Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Part I: View of the Global Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change from the Positions of the Sustainable Development Goals -- Chapter 1. The Global Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change: A Path of Preservation of Economic Growth with the Implementation of SDG 13 -- Chapter 2: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Crisis as a Result of the Reduction of Biodiversity under the Conditions of Climate Change: A View from the Positions of SDG 3 -- Chapter 3. Responsible Innovations, Environmental Products and Green Trade: Trends of the Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change to Support SDG 12 -- Chapter 4. Green Jobs in the Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change with the Implementation of SDG 8 -- Chapter 5. Social Inclusivity and Reduction of Inequality in the Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change to Support SDG 10 -- Part II: Sectoral Specifics of the Influence of Climate Change on the Environmental Economy -- Chapter 6. Decarbonization and Transition to Clean Energetics as a Response to Climate Change -- Chapter 7. Development of ESG Investment as a Reaction of Financial Markets to Climate Change -- Chapter 8. Recycling: Reduction of Production Waste as as Mechanism of Industry's Adaption to Climate Change -- Chapter 9. Green Growth of Territories as a Priority of State Management of the Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Chapter 10. Environmental Risks of Agriculture under the Conditions of Climate Change and their Influence on Food Security -- Part III: The International Experience of Development of the Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Chapter 11. The Specifics of Decarbonization and Transition to Green Energetics as a Response to Climate Change in Developed and Developing Countries -- Chapter 12. The International Experience of the Fight against Climate Change with the Help of Green Investment -- Chapter 13. Preservation of Biodiversity and Protection of Eco-Systems Based on the Reduction of Production Waste and Consumption in Central Asia as a Measure of the Fight against Climate Change -- Chapter 14. Advantages of the Green Economy for the Sustainable Development and Growth of Russia's Regions under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Chapter 15. Managing the Environmental Risks of Agriculture and Providing Food Security in the EAEU under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Part IV: Technological Transition as a Perspective Answer of the Global Economic Policy to Climate Change -- Chapter 16. The Fourth Industrial Revolution as a Technical Transition of the Modern Time: Implementation of SDG 9 as a Response to Climate Change -- Chapter 17. Scenarios of the Fight Against Climate Change in the Decade of Action Depending on the Scale of the Technological Transition: Digital Economy vs Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 -- Chapter 18. Cyber-Physical System of Industry 4.0 as an Optimal Environmental for the Well-Balanced Environmental, Social and Technological Changes -- Chapter 19. The Smart Region as a Socio-Economic Environment with High Adaptability to Climate Change -- Chapter 20. Green Digital Innovations and Smart ESG Finance as the Perspective Directions of Corporate Responsibility under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Part IV: Recommendations for Solving the Current Problems of the Global Environmental Economy under the Conditions of Climate Change Based on the Leading Technologies -- Chapter 21. Green Jobs for Digital Personnel in the Environmental Economy Based on Robotization to Support the Fight Against Climate Change -- Chapter 22. Digital Inclusivity Based on Ubiquitous Computing as a Mechanism of Social Adaption to Climate Change -- Chapter 23. Climate-Resilient IoT-Based Framework of Smart Agriculture to Support Food Security -- Chapter 24. Big Data and Data Sets for Smart Environmental Monitoring and Preservation of Biodiversity under the Conditions of Climate Change -- Chapter 25. The Systemic Approach to Adapting a Smart Region to Climate Change Based on Carbon Polygon, Recycling and Reconstructive Natural Resource Use -- Conclusion.

The CaixaProinfancia program starts in 2007 in response to child poverty, from a model of public-private collaboration, through a multi-dimensional socio-educational action. It takes place in the most populated metropolitan areas of 9 autonomous communities, with an annual average of 35,000 families and 55,000 children given the collaboration of 351 entities of the third sector. A complex advice process was launched in 2010 involving a network of 12 Spanish universities to redirect the programme, framed in a more welfare paradigm, towards a model based on the abilities and the empowerment of participants and with territory as unavoidable reference. The goal of this research is to assess the incidence of the advice on the management for the launched change. For this reason, two additional evaluative research have been developed: a) a descriptive statistical analysis of evolution on the impact of the program on children, families and territories, based on the gathered information by the management of the programme; b) a qualitative evaluation of the impact perception by interest groups, based on information gathered through focus groups and interviews. Results show a progressive turn of a first fragmented and timely attention to a more comprehensive and continuous care intensifying the social support. There are evidence of evolution in social institutions processes of work and collaboration. Although regarding the effectiveness of the program to remove the participants of poverty its positive impact can not be confirmed, improvements in the development of opportunities and resilience factors in the participants are recognized. They are mainly explained by the quality of the performed custom and systematic accompaniment. The difficulties hindering the process are: a) of regulatory or administrative type b) of scarce resources of the entities and administrations to develop a quality socio-educational work, and c) resistance to the professional and political culture change by the involved agents. ; El objetivo de esta investigación es valorar la incidencia del asesoramiento sobre la gestión del cambio iniciado en el Programa CaixaProinfancia, programa que desde 2007 se desarrolla en las áreas metropolitanas más pobladas de 9 Comunidades Autónomas de España, atendiendo una media anual superior a 35.000 familias y 55.000 menores, gracias a la colaboración de 351 entidades del tercer sector. En 2010 se desarrolló un complejo proceso de asesoramiento en el que participa una red de 12 universidades españolas para redireccionar el programa, enmarcado en un paradigma más asistencialista, hacia un modelo centrado en las capacidades y el empoderamiento de los participantes y con el territorio como referente ineludible Por tal motivo se han realizado dos investigaciones evaluativas complementarias: a) un análisis estadístico descriptivo de la evolución en la incidencia del programa sobre menores, familias y territorios, realizado a partir de la información recogida por el aplicativo de gestión del programa; b) una evaluación cualitativa de la percepción de impacto por parte de los grupos de interés, realizada a partir de la información recogida mediante grupos focales y entrevistas. Los resultados muestran un progresivo giro de una primera atención fragmentada y puntual hacia una atención más integral y continuada, con intensificación del acompañamiento social. Se tienen evidencias de evolución en los procesos de trabajo y colaboración de las entidades sociales. Aunque no puede confirmarse el impacto positivo respecto a la efectividad del programa para sacar a los participantes de la pobreza, se reconocen mejoras en el desarrollo de oportunidades y factores de resiliencia en los participantes. Principalmente se explican por la calidad del acompañamiento personalizado y sistemático que se realiza. Las dificultades que frenan el proceso son: a) de tipo normativo y/o administrativo, b) de escasez de recursos de las entidades y las administraciones para realizar un trabajo socioeducativo de calidad, y c) resistencias al cambio de la cultura profesional y la cultura política por parte de los agentes involucrados ; O objetivo desta pesquisa é valorar a incidência do assesoramento sobre a gestão da mudança iniciada no Programa CaixaProinfancia, programa que desde 2007 se desenvolve nas áreas metropolitanas mais povoadas de 9 Comunidades Autónomas da Espanha, atendendo uma media anual superior a 35.000 famílias e 55.000 menores, graças a colaboração de 351 entidades do terceiro setor. Em 2010 se desenvolveu um complexo processo de assesoramento no qual participa uma rede de 12 universidades espanholas para redirecionar o programa, marcado em um paradigma mais assistencialista, para um modelo centrado nas capacidades e no empoderamento dos participantes e com o território como referente inevitável. Por tal motivo se realizaram duas pesquisas avaliativas complementarias: a) uma análise estatística descritiva da evolução na incidência do programa sobre menores, famílias e territórios, realizada a partir da informação recolhida pelo aplicativo de gestão do programa; b) uma avaliação qualitativa da percepção de impacto por parte dos grupos de interesse, realizada a partir da informação levantada mediante grupos focais e entrevistas. Os resultados mostram um progressivo giro de uma primeira atenção fragmentada e pontual para uma atenção mais integral e continuada, com intensificação do acompanhamento social. Tem-se evidências de evolução nos processos de trabalho e colaboração das entidades socias. Ainda que, nao se pode confirmar o impacto positivo a respecto da efetividade do programa para tirar os participantes da pobreza, se reconhecem melhorias no desenvolvimento de oportunidades e fatores de resiliência nos mesmos. Principalmente se explicam pela qualidade do acompanhamento personalizado e sistemático que se realiza. As dificuldades que freiam o processo sao: a) de tipo normativo e/ou administrativo, b) de escassez de recursos das entidades e as administrações para realizar um trabalho socio-educativo de qualidade, e c) resistências as mudanças da cultura profissional e a cultura política por parte dos agentes envolvidos.

