hlth Syst, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Toronto, Lawrence S Bloomberg Fac Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Toronto, Univ Hlth Network, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Canadian Crit Care Soc, Markham, ON, Canada ; St Michaels Hosp, lnterdepartmental Div Crit Care Med, Toronto, ON, Canada ; St Michaels Hosp, Dept Surg, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Inst, Toronto, ON, Canada ; Univ Fed São Paulo, Anesthesiol Pain & Intens Care Dept, São Paulo, Brazil ; McMaster Univ, Hamilton Hlth Sci Thrombosis & Atherosclerosis Re, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; McMaster Univ, Crit Care Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Div Pulm Crit Care Allergy & Sleep Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA ; Univ Calif San Francisco, Cardiovasc Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA ; Vanderbilt Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Nashville, TN 37212 USA ; Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Pulm Sci & Crit Care Med, Denver, CO USA ; Univ British Columbia, British Columbia Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Hosp Ctr, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; Univ Montreal, Div Intens Care, Montreal, PQ, Canada ; George Inst Global Hlth, Div Crit Care & Trauma, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Jena Univ Hosp, Ctr Sepsis Control & Care, Dept Anesthesiol & Intens Care, Jena, Germany ; Global Sepsis Alliance, Jena, Germany ; Imperial Coll London, Dept Paediat, Wellcome Trust Ctr Clin Trop Med, London, England ; Univ Vermont, Div Pulm & Crit Care Med, Burlington, VT USA ; Makerere Univ, Dept Anesthesia & Crit Care, Kampala, Uganda ; Inst Med Sci, Bombay Hosp, Dept Crit Care Med, Bombay, Maharashtra, India ; Univ Fattouma Bourguiba, Ctr Hosp, Monastir, Tunisia ; Oslo Univ Hosp, Scandinavian Soc Anaesthesiol & Intens Care Med, Oslo, Norway ; Oslo Univ Hosp, Dept Anaesthesiol, Oslo, Norway ; Tribhuvan Univ, Teaching Hosp, Dept Anaesthesiol, Kathmandu, Nepal ; Univ Fed São Paulo, Anesthesiol Pain & Intens Care Dept, São Paulo, Brazil ; Web of Science

BAUMOL, HILDA and BAUMOL, WILLIAM J. Inflation and the Performing Arts New York/London: New York University Press 1984.CASSON, MARK Economics of Unemployment. An Historical Perspective, Oxford: Martin Robertson 1983FISHER, FRANKLIN M. Disequilibrium Foundations of Equilibrium Economics (Econometric Society Publication, No. 6.), Cambridge/London/ New York: Cambridge University Press 1983FOLKERTS‐LANDAU, D.F.I. Intertemporal Planning, Exchange, and Macroeconomics Cambridge/London/New York: Cambridge University Press 1982JACK E. ADAMS Little Rock FREY, BRUNO S.: International Political Economics, Oxford: Basil Black‐well 1984CHARLES P. KINDLEBERGERLincoln Center, Massachusetts GEORGE, REV. DR. P. P.: Economics of Higher Education in Tamil Nadu, Madras: Centre for Research on New International Economic Order 1984J ANDHYALA B. G. TILAK New Delhi, India DE GIJSEL, PETER et al. (Hrsg.): Ökonomie und Gesellschaft. Jahrbuch 2: Wohlfahrt und Gerechtigkeit, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WOLFGANG BRANDES/MANFRED KRAFT Paderborn GÖBEL, DIETER: Lebenseinkommen und Erwerbsbiographie. Eine Längs‐schnittuntersuchung mit Daten der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1983SIEGFRIED F. FRANKEFachhochschule für Öffentliche Verwaltung Hamburg GOODWIN, R. M.; KRÜGER, M. and VERCELLI, A. (eds.): Nonlinear Models of Fluctuating Growth. An International Symposium, Siena, Italy 1983 (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol.228), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984JOHN T. HARTMANIndiana University GORRES, PETER ANSELM: Die Umverteilung der Arbeit, Beschäftigungs‐, Wachstums‐ und Wohlfahrtseffekte einer Arbeitszeitverkürzung (Reihe Sozialwissenschaftliche Arbeitsmarktforschung, Band 6), Frankfurt/New York: Campus 1984HEINOVMEYER Frankfurt M. HAGEN, OLE and WENSTØP, FRED (eds.): Progress in Utility and Risk Theory (Theory and Decision Library, Vol. 42), Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel 1984GEORGES BERNARD CNRS, Paris HOLMLUND, BERTIL: Labor Mobility. Studies of Labor Turnover