Modern transformational changes occurring in the socio-economic life of countries are conditioned by the evolution of information and communication technologies, the deployment of globalization, decentralization, the strengthening of the openness policy and the increase of efficiency of use and hence the transition from a bureaucratic model of government to a consensus model, a built model. implementation of entrepreneurial management mechanisms in providing social services to the population actualize the need for rethinking and justification the structure of public finance in the new environment. On the basis of systematic analysis, the theoretical aspects of «public finances» are revealed in the article, their structure is substantiated and the necessity of application in scientific circulation as an important dominant of civil society is proved. It is emphasized that the essential characteristics of this definition are revealed by the existence of financial and economic relations between the population, the state, other public institutions and economic entities regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public funds to meet the public needs of the population. It is shown that the structure of public finances is formed by state and local finances, finances of communal enterprises and state corporations, finances of enterprises and organizations of communal ownership, extrabudgetary trust funds and public funds. Among the dominant features of public finances in the context of modern transformations are transparency and imperative character. It has been argued that the vector of public finance reform must continue to be decentralization, which, in addition to the redistribution of resources and powers, should promote the extension of the financial powers of local governments, increase the transparency of both public and local finances, and raise public accountability. the public sector and improving the quality of life of the population. ; Современные трансформационные изменения, которые происходят в социально-экономической жизни стран, обусловленные развертыванием процессов глобализации, децентрализации, усилением политики открытости, а затем и переходом от бюрократической модели государственного управления к консенсусной, актуализируют необходимость переосмысления и обоснование сути и структуры публичных финансов в новых условиях. Раскрыты теоретические аспекты «публичных финансов», обосновано их структуру и доказана необходимость применения в научном обороте как важной доминанты гражданского общества. Показано, что структуру публичных финансов формируют государственные и местные финансы, финансы коммунальных предприятий и государственных корпораций, финансы предприятий и организаций коммунальной формы собственности, средства внебюджетных целевых и общественных фондов. Доказано, что вектором реформирования публичных финансов должна быть децентрализация, которая призвана, кроме перераспределения ресурсов и полномочий, способствовать расширению финансовых возможностей органов местного самоуправления, повышению транспарентности как государственных, так и местных финансов, привлечению общественности к бюджетному процессу. ; Сучасні трансформаційні зміни, які відбуваються в соціально-економічному житті країн, обумовлені еволюцією інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, розгортанням процесів глобалізації, децентралізації, посиленням політики відкритості та підвищення ефективності використання, а відтак і переходом від бюрократичної моделі державного управління до консенсусної моделі, побудованої на ідеї втілення механізмів підприємницького менеджменту в наданні соціальних послуг населенню, актуалізують необхідність переосмислення та обґрунтування сутності і структури публічних фінансів у нових умовах. На основі системного аналізу розкрито теоретичні аспекти «публічних фінансів», обґрунтовано їхню структуру та доведено необхідність застосування в науковому обігу як важливої домінанти громадянського суспільства. Наголошено, що сутнісні характеристики цієї дефініції розкриваються існуванням фінансово-економічних відносин між населенням, державою, іншими публічними інститутами та суб'єктами господарювання з приводу формування, розподілу та використання публічних фондів коштів у цілях задоволення публічних потреб населення. Показано, що структуру публічних фінансів формують державні та місцеві фінанси, фінанси комунальних підприємств і державних корпорацій, фінанси підприємств та організацій комунальної форми власності, кошти позабюджетних цільових і суспільних фондів. Серед домінантних ознак публічних фінансів в умовах сучасних трансформацій визначено транспарентність та імперативний характер. Доведено, що вектором реформування публічних фінансів і надалі повинна бути децентралізація, яка покликана, окрім перерозподілу ресурсів і повноважень, сприяти розширенню фінансових повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування, підвищенню транспарентності як державних, так і місцевих фінансів, залученню громадськості до бюджетного процесу і підвищенню суспільної ефективності функціонування публічного сектору та поліпшення якості життя населення.

Modern transformational changes occurring in the socio-economic life of countries are conditioned by the evolution of information and communication technologies, the deployment of globalization, decentralization, the strengthening of the openness policy and the increase of efficiency of use and hence the transition from a bureaucratic model of government to a consensus model, a built model. implementation of entrepreneurial management mechanisms in providing social services to the population actualize the need for rethinking and justification the structure of public finance in the new environment. On the basis of systematic analysis, the theoretical aspects of «public finances» are revealed in the article, their structure is substantiated and the necessity of application in scientific circulation as an important dominant of civil society is proved. It is emphasized that the essential characteristics of this definition are revealed by the existence of financial and economic relations between the population, the state, other public institutions and economic entities regarding the formation, distribution, and use of public funds to meet the public needs of the population. It is shown that the structure of public finances is formed by state and local finances, finances of communal enterprises and state corporations, finances of enterprises and organizations of communal ownership, extrabudgetary trust funds and public funds. Among the dominant features of public finances in the context of modern transformations are transparency and imperative character. It has been argued that the vector of public finance reform must continue to be decentralization, which, in addition to the redistribution of resources and powers, should promote the extension of the financial powers of local governments, increase the transparency of both public and local finances, and raise public accountability. the public sector and improving the quality of life of the population. ; Современные трансформационные изменения, которые происходят в социально-экономической жизни стран, обусловленные развертыванием процессов глобализации, децентрализации, усилением политики открытости, а затем и переходом от бюрократической модели государственного управления к консенсусной, актуализируют необходимость переосмысления и обоснование сути и структуры публичных финансов в новых условиях. Раскрыты теоретические аспекты «публичных финансов», обосновано их структуру и доказана необходимость применения в научном обороте как важной доминанты гражданского общества. Показано, что структуру публичных финансов формируют государственные и местные финансы, финансы коммунальных предприятий и государственных корпораций, финансы предприятий и организаций коммунальной формы собственности, средства внебюджетных целевых и общественных фондов. Доказано, что вектором реформирования публичных финансов должна быть децентрализация, которая призвана, кроме перераспределения ресурсов и полномочий, способствовать расширению финансовых возможностей органов местного самоуправления, повышению транспарентности как государственных, так и местных финансов, привлечению общественности к бюджетному процессу. ; Сучасні трансформаційні зміни, які відбуваються в соціально-економічному житті країн, обумовлені еволюцією інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій, розгортанням процесів глобалізації, децентралізації, посиленням політики відкритості та підвищення ефективності використання, а відтак і переходом від бюрократичної моделі державного управління до консенсусної моделі, побудованої на ідеї втілення механізмів підприємницького менеджменту в наданні соціальних послуг населенню, актуалізують необхідність переосмислення та обґрунтування сутності і структури публічних фінансів у нових умовах. На основі системного аналізу розкрито теоретичні аспекти «публічних фінансів», обґрунтовано їхню структуру та доведено необхідність застосування в науковому обігу як важливої домінанти громадянського суспільства. Наголошено, що сутнісні характеристики цієї дефініції розкриваються існуванням фінансово-економічних відносин між населенням, державою, іншими публічними інститутами та суб'єктами господарювання з приводу формування, розподілу та використання публічних фондів коштів у цілях задоволення публічних потреб населення. Показано, що структуру публічних фінансів формують державні та місцеві фінанси, фінанси комунальних підприємств і державних корпорацій, фінанси підприємств та організацій комунальної форми власності, кошти позабюджетних цільових і суспільних фондів. Серед домінантних ознак публічних фінансів в умовах сучасних трансформацій визначено транспарентність та імперативний характер. Доведено, що вектором реформування публічних фінансів і надалі повинна бути децентралізація, яка покликана, окрім перерозподілу ресурсів і повноважень, сприяти розширенню фінансових повноважень органів місцевого самоврядування, підвищенню транспарентності як державних, так і місцевих фінансів, залученню громадськості до бюджетного процесу і підвищенню суспільної ефективності функціонування публічного сектору та поліпшення якості життя населення.

Since the end of the 1990s, a number of urban planning initiatives have been launched in and around French train stations, fueled by the evolution of transportation modes and services, public policies and changing strategies from railway operators. These initiatives have ambitioned to transform railway stations, altering the historical definition of the word, and extending this transformation to their immediate surroundings and neighborhoods. The notion of "station cluster", presented in this paper, defines these three areas and the interlinkages that exist between them. While past theses have mainly studied projects focused on Paris' main railway stations and major urban areas, this thesis shines the spotlight on station clusters redevelopments in medium-sized cities. More than sixty different such projects have been studied for this paper, each anchored in unique local contexts, marked by more limiting socioeconomic dynamics and by the modest financial and technical resources found in these local communities. This thesis therefore intends to analyze the gap between local issues, actors, zoning requirements and project management in major urban cores and their adjustment for medium-sized cities to try and reveal forms of adaptation and regionalization of public policies in regards to the planning of railway station projects. A comparison was made between the station clusters of three medium sized French cities (Saintes, Périgueux and Saint-Omer) based on a qualitative survey partly grounded in the involvement with a transportation consulting office working with local urban planning authorities and the conducting of semi-directive interviews with project actors. The results have shown that mid-sized city projects, while pursuing similar goals, and partially relying on the same players, are not the simple, yet shrinked, reproduction of major metropolitan projects. This thesis therefore contributes in putting the spotlight on medium-sized cities as well as providing an original reading grid of local public policies and actions. ; Depuis la fin des années 1990, de nombreux projets d'aménagement sont lancés dans et autour des gares centrales des villes françaises, encouragés à la fois par des évolutions de l'offre de transport, des politiques publiques et des stratégies des acteurs ferroviaires. Ces projets visent à transformer les gares, au sens stricto-sensu du bâtiment historique, mais aussi à requalifier leurs abords immédiats et/ou leur quartier. La notion de « pôle gare », introduite dans la recherche, désigne ces trois espaces et leurs interdépendances. Si la recherche urbaine a principalement étudié les projets des grandes gares parisiennes et des métropoles régionales, cette thèse s'intéresse à ceux conduits dans les villes moyennes, dont plus de soixante pôles gares ont fait l'objet de réaménagements. Ces projets s'inscrivent toutefois dans des contextes locaux singuliers marqués par des dynamiques socioéconomiques souvent plus limitées et la modestie des ressources financières et techniques des collectivités locales. Cette thèse entend ainsi analyser le décalage entre les enjeux, acteurs et modalités de programmation et de conduite de projet dans les grandes villes avec ce qui est observé dans les villes moyennes, afin de révéler les formes de territorialisation de l'action publique locale en matière d'aménagement des gares. Une comparaison a été réalisée entre les projets de trois pôles gares de villes moyennes françaises (Saintes, Périgueux et Saint-Omer), sur la base d'une enquête qualitative. Celle-ci est fondée en partie sur une immersion dans un bureau d'études qui conseille les collectivités dans l'élaboration de ce type de projets, complétée par des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés avec les différentes parties-prenantes. Les résultats montrent que les projets des villes moyennes sont loin d'être une simple reproduction, en plus petits, des projets métropolitains, même s'ils s'appuient sur les mêmes objectifs et - partiellement -sur les mêmes systèmesd'acteurs. La conduite de projet des collectivités locales se caractérise par des contraintes financières, techniques et politiques qui ont des conséquences dans l'ensemble du dispositif partenarial et leur conception est régie par desstratégies d'aménagement différentes, notamment en matière d'articulation des polarités, de coordination entre urbanisme et transport et de programmation avec une valorisation des aménagements fonctionnels et qualitatifs. De cette façon, cette thèse contribue à enrichir le regard posé sur les villes moyennes et à formuler une grille de lecture originale de la territorialisation de l'action publique locale

This paper discusses the main socio-environmental elements that influence the presence of natural and anthropogenic risks, as well as the vulnerability of different geographical areas and social groups of this city, which has been affected repeatedly throughout history by earthquakes and floods. An assessment is given of the deleterious effects resulting from the 1985 and 2017 earthquakes. The main problems are identified, especially as related to housing loss and the processes of depletion and contamination of water bodies that supply the inhabitants of Mexico City. The various forms of participation by public and social institutions are identified as they occurred in the stages of emergency response and reconstruction of affected areas of the city. The objective of this article is to recount the process of construction of social networks to support victims in Mexico City, in particular in the town of San Gregorio Atlapulco, Xochimilco. Aspects examined include participation by the public sector, taking into account the planning tools and public policies of the current government; the contribution of the private sector, ranging from covering basic needs to constructing housing; and the participation of existing social organizations and new organizations that arose in response to the earthquake, in which the work done by young people is particularly notable. In addition, the paper gives a comparative analysis of the effects of the September 1985 and 2018 earthquakes, showing the advances in resource management capacity, specifically of social organizations; and advances in technological, scientific and economic knowledge supporting the reconstruction process in the affected areas in response to emergencies, with particular reference to Mexico City. Among the problems identified there exists a deficiency in updating and application of environmental conservation and urban development programs associated with social vulnerability, and a deficiency in communication with the victims, especially in respect to clarity about the spending of funds allocated to reconstruction. ; Este artículo muestra los principales elementos socio-ambientales que influyen en la presencia de riesgos naturales y antrópicos, así como la vulnerabilidad de distintas zonas geográficas y grupos sociales de la Ciudad de México que han sido históricamente afectados por la recurrencia de sismos e inundaciones. Se identifican los principales problemas en la elaboración del diagnóstico de las afectaciones derivadas de los sismos de 1985 y 2017, especialmente los relacionados con la pérdida de vivienda y a los procesos de merma y contaminación de cuerpos de agua que abastecen a los habitantes de la Ciudad de México. Se describe también las diversas formas de participación de instituciones públicas y sociales en las etapas de emergencia y de reconstrucción de zonas de la ciudad. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar el proceso de construcción de redes sociales para el apoyo a damnificados en la Ciudad de México, especialmente en el pueblo de San Gregorio, Atlapulco, Xochimilco; la participación del sector público, considerando los instrumentos de planeación y las políticas públicas del actual gobierno; la contribución del sector privado para cubrir desde algunas necesidades básicas hasta la construcción de vivienda; la participación de organizaciones sociales existentes y aquellas que surgieron a raíz del sismo, en las que destaca el trabajo de los jóvenes. Además se desarrolla un análisis comparativo de los efectos de los sismos de septiembre de 1985 y 2018, con el fin de comprender los avances de nuestra sociedad en el desarrollo de capacidades de gestión de recursos, de la organización social en específico, de los avances de conocimientos técnico-científicos y económicos ante las emergencias, que apoyen el proceso de reconstrucción de las zonas afectadas, particularmente en la Ciudad de México. Entre los problemas identificados se encuentra la falta de actualización y aplicación de programas de conservación ambiental y de desarrollo urbano asociados a una mayor vulnerabilidad social, así como la falta de comunicación con los damnificados y especialmente claridad sobre el ejercicio de recursos asignados a la reconstrucción.