and Migration in the Swedish Labor Market (The Industrial Institute for Economic and Social Research), Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1984OLAF HOBLER Hannover KLAMER, ARJO: The New Classical Macroeconomics. Conversations with the New Classical Economists and their Opponents, Brighton: Wheat‐sheaf Books/Harvester Press 1984ALFRED H. BORNEMANNEnglewood LACHMANN, WERNER: Wirtschaftspolitik im Ungleichgewicht (Europai‐sche Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 422), Frankfurt M./Bern/ New York: Peter Lang 1983MCKENZIE, RICHARD B.and TULLOCK, GORDON: Homo oeconomicus. Ökonomische Dimensionen des Alltags, Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984MANFRED GÄRTNERBasel MOSLEY, PAUL: The Making of Economic Policy. Theory and Evidence from Britain and the US since 1945, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books 1984ROMASCO, ALBERT U.The Politics of Recovery: Roosevelt's New Deal, New York: Oxford University Press 1983ROSENSTOCK, ADOLF H.Stabilizing Real Exchange Rates and Rational Expectations (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe V, Band 532), Frankfurt M./Bern/New York: Peter Lang 1984SCHMID, ULRICHWahlkampffinanzierung in den USA und in der Schweiz (Zürcher Beiträge zur Politischen Wissenschaft, Band 8), Diessenhofen: Verlag Rüegger 1985SCHNEIDER, G. and SPRENGER, R.U. (Hrsg.): Mehr Umweltschutz für weniger Geld. Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Erfolgschancen ökonomischer Anreizinstrumente in der Umweltpolitik (ifo‐Studien zur Umweltoko‐nomie, Bd.4), München: ifo‐Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 1984SIEBERT, HORST (ed.): The Resource Sector in an Open Economy (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, Vol. 200), Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer 1984.VICARELLI, FAUSTO: Keynes: The Instability of Capitalism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1984WAGNER, GERT: Umverteilung in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Eine theoretische und empirische Analyse zum Versicherungsprinzip in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung (Sonderforschungsbereich 3 der Universitäten Frankfurt und Mannheim), Frankfurt M./New York: Campus 1984WENZEL, HEINZ‐DIETER: Defizitfinanzierung ah Instrument einer ziel‐orientierten Finanzpolitik. Eine dynamische Analyse (Schriften zur öffentlichen Verwaltung und öffentlichen Wirtschaft, Band 61), Baden‐Baden: Nomos 1983

A -- Acsys, Inc. -- ADT Security Services, Inc. -- Alex Lee Inc. -- Almanij Nv -- Alps Electric Co., Ltd. -- AMCORE Financial Inc. -- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) -- Astoria Financial Corporation -- Atlantic American Corporation -- B -- Bahlsen GmbH & Co. KG -- Barco NV -- BCE Inc. -- Bell Sports Corporation -- Billabong International Ltd. -- C -- Cambrex Corporation -- Caraustar Industries, Inc. -- Carrier Access Corporation -- Catalytica Energy Systems, Inc. -- Cendant Corporation -- Chicago Pizza & Brewery, Inc. -- Cincinnati Financial Corporation -- Cirrus Design Corporation -- Citrix Systems, Inc. -- Coal India Ltd. -- Coats plc -- Cognos Inc. -- Coinstar, Inc. -- Cookson Group plc -- Cooper Industries, Inc. -- Corning Inc. -- Craftmade International, Inc. -- D -- Danisco A/S -- Darden Restaurants, Inc. -- Delhaize "Le Lion" S.A. -- Denby Group plc -- Dillingham Construction Corporation -- Drake Beam Morin, Inc. -- Durr AG -- E -- edel music AG -- ERGO Versicherungsgruppe AG -- Etam Developpement SA -- Express Scripts Inc. -- F -- Fair Grounds Corporation -- Flour City International, Inc. -- G -- Great Harvest Bread Company -- Groupe Fournier SA -- Groupe Jean-Claude Darmon -- Grupo IMSA, S.A. de C.V. -- GSD&M Advertising -- Gulf Island Fabrication, Inc. -- Guy Degrenne SA -- H -- H. Lundbeck A/S -- Hackman Oyj Adp -- HARIBO GmbH & Co. KG -- Hogan & Hartson L.L.P. -- Holland Burgerville USA -- Hometown Auto Retailers, Inc. -- Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP -- Hulman & Company -- I -- Identix Inc. -- Integrity Inc. -- International Olympic Committee -- J -- JetBlue Airways Corporation -- K -- Kamps AG -- Kidde plc -- Koala Corporation -- Kudelski Group SA -- L -- The Longaberger Company -- M -- Mac-Gray Corporation -- Martin Industries, Inc. -- Mellon Financial Corporation -- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation -- The Montana Power Company -- Mt. Olive Pickle Company, Inc. -- N -- Naf Naf SA -- National Home Centers, Inc. -- Nautica Enterprises, Inc. -- The New Piper Aircraft, Inc. -- New World Restaurant Group, Inc. -- Nichols plc -- O -- Optische Werke G. Rodenstock -- ORIX Corporation -- P -- Panera Bread Company -- Payless Cashways, Inc. -- PDS Gaming Corporation -- Philip Morris Companies Inc. -- Plato Learning, Inc. -- Poore Brothers, Inc. -- PowerBar Inc. -- Preserver Group, Inc. -- Printrak, A Motorola Company -- Public Service Enterprise Group Inc. -- R -- R.G. Barry Corporation -- Reliant Energy Inc. -- RTL Group SA -- S -- SEMCO Energy, Inc. -- SL Green Realty Corporation -- Societa Sportiva Lazio SpA -- Sonesta International Hotels Corporation -- Spangler Candy Company -- Speizman Industries, Inc. -- SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG -- Standex International Corporation -- T -- TABCORP Holdings Limited -- Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. -- Taylor & Francis Group plc -- Tech-Sym Corporation -- Tollgrade Communications, Inc. -- Tomkins plc -- TUI Group GmbH -- V -- Vaillant GmbH -- Vicon Industries, Inc. -- Victoria Group -- W -- Williams-Sonoma, Inc. -- Y -- Young Innovations, Inc.

Memasuki milenium ketiga Indonesia disebut-sebut sebagai salah satu negara demokrasi terbesar di dunia atau "third largest democracy in the world", setelah India dan Amerika Serikat. Perubahan Indonesia menuju demokrasi kelihatan tidak dapat dielakkan' terbukti dengan adanya liberalisasi dan demokratisasi mengikuti kecenderungan pertumbuhan dramatis demokrasi pada tingkat internasional secara keseluruhan. Dan Indonesia pada akhirnya mengikuti apa yang disebut banyak ahli sebagai third wave democracy. Pada saat yang bersamaan terjadi pula arus balik, dimana harus di akui bahwa pertumbuhan demokrasi atau transisi Indonesia secara damai menuju demokrasi, juga menimbulkan banyak kegamangan dan kecemasan. Jika domokrasi adalah peaceful resolution on conflict, orang menyaksikan semakin meningkatnya kecenderungan penyelesaian konflik melelui cara-cara yang tidak demokratis, seperti penggunaan mob politics,money polotics dan cara-cara un demokratik lainya. Perkembangan seperti ini jelas merupakan fenomena yang tidak kondusif bagi transisi Indonesia menuju demokrasi. Sebagaimana di kemukakan Sorensen (1993), konflik domestic yang terjadi pada berbagai level dan segmen masyarakat, yang bersumber dari dan mengakibatkan kemerosotan otoritas kekuasaan dan pad gilirannya di ikuti dengan kekerasan dan anarki sama sekali tidak kondusif bagi penciptaan dan pengembangan kebudayaan politik demokratis. Apalagi meminjam istilah Hefner, untuk menumbuhkan keadaban demokratis atau Democratic Civiliy (Hefner, 1998). Meningkatnya kecenderungan penggunaan cara-cara tidak demokratis dan kekerasan dalam politik Indonesia di masa transisi menuju demokrasi sebagian besarnya bersumber dari konflik di antara elite politik yang pada giliranya berimbas pada lapisan masyarakat akar rumput. Jika salah satu esensi demokrasi dan polotik adalah art of compromise dan respek terhadap perbedaan sikap politik, orang justru menyaksikan kian meningkatnya sikap mau menang sendiri pada kalangan elite politik dan massa, yang bukan tidak jarang berujung dengan kekerasan dan anarki. Anarkisme itu bertambah akut dengan tumbuhnya law enforcement dan merusotnya peranan dan fungsi lembaga-lembaga penegak hukum.Fenomena tersebut di atas menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi masalah yang serius menyangkut kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, persoalan ini sesungguhnya terkait dengan jati diri bangsa. Jadi persoalan yang mendesak bagi bangsa Indonesia adalah bagaimana jati diri bangsa Indonesia mampu bersaing di dunia global. Pemerintah melalui Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional pada tahun 2010 mencanangkan program "Pendidikan Budaya dan Karakter Bangsa" sebagai gerakan nasional. Setelah dicanangkan program ini, beberapa Direktorat Jenderal dengan Direktorat-direktorat yang ada segera menindaklanjuti dengan menyusun rambu-rambu penerapan Pendidikan Budaya dan Karakter Bangsa. Bahkan kementerian-kementerian lainpun tidak ketinggalan juga diberi tugas untuk mengembangkan dan melaksanakan pendidikan karakter di lingkungannya.