The article on the basis of the analysis of available empirical data suggests criminological characteristics of trafficking in persons with the purpose of forced involvement in begging. It is established that forced involvement in begging is the third most prevalent (after sexual and labor) form of human exploitation among those at which the legislator points in Part 1 of the note to Art. 149 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is emphasized that the quantitative difference between the recorded facts of exploitation in the form of forced labor and in the form of forced involvement in begging is minimal: 20 and 19 cases, respectively. On the basis of the study of the materials of 19 criminal proceedings the features of the person of the offender committing trafficking for the purpose of forced involvement in begging were considered. In total, the author summarized the data concerning 25 convicts for this offense. A criminological portrait of a person who commits trafficking in persons for the stated purpose has been developed: this is not a previously convicted man, citizen of Ukraine, member of Roma community, aged 30-39 years, with a low level of education, who does not work anywhere, is in an official or factual marriage relationship, who are characterized by such negative traits as the desire to live and ensure their own well-being at all costs, self-centeredness, cynicism, emotional coldness, inability to empathize, as well as resourcefulness, energetic attitude, purposefulness, organizational skills and ability to persuade others. The peculiarities of victims of trafficking committed for the purpose of forced involvement in begging were also analyzed: for this purpose, the data concerning 49 victims of the said assault were summarized. It has been established that if the vulnerable status of victims of sexual and labor exploitation is predominantly due to their difficult financial situation, the vulnerable status of victims of trafficking committed for the purpose of forced involvement in begging is often associated with specific factors, such as a particular disability or disease. A special group of victims of the analyzed crime is children. It is concluded that trafficking in persons for the purpose of forced involvement in begging is characterized by distinctive features compared to trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual or labor exploitation. Consideration of these characteristics is a prerequisite for developing effective crime prevention measures. ; У статті на підставі аналізу доступної емпіричної бази розроблено кримінологічну характеристику тор-гівлі людьми, вчиненої з метою примусового втягнення у зайняття жебрацтвом.Встановлено, що примусове втягнення у зайняття жебрацтвом – третя за поширеністю (після сексуаль-ної і трудової) форма експлуатації людини серед тих, на які законодавець вказує у ч. 1 примітки до ст. 149 КК України. При цьому підкреслюється, що кількіс-на різниця між зафіксованими фактами експлуата-ції у формі примусової праці та у формі примусового втягнення у зайняття жебрацтвом є мінімальною: 20 і 19 виявлених випадків відповідно.На підставі вивчення матеріалів 19 кримінальних проваджень розглянуто особливості особи злочин-ця, що вчиняє торгівлю людьми з метою примусово-го втягнення у зайняття жебрацтвом. Всього авто-ром узагальнено дані, що стосуються 25 засуджених за вказане посягання. Розроблено кримінологічний портрет особи злочинця, який вчиняє торгівлю людь-ми з вказаною метою: це раніше не судимий чоловік, громадянин України, ромської національності, у віці 30–39 років, з низьким рівнем освіти, що ніде не пра-цює, перебуває в офіційних чи фактичних шлюбних відносинах, якому притаманні такі негативні риси, як прагнення до наживи й забезпечення власного бла-гополуччя будь-якою ціною, егоцентризм, цинізм, емо-ційна холодність, нездатність співпереживати, а також підприємливість, енергійність, цілеспрямованість, ор-ганізаторські здібності, вміння переконувати інших.Проаналізовано також особливості жертв торгівлі людьми, вчиненої з метою примусового втягнення у за-йняття жебрацтвом, задля чого узагальнено дані, що стосуються 49 потерпілих від вказаного посягання.Встановлено, що якщо уразливий стан жертв сексу-альної і трудової експлуатації зумовлений передовсім їх-нім скрутним матеріальним становищем, то уразливий стан жертв торгівлі людьми, вчиненої з метою примусо-вого втягнення у зайняття жебрацтвом, часто пов'яза-ний зі специфічними факторами, зокрема з наявністю у особи інвалідності чи певної хвороби. Особливу групу потерпілих від аналізованого злочину складають діти.Зроблено висновок про те, що торгівля людьми, вчи-нена з метою примусового втягнення у зайняття жебра-цтвом, характеризується певними особливостями порів-няно з торгівлею людьми, вчиненою з метою сексуальної чи трудової експлуатації. Врахування цих особливостей є необхідною передумовою для розроблення ефективних заходів запобігання таким злочинам.

Amid Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, erosion of the rule of law is deepening not only internationally but also domestically. This is evidenced by the destruction of independent media in Russia, citizens' inability to exercise their right to freedom of assembly, and the intensification of political repression against antiwar citizens and anyone who otherwise demonstrates disloyalty to the Kremlin. Alongside these practices, which can be considered traditional for authoritarian regimes, an informal practice of disciplining society is actively developing. This practice, existing outside the realm of law, is a new "tradition" of public apologies and repentance. According to the human rights project OVD-Info, between February 24, 2022, and June 2023, ninety-four cases of public apologies for disagreeing with the Russian authorities were recorded.Breaking a Person from WithinThe practice of public apologies in Russia stems mainly from the Chechen Republic, where it has been documented since 2015. The first high-profile case was the apology, on Chechen television, of Aishat Inayeva, a Chechen resident. At one point she had complained publicly about the difficult economic conditions and high cost of living, including housing and utilities costs. She was then forced to retract her words at a televised meeting with the Chechen president, Ramzan Kadyrov.Over the next few years, public apologies spread throughout Russia. In 2021, following protests in support of Alexei Navalny, the press services of the Investigative Committee and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released videos in which detained demonstrators apologized for participating in or calling for protests.After February 24, 2022, the day of the invasion of Ukraine, a wave of public apologies by people who had previously professed an antiwar position spread over the official media outlets of the Russian security agencies and other platforms. The reasons for apologizing could be anything from expressing an antiwar viewpoint in public to videotaping the work of the air defense forces.Apologizing publicly is a humiliating procedure. It is meant to be that. Often, people are forced to apologize for things that cannot be formally recognized as crimes. A public apology affects both the person's own human dignity and his or her public standing. As Russian anthropologist Alexandra Arkhipova observes, "You'll support an unyielding opposition leader, but you won't support a person who bleats something on camera and says he's wrong."Through this practice, the state asserts its claim not only on citizens' freedoms but also on their consciousness. As a result, people often end up broken from within and unable to resist. From Apology to RepentanceAt the end of 2023, the phenomenon of public apology in Russia acquired a new form, the public act of repentance. The difference between apology and repentance is that in the latter, a person is forced to admit to a moral offense, such as wearing "indecent" clothing, rather than to a civic one, such as taking part in a protest event.The phenomenon of public repentance surfaced in December 2023 after a nationwide controversy sparked by the "almost naked" party at the Moscow club Mutabor. Photos of the party participants in revealing outfits, including many famous Russian artists loyal to the Kremlin, hit the internet and became the focus of mass denunciations. Russia's war supporters claimed that such an event was unacceptable in a country that stands for traditional values and is conducting a "special military operation" against "Nazis."One of the party attendees, a rap performer who goes by the name of Vacio (Nikolai Vasilyev), arrived at the venue wearing only a white sock to cover his genitals, an homage to the famous Red Hot Chili Peppers poster from the 1980s. He was charged with petty hooliganism, a misdemeanor, and with spreading "gay propaganda." The artist, who is twenty-five years old, was incarcerated for twenty-five days and was served a summons to the military recruitment office immediately thereafter. Lawsuits were also filed against the organizer of the event, the Instagram influencer Nastia Ivleyeva, for "inflicting moral harm," with a demand for compensation of one billion rubles (approximately $11 million). The activity of the Mutabor club itself has been suspended for three months by a court order.A veritable wave of public repentance ensued. The party attendees posted videos on their social media in which they asked the Russian people to forgive their immoral behavior. Some of the artists donated money to emergency relief programs or visited the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Ukraine's territories annexed by Russia. The club's owner publicly gave a Moscow church fragments of alleged relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker that he had purchased in Vatican City. In January 2024 the Russian singer Charlot, arrested for publicly criticizing the Russian authorities, wrote a letter of repentance to Patriarch Kirill, head of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his address from the detention center, the singer, who is also twenty-five years old, said that he now "writes patriotic works and is ready to perform them later." He asked to be released but remains in jail. Disciplining Russian Society on Many LevelsPublic repentance is an instrument of ideological warfare. Young, edgy artists are presented to Russian society as carriers of "Western values." By publicly shaming them, the Russian authorities purport to demonstrate the West's degradation and flimsiness and the existential superiority of Russia's "traditional values."At the same time, the Russian authorities are demonstratively going beyond the limits of the law and actually engaging in new practices of state coercion that combine legal and quasi-religious procedures. The Russian nationalist philosopher Ivan Ilyin probably had something similar in mind when he wrote in 1951 about the "Russian law": "Russian law must save itself from Western formalism, from self-indulgent legal dogma, from legal unprincipledness. Russia needs a new legal consciousness, national in its roots, Christian-Orthodox in its spirit and creative in its purpose."By proposing repentance as one of the conditions for returning to Russia, the state offers dissenters a deal, the price of which is betrayal of their beliefs and loss of their civic agency. At the same time, the loan of mercy declared by the state will obviously be issued under the obligation of political loyalty and secured by the threat of severe punishment in case of repeated misbehavior.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute.

Amid Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, erosion of the rule of law is deepening not only internationally but also domestically. This is evidenced by the destruction of independent media in Russia, citizens' inability to exercise their right to freedom of assembly, and the intensification of political repression against antiwar citizens and anyone who otherwise demonstrates disloyalty to the Kremlin. Alongside these practices, which can be considered traditional for authoritarian regimes, an informal practice of disciplining society is actively developing. This practice, existing outside the realm of law, is a new "tradition" of public apologies and repentance. According to the human rights project OVD-Info, between February 24, 2022, and June 2023, ninety-four cases of public apologies for disagreeing with the Russian authorities were recorded.Breaking a Person from WithinThe practice of public apologies in Russia stems mainly from the Chechen Republic, where it has been documented since 2015. The first high-profile case was the apology, on Chechen television, of Aishat Inayeva, a Chechen resident. At one point she had complained publicly about the difficult economic conditions and high cost of living, including housing and utilities costs. She was then forced to retract her words at a televised meeting with the Chechen president, Ramzan Kadyrov.Over the next few years, public apologies spread throughout Russia. In 2021, following protests in support of Alexei Navalny, the press services of the Investigative Committee and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs released videos in which detained demonstrators apologized for participating in or calling for protests.After February 24, 2022, the day of the invasion of Ukraine, a wave of public apologies by people who had previously professed an antiwar position spread over the official media outlets of the Russian security agencies and other platforms. The reasons for apologizing could be anything from expressing an antiwar viewpoint in public to videotaping the work of the air defense forces.Apologizing publicly is a humiliating procedure. It is meant to be that. Often, people are forced to apologize for things that cannot be formally recognized as crimes. A public apology affects both the person's own human dignity and his or her public standing. As Russian anthropologist Alexandra Arkhipova observes, "You'll support an unyielding opposition leader, but you won't support a person who bleats something on camera and says he's wrong."Through this practice, the state asserts its claim not only on citizens' freedoms but also on their consciousness. As a result, people often end up broken from within and unable to resist. From Apology to RepentanceAt the end of 2023, the phenomenon of public apology in Russia acquired a new form, the public act of repentance. The difference between apology and repentance is that in the latter, a person is forced to admit to a moral offense, such as wearing "indecent" clothing, rather than to a civic one, such as taking part in a protest event.The phenomenon of public repentance surfaced in December 2023 after a nationwide controversy sparked by the "almost naked" party at the Moscow club Mutabor. Photos of the party participants in revealing outfits, including many famous Russian artists loyal to the Kremlin, hit the internet and became the focus of mass denunciations. Russia's war supporters claimed that such an event was unacceptable in a country that stands for traditional values and is conducting a "special military operation" against "Nazis."One of the party attendees, a rap performer who goes by the name of Vacio (Nikolai Vasilyev), arrived at the venue wearing only a white sock to cover his genitals, an homage to the famous Red Hot Chili Peppers poster from the 1980s. He was charged with petty hooliganism, a misdemeanor, and with spreading "gay propaganda." The artist, who is twenty-five years old, was incarcerated for twenty-five days and was served a summons to the military recruitment office immediately thereafter. Lawsuits were also filed against the organizer of the event, the Instagram influencer Nastia Ivleyeva, for "inflicting moral harm," with a demand for compensation of one billion rubles (approximately $11 million). The activity of the Mutabor club itself has been suspended for three months by a court order.A veritable wave of public repentance ensued. The party attendees posted videos on their social media in which they asked the Russian people to forgive their immoral behavior. Some of the artists donated money to emergency relief programs or visited the so-called Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Ukraine's territories annexed by Russia. The club's owner publicly gave a Moscow church fragments of alleged relics of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker that he had purchased in Vatican City. In January 2024 the Russian singer Charlot, arrested for publicly criticizing the Russian authorities, wrote a letter of repentance to Patriarch Kirill, head of the Russian Orthodox Church. In his address from the detention center, the singer, who is also twenty-five years old, said that he now "writes patriotic works and is ready to perform them later." He asked to be released but remains in jail. Disciplining Russian Society on Many LevelsPublic repentance is an instrument of ideological warfare. Young, edgy artists are presented to Russian society as carriers of "Western values." By publicly shaming them, the Russian authorities purport to demonstrate the West's degradation and flimsiness and the existential superiority of Russia's "traditional values."At the same time, the Russian authorities are demonstratively going beyond the limits of the law and actually engaging in new practices of state coercion that combine legal and quasi-religious procedures. The Russian nationalist philosopher Ivan Ilyin probably had something similar in mind when he wrote in 1951 about the "Russian law": "Russian law must save itself from Western formalism, from self-indulgent legal dogma, from legal unprincipledness. Russia needs a new legal consciousness, national in its roots, Christian-Orthodox in its spirit and creative in its purpose."By proposing repentance as one of the conditions for returning to Russia, the state offers dissenters a deal, the price of which is betrayal of their beliefs and loss of their civic agency. At the same time, the loan of mercy declared by the state will obviously be issued under the obligation of political loyalty and secured by the threat of severe punishment in case of repeated misbehavior.The opinions expressed in this article are those solely of the author and do not reflect the views of the Kennan Institute.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Danakkanadoddi-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 542ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95per cent is covered by soils, about one per cent by rock outcrops , one per cent bywater bodies and three per cent by mining/industrial. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15soil series and 23soil phases (management units) and 7land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 62 per cent areahas loamy soils, 28 per cent area has clay soils and 5 per cent area has sandy soils at the surface.  About 69 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 7per cent area has slightly eroded (e1) and about 89 per cent area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  About 13 per cent area is slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5), 30 per cent area is slightly alkaline (pH7.3-7.8)to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0)in soil reaction and 52 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 3 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) available phosphorus.  Anarea of about 58 per centismedium (145-337 kg/ha)and about 38per cent ishigh (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in one per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in46 per cent area and deficient (1.0 ppm) in about 95 per cent area.  Available copper is sufficient(>0.2 ppm) in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 246 (45) 104 (19) Pomegranate 185 (34) 183 (34) Maize 65 (12) 260 (48) Guava 181 (33) 138 (25) Bajra 233 (43) 118 (34) Jackfruit 185 (34) 133 (24) Groundnut 164 (30) 299 (55) Jamun 164 (30) 74 (14) Sunflower 205 (37) 131 (24) Musambi 202 (37) 166 (31) Cotton 184 (34) 191 (35) Lime 202 (37) 166 (31) Red gram 185 (34) 141 (26) Cashew 229 (42) 40 (7) Bengalgram 17 (3) 390 (63) Custard apple 275 (51) 237 (44) Chilli 233 (43) 93 (17) Amla 258 (48) 254 (47) Tomato 233 (43) 67 (12) Tamarind 164 (30) 62 (11) Drumstick 185 (34) 260 (48) Marigold 181 (33) 194 (36) Mulberry 185 (34) 270 (50) Chrysanthemum 181 (33) 194 (36) Mango 164 (30) 21 (4) Jasmine 181 (33) 144 (11) Sapota 185 (34) 133 (24) Crossandra 181 (33) 194 (36) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the7identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 104 (56.22%) men and 81 (43.78%) were women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers was 5, marginal farmers' was 5, small farmers' was 5.20, semi medium farmers' was 5.27 and medium farmers' was 7.  The data indicated that, 42 (22.70%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 83 (44.86%) were in 16-35 years of age, 49 (26.49%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (5.95%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Danakanadoddi-2 had 34.59 per cent illiterates, 24.86 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.78 per cent of them had middle school education, 20 per cent of them had high school education, 7.03 per cent of them had PUC education, 2.70 per cent of them had degree education and 1 person was doing masters.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 60 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 5.71 per cent were in private service, 2.86 per cent were students and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were involved in other occupation.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.95 per cent of the household members, 39.46 per cent were agricultural labourers, 3.78 per cent were in private service, 23.24 per cent of them were student, 1.62 per cent of them were housewife and 5.41 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the households have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 17.14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 54.29 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 28.57 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results shows that 74.29 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.29 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 14.29 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 22.