AMLO's warpath against neoliberalism continues as the June elections approach and his days as president dwindle. The most recent effort entails a significant reform to Mexico's pension system – one that he hopes to take effect on May 1, on International Workers' Day. The proposed reform to Mexico's pension system aligns with AMLO's increase in public spending and extension of social programs but carries serious long-term implications. The president's most well-known, and perhaps most efficacious policy approach has been that of increasing public spending to strengthen the social safety net for Mexico's most vulnerable populations – groups which have historically been underrepresented and overlooked in the Mexican political sphere. From Jóvenes Construyendo El Futuro (Youth Building the Future) to a basic universal pension, AMLO and his government have raised the stakes in support of these groups, tripling welfare spending from $8 billion at the start of the AMLO administration to $24 billion in 2024. AMLO has doubled down further, promising a 25% increase in social spending for 2024, to total $30 billion during the election year. A coincidence? Probably not. The support of these historically marginalized groups from the highest levels of Mexico's government has reaped significant benefits for AMLO himself and his party's electoral success. Though Morena became an official political party in 2014, the party won Mexico's highest elected office just four years later with AMLO's presidential victory in 2018. Five years later, 22 state governments out of Mexico's 32 states are ruled by Morena. It's hard to imagine Morena's skyrocketing success without AMLO's strategic use of social programming to get out the vote, especially among these underrepresented groups. AMLO's first mention of the pension reform occurred in 2020, but it was not formally announced until February 2024, alongside 20 additional reforms varying in terms of scope and significance. The topic of pension reform came to the forefront last week as the Chamber of Deputies Committee on Social Security voted on the proposal. Put simply, the proposed reform seeks to amend Article 123 of the Mexican Constitution so that workers 65+, who have contributed to the current retirement pension system (which went into effect in 1997), can receive a pension that is equal to the employee's most recent monthly salary, but no higher than the average monthly salary of an IMSS worker (around $16,777 Mexican pesos or $978 dollars). These pensions are for workers in the formal sector, meaning that they must have some form of social security coverage – either IMSS (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexican Institute of Social Security) or ISSSTE (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Institute of Security and Social Services for State Employees).[1] Mexico's retirement savings system has undergone a significant shift in the past 30 years, largely in part due to the reform put forth in 1997 during Ernesto Zedillo's term as president and into the subsequent presidential term under Felipe Calderón. According to Luisa María Alcalde (Mexico's Secretary of the Interior), prior to 1997, retirees received a monthly pension equal to their average salary for the past five years before retiring. For example, if a worker averaged a $10,000 peso salary per month, their retirement pension equaled $10,000 pesos monthly. However, presently, with the implementation of the 1997 reforms, someone who earns $10,000 pesos per month will only receive a $2,700-peso monthly pension. In order to fund this new pension scheme, the AMLO administration has proposed the creation of a new public fund, Fondo de Pensiones del Bienestar (Welfare Pension Fund). The controversy, however, is the source of funding for the new pension fund. These funds will come from accounts that have been untouched for at least three years (no withdraws or deposits), belonging to retirees 70+. These pension funds are currently held in