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 94.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results shows that the average value of television was Rs. 8,807, mixer grinder was Rs.2,000, motor cycle was Rs.30,875, mobile phone was Rs.1,673 and bicycle was Rs.2,000.  About 20 per cent of the households possess plough and 60 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.2642 and the average value of weeder Rs.50.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks and 20 per cent of the households possess local cow. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2, average own labour (women) available was 1.30, average hired labour (men) available was 13.52 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.71.  The results indicate that, 85.71 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 100 per cent of small, 100 per cent of semi medium, 100 per cent of medium and large farmers have opined that hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Danakanadoddi-2 micro watershed possess 24.53 ha (56.03%) of dry land and 19.26 ha (43.97%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.72 ha (74.46%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (25.54%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 2.71 ha (53.60%) of dry land and 2.35 ha (46.40%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 12.95 ha (57.76%) of dry land and 9.47 ha (42.24%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.15 ha (41.64%) of dry land and 5.82 ha (58.36%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 358,561.53 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 477,595.63. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 847,341.34 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 368,656.71 for dry land and Rs. 596,206.89 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 231,562.50 for dry land and Rs. 411,666.67 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 192,592.59 for dry land and Rs. 257,649.51 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 15 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 42.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 63.66 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers had irrigated area of 1.62 hectares, small farmers had 2.35 hectares, semi medium farmers had 9.47 hectares and medium farmers had 5.67 hectares.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (32.45 ha), bajra (6.69 ha), paddy (2.02 ha), groundnut (1.05 ha) and cotton (0.81 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Danakanadoddi-2 micro watershed was found to be 80.39 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 99.68 per cent, for small farmers it was 88 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 84.71 per cent and medium farmers had a cropping intensity of 62.78 per cent.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households possess bank account in the micro watershed. 3  The results indicate that, 45.45 per cent of marginal, 20 per cent of small, 54.55 per cent of semi medium and 66.67 per cent of medium farmers have borrowed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 21.43 per cent have availed loan from commercial, 14.29 per cent have availed loan from cooperative banks and 64.29 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed a credit of Rs.181,000, Rs.20,000, Rs. 210,833.33 and Rs.135,000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  Results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan.  The results indicate that, around 7.14 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources and 92.86 per cent of the households opined that the loan helped them to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 33796.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32938.44. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. -858.06, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Bajra was Rs. 27226.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25701.72. The net income from Bajra cultivation was Rs. -1525.01. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 108212.51. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 92625. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -15587.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 64208.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 87978.31. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 23770.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.37.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 65892.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. -16492.52, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.75.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and another 14.29 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 37,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 46,518.18, for small farmers it was Rs. 41,600, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 87,581.82 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 155,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,241.43. For landless households it was Rs. 9,900, for marginal farmers it was Rs 3,610.19, for 4 small farmers it was Rs. 7,640, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 9,609.50 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 30,111.11.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 30 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 70 neem trees and 29 teak trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,600 for land development, Rs. 885.71 for irrigation facility, Rs.1,914.29 for improved crop production, Rs.57.14 for improved livestock management and Rs.228.57 for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the major source of investment for 17.14 per cent of households for land development, for 5.71 per cent of the households for irrigation facility, for 11.43 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds were the source of additional investment for 11.43 per cent for land development, for 2.86 per cent for irrigation facility, for 11.43 per cent for improved crop production and for 2.86 per cent improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 14.29 per cent for land development, 8.57 per cent for irrigation facility, for 20 per cent for improved crop production and for 5.71 per cent for orchard development/ maintenance.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 78.26 per cent, cotton was sold to the extent of 62.50 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 62.50 per cent, maize was sold to the extent of 86.96 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 74.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 77.14 per cent of the households sold their produce to local/village, another 17.14 per cent have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society and 5.71 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the farmers have used tractor as a mode of transport for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households have experienced the soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent of the households are interested in soil testing.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 20 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 22.86 per cent of the households and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 94.29 percent used fire wood, and 5.71 percent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel. 5  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 31.43 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 27.27 per cent of marginal, 40 per cent of small, 27.27 per cent of semi medium and 33.33 per cent of medium farmers had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 51.43 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 100 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 2.86 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 5.71 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were adequate for 97.14 per cent and meat was adequate for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were inadequate for 68.57 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 40 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk were inadequate for 11.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 8.57 per cent and meat was inadequate for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, vegetables were market surplus for 2.86 per cent, and fruits were market surplus for 5.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 65.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (62.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (48.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.43%), high rate of interest on credit (48.57%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%) and inadequate extension services (48.57%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hire Bagnalu-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 625 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 66 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent is covered by mining/industrial, 29 per cent is covered by rock out crops and 4 per cent is by habitation and settlements. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 0.75%) in 43 per cent area, medium (0.5-0.75%) in 20 per cent area and low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 5 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is high (>20 ppm) in 3 per cent area, medium (10 -20 ppm) in 19 per cent area and low (4.5 ppm) and 17 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area of the microwatershed is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 15 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 108(17) Sapota - 54(9) Maize - 108(17) Pomegranate - 54(9) Bajra - 170(27) Guava - 54(9) Groundnut - 173(28) Jackfruit - 54(9) Sunflower - - Jamun - 54(9) Cotton - 108(17) Musambi - 54(9) Red gram - - Lime - 54(9) Bengalgram - 80(13) Cashew - 205(33) Chilli - 101(16) Custard apple - 340(55) Tomato - 101(16) Amla - 340(55) Brinjal - 213(34) Tamarind - 12(2) Onion - 206(33) Marigold - 108(17) Bhendi - 213(34) Chrysanthemum - 108(17) Drumstick - 19(3) Jasmine - 108(17) Mulberry - 224(36) Crossandra - 101(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 108 (56.25%) men and 84 (43.75%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 5.4, marginal farmers' was 5.14, small farmers' was 5.82, semi medium farmers' was 5.40 and medium farmers' was 5.50.  The data indicated that, 56 (29.17%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (42.19%) were in 16-35 years of age, 41 (21.35%) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.29%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hire Bagnalu-4 had 35.42 per cent illiterates, 31.25 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.85 per cent of them had middle school education, 9.90 per cent of them had high school education, 4.17 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.04 per cent of them did diploma and 3.65 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 77.14 per cent of households were practicing agriculture, 17.14 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 2.86 per cent of them were general labourers and 2.86 per cent were in trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.94 per cent of the household members, 9.38 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.52 per cent were general labourers, 1.04 per cent were in private service, 0.52 per cent were into trade and business, 21.35 per cent were students and 5.73 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 11.43 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 80 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 8.57 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 60 per cent of the households possess TV, 25.71 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 8.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 45.71 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 2.86 per cent possess auto, 74.29 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.86 per cent of the households possess car/four wheeler.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 4,285, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,000, bicycle was Rs. 1,333, motor cycle was Rs. 63,125, auto was Rs. 100,000, car/four wheeler was Rs.400,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,407.  About 17.14 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 28.57 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 8.57 per cent of them possess irrigation pump, 17.14 per cent of them possess tractor, 14.29 per cent of them possess sprayer, 14.29 per cent possess thresher and 45.71 per cent of them possess weeder. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 19,166, the average value of plough was Rs. 1,175, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs. 6,000, irrigation pump was Rs.2250, tractor was Rs. 683,333, the average value of sprayer was Rs. 1,740, thresher was Rs. 288 and weeder was Rs.76.  The results indicate that, 11.43 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 34.29 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.71 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 11.43 per cent of them possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of them possess sheep.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.40, average hired labour (men) available was 19.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 27.  The results indicate that, 91.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed possess 17.97 ha (46.98%) of dry land, 18.66 ha (48.79%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (4.23%) of permanent fallow. Marginal farmers possess 2.99 ha (95.85%) of dry land and 0.13 ha of (4.15%) irrigated land. Small farmers possess 6.88 ha (54.31%) of dry land, 4.17 ha (32.91%) of irrigated land and 1.62 ha (12.78%) of permanent fallow. Semi medium farmers possess 8.10 ha (44.96%) of dry land and 9.92 per cent (55.04%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 4.45 (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 1,485,003.37, average value of irrigated land was Rs. 808,694.71 and average value of permanent fallow was Rs.123,500. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,468,648.64 for dry land and Rs. 2,315,625.05 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,394,823.53 for dry land, was Rs. 479,611.65 for irrigated land and was Rs.123,500 for permanent fallow. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,567,666.15 for dry land and Rs. 725,877.55 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 1,257,454.55 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 9 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 25.71 per cent of the farmers and open well was the source of irrigation for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 20.12 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 2.26 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.13 ha, 2.11 ha, 4.86 ha and 0.81 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (27.4 ha), bajra (3.64 ha), sugarcane (1.62 ha), turmeric (1.21 ha), navane (0.57 ha), groundnut (0.4 ha), pearl millet (0.4 ha), tomato (0.4 ha) and paddy (0.08 ha). 3  Marginal farmers had grown maize and pearl millet. Small farmers had grown maize, bajra, sugarcane, navane, groundnut, tomato and paddy. Semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and turmeric. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and sugarcane.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hire Bagnalu-4 micro-watershed was found to be 66.68 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 95.23 per cent, small farmers it was 72.47 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 66.50 and medium farmers it was 47.83 per cent.  The results indicate that, 42.86 per cent of the households have bank account.  The results indicate that, 45.71 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 209286.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 314925. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 105638.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.5.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 69786.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49400. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -20386.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.71.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 55122.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 61853.31. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 6731.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 39740.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25060.21. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 14680.45. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.63.  the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 50203.67. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 48596.33. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  the total cost of cultivation for Horsegram was Rs. 23515.93. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41166.67. The net income from Horsegram cultivation was Rs. 17650.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.75.  the total cost of cultivation for Onion was Rs. 219057.06. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 493999.99. The net income from Onion cultivation was Rs. 274942.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.26.  the total cost of cultivation for Sugarcane was Rs. 73478.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 624910. The net income from Sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 551431.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:8.5.  the total cost of cultivation for Navane was Rs. 29986.47. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 51870. The net income from Navane cultivation was Rs. 21883.53. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.73. 4  the total cost of cultivation for Turmeric was Rs. 40825.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24700. The net income from Turmeric cultivation was Rs. -16125.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.61.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 11.43 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 5,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 32,071.43, for small farmers it was Rs. 82,045.55, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 80,050 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 3,695.51. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,020.41, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,427.27, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 3,650 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 15,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 22 coconut trees and 2 mango trees in the field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 45 neem tree, 4 acacia trees and 2 eucalyptus trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 4,771.43 for land development, Rs. 257.14 for irrigation facility, Rs. 3,857.14 for improved crop production and Rs.228.57 for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 20 per cent for land development, for 5.71 per cent for irrigation facility, for 22.86 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 17.14 per cent for land development, for 11.43 per cent for improved crop production and 2.86 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 58.33 per cent, groundnut to the extent of 25 per cent, Sugarcane to the extent of 60 per cent, maize to the extent of 4.03 per cent and paddy was sold to the extent of 54.55 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 2.86 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 100 per cent of the farmers have sold to local/village merchants.  The results indicated that, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor and 2.86 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 68.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 90.91 per cent of the small farmers, 50 per cent of semi medium farmers and 100 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 85.71 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 94.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 5.71 per cent of the households used biogas as a source of fuel. 5  The results indicated that, bore well was the major source of drinking water for 11.43 per cent of the households, piped supply was the source of drinking water for 57.14 per cent of the households, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 28.57 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 65.71 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 92.29 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 42.86 per cent, milk was adequate for 65.71 per cent, eggs were adequate for 48.57 per cent and meat was adequate for 14.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 5.71 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 8.57 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 60 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 94.29 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 48.57 per cent, milk was inadequate for 34.29 per cent and meat was inadequate for 71.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 85.71 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (40%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (71.43%), high rate of interest on credit (57.14%), low price for the agricultural commodities (62.86%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (62.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (37.14%), inadequate extension services (25.71%), less rainfall (2.86%) and source of agri-technology information (2.86%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