Administradora de Fondos para el Retiro (Retirement Funds Administrator), more commonly referred to as Afore, and total around $40 billion Mexican pesos, equivalent to $2.3 billion USD. According to Alcalde, .4% of these accounts have been untouched for more than 10 years. AMLO did note, however, that protections will be in place so that that workers or dependents who later claim the seized funds will still be able to access them. Fondo de Pensiones del Bienestar will also be funded by money saved by the government by cutting down on expenses, the sale of unused government real estate, as well as the collection of debts. The approval of this reform requires 2/3rds majority vote in both chambers of Congress. The opposition in Mexico has argued that the transfer of money directly into a new fideicomiso (trust) without judicial approval violates Article 14 of the Constitution. AMLO, however, contends that the current pension system is a monopoly, with ten or so banks serving as the primary administrators of the funds. AMLO went so far as to say that these financial corporations are so powerful that they control Mexican media and are leading campaigns against the implementation of this reform, equating the proposed reform to theft. According to the president, these comments come because the reform would harm the banks themselves, not the pension beneficiaries. The AMLO administration has gone so far as to say that those opposing this reform and creating a "campaign of lies" against it are the same ones who approved the "neoliberal reforms of Zedillo and Calderón."The reform was approved in committee on 4/15, with 19 to 10 votes. The legislation was then sent to Mexico's Chamber of Deputies for a vote two days later when it was discovered that the legislation received differed substantially from the original legislation. For example, the legislation presented last Wednesday stipulated that all individual accounts with Afore could be transferred to the new pension fund – not just those that have been inactive – a significant departure from the original legislation. The AMLO administration has significantly downplayed the error. It is undeniable that Mexico's pension system needs updating, but the reform must strike a balance "between social responsibility and fiscal sustainability," account for restrictions in the Mexican economy, and promote a structure that "supports macro stability and financial market development in Mexico." AMLO is rushing to complete a campaign promise of reforming the pension system without care about the long-term implications and challenges that this reform will pose. According to INEGI, in 2020, there were nearly 10 million people ages 65 and older in Mexico, constituting 7.7% of the country's population. This number is expected to more than double by 2050 reaching 16.5% - which presents a significant challenge in terms of ensuring retirement pensions, especially given the proposed reform. AMLO's priority seems to be on the short-term benefit - increasing the pension for the retirement age population in the formal sector and thus securing their vote in the upcoming elections, without care that this population is growing substantially and maintaining the pension amount, particularly when economic growth under the AMLO administration has been minimal (around .09% annual growth), is setting up future generations of retirees for failure. The proposed reform is rushed, with some analysts arguing that it is a final push to ensure Morena's victory come June. But, perhaps the real reason for the rush is to limit public discussion and scrutiny. Only a few weeks remain to determine the success of AMLO's most recent effort at dismantling the neoliberal reforms of his predecessors and the consequences left in its wake.[1] It's important to note that only workers in the formal economy are eligible to receive pension funds, excluding a significant swath of Mexico's population. According to INEGI, in Q2 of 2022, the informal employment rate in Mexico hovered around 52% in 2022. However, in states in south and southeast Mexico, the rates of informality are substantially higher than the national average, such as in Oaxaca (73.7%), Guerrero (73.2%), and Tlaxcala (69.8%).