This document constitutes a conceptual and empirical approach to the problem of Socio-Environmental Conflicts (SEC) in Ecuador through an evaluation of 51 cases, distributed throughout the Ecuadorian territory between 1977 and 2014. The main concern regarding the spread of SEC, both in Ecuador and at regional and global levels, is the increase of extractive activities that support the global economic system. The richest areas in natural resources such as gas, oil, forests, minerals, water sources and agricultural land are the most exposed to the clash of interests between extractive industries and local populations. In the case of developing countries, constantly indebted such as Ecuador, immediate economic needs prevail over the conservation and sustainable use of resources. In response, environmental activism, led in many cases by indigenous organizations, is a key factor in identifying and denouncing ecological destruction. On their success largely depends the conservation of natural resources and ecosystems that could guarantee us all, a more sustainable future. Given the complexity of the subject, SEC analysis requires involving various branches of science, especially in relation to the main fields of study of sustainability: environment, society and economy. The evaluation will be done taking into account the set of cases as a single complex system through the implementation and adaptation of data mining methodologies and complex network analysis. The methodologies proposed in this work allow simultaneous combinations and comparisons of quantitative and qualitative data. Our purpose is to contribute to the study and understanding of this type of phenomena, through the identification of patterns and trends not identifiable by other methods commonly used for this purpose, such as individual case studies and classical statistics. In order to achieve a better interpretation of the results, we firstly perform a theoretical review around the CSA, and a contextual review around the case of Ecuador specifically (Chapter 1). After presenting the data to be processed from the sources, specific context and the way in which they are organized (Chapter 2), we will use data mining techniques to perform a statistical analysis that integrates all available data and allows us to propose a new method of data processing applied to SEC (Chapter 3). In the case of the analysis of actors, the temporal evolution of their connectivity and the particular characteristics of each group (or type of actors), the analysis of complex networks will be used that will allow us to decipher their behavior in all its complexity (Chapter 4). Finally, we will review the results obtained, some cases of SEC in Ecuador after the study period and the proposal of a method that integrates the results of chapters 3 and 4 to achieve a deeper understanding and a possible application in predictive models typical of systems dynamics (Chapter 5). Thanks to the methodological contribution proposed in this thesis and the new knowledge obtained regarding the phenomenon of SEC in Ecuador, we intend to vindicate the fundamental role of environmental movements in the fight to preserve natural resources and, consequently, their contribution to sustainability global. This claim is a wake-up call, both to civil society and government entities, for their lack of involvement or omission in defense of the environment. ; El presente documento constituye una aproximación conceptual y empírica al problema de los Conflictos Socio Ambientales (CSA) en Ecuador mediante una evaluación de 51 casos, distribuidos en todo el territorio ecuatoriano, comprendidos entre los años 1977 y 2014. El principal motivo de preocupación concerniente al avance de los CSA, tanto en Ecuador como a nivel regional y global, es el incremento de las actividades extractivas que soportan el sistema económico mundial. Las áreas más ricas en recursos naturales lucrativos, como por ejemplo el gas, el petróleo, los bosques, minerales, fuentes de agua y tierras agrícolas, son las más expuestas al choque de intereses entre las industrias extractivas y las poblaciones locales. En el caso de los países en desarrollo, países constantemente endeudados como Ecuador, las necesidades económicas inmediatas imperan sobre la conservación y el uso sostenible de los recursos. En respuesta, el activismo ambiental, liderado en muchos casos por organizaciones indígenas, es un factor clave para identificar y denunciar la destrucción ecológica. De su éxito depende en gran parte, la conservación de los recursos naturales y los ecosistemas que podrían garantizarnos a todos, un futuro más sostenible. Dada la complejidad del tema, el análisis de CSA requiere involucrar diversas ramas de la ciencia, sobre todo en relación a los principales campos de estudio de la sostenibilidad: medio ambiente, sociedad y economía. La evaluación se hará tomando en cuenta el conjunto de casos como un solo sistema complejo mediante la implementación y adaptación de metodologías de minería de datos y análisis de redes complejas. Las metodologías propuestas en el presente trabajo permiten realizar combinaciones y comparaciones simultáneas de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. Nuestro propósito es contribuir al estudio y la comprensión de este tipo de fenómenos, a través de la identificación de patrones y tendencias no identificables mediante otro tipo de métodos comúnmente utilizados para este fin, como son el estudio individual de casos y la estadística clásica. Con el objeto de conseguir una mejor interpretación de los resultados, realizamos en primer lugar un repaso teórico en torno a los CSA y una reseña contextual en torno al caso del Ecuador específicamente (Capítulo 1). Después de presentar los datos que procesaremos desde las fuentes, el contexto específico y la forma en la cual están organizados (Capítulo 2), utilizaremos técnicas de minerías de datos para realizar un análisis estadístico que integre todos los datos disponibles y nos permita proponer un nuevo método de tratamiento de datos aplicado a los CSA (Capítulo 3). Para el caso del análisis de actores, la evolución temporal de su conectividad y las características particulares de cada grupo (o tipo de actores), se utilizará el análisis de redes complejas que nos permitirán descifrar el comportamiento de los mismos en toda su complejidad (Capítulo 4). Finalmente, revisaremos los resultados obtenidos, algunos casos de SEC en Ecuador después del período de estudio y la propuesta de un método que integre los resultados de los capítulos 3 y 4 para lograr una comprensión más profunda y una posible aplicación en modelos predictivos típicos de la dinámica de sistemas (Capítulo 5). Gracias al aporte metodológico propuesto en esta tesis y al nuevo conocimiento obtenido con respecto al fenómeno de los CSA en Ecuador, pretendemos reivindicar el papel fundamental de los movimientos ambientalistas en la lucha por preservar los recursos naturales y, en consecuencia, su contribución a la sostenibilidad global. Esta reivindicación es un llamado de atención, tanto a la sociedad civil como a los entes gubernamentales, por su falta de implicación u omisión ante la defensa del medio ambiente. ; El present document constitueix una aproximació conceptual i empírica al problema dels Conflictes Soci Ambientals (CSA) a l'Equador mitjançant una avaluació de 51 casos, distribuïts en tot el territori equatorià, compresos entre els anys 1977 i 2014. El principal motiu de preocupació en quant a a l'avanç dels CSA, tant a l'Equador com a nivell regional i global, és l'increment de les activitats extractives que mantenen el sistema econòmic mundial. Les àrees més riques en recursos naturals lucratius, com per exemple el gas, el petroli, els boscos, minerals, fonts d'aigua i terres agrícoles són les més exposades al xoc d'interessos entre les indústries extractives i les poblacions locals. En el cas dels països en desenvolupament, països constantment endeutats com l'Equador, les necessitats econòmiques immediates imperen sobre la conservació i l'ús sostenible dels recursos. En resposta, l'activisme ambiental, liderat en molts casos per organitzacions indígenes, és un factor clau per a identificar i denunciar la destrucció ecològica. Del seu èxit depèn, en gran part, la conservació dels recursos naturals i els ecosistemes que podrien garantir-nos a tots, un futur més sostenible. Donada la complexitat del tema, l'anàlisi de CSA requereix involucrar diverses branques de la ciència, sobretot en relació als principals camps d'estudi de la sostenibilitat: medi ambient, societat i economia. L'avaluació es farà tenint en compte el conjunt de casos com un sol sistema complex mitjançant la implementació i adaptació de metodologies de mineria de dades i anàlisis de xarxes complexes. Les metodologies proposades en el present treball permeten realitzar combinacions i comparacions simultànies de dades quantitatives i qualitatives. El nostre propòsit és contribuir a l'estudi i la comprensió d'aquest tipus de fenòmens, a través de la identificació de patrons i tendències no identificables mitjançant un altre tipus de mètodes comunament utilitzats per a aquesta fi, com són l'estudi individual de casos i l'estadística clàssica. A fi d'aconseguir una millor interpretació dels resultats, realitzem en primer lloc un repàs teòric entorn dels CSA i una ressenya contextual entorn del cas de l'Equador específicament (Capítol 1). Després de presentar les dades que processarem des de les fonts, el context específic i la forma en la qual estan organitzats (Capítol 2), utilitzarem tècniques de mineries de dades per a realitzar una anàlisi estadística que integri totes les dades disponibles i ens permeti proposar un nou mètode de tractament de dades aplicat als CSA (Capítol 3). Per al cas de l'anàlisi d'actors, l'evolució temporal de la seva connectivitat i les característiques particulars de cada grup (o tipus d'actors), s'utilitzarà l'anàlisi de xarxes complexes que ens permetran desxifrar el comportament del seu comportament en tota la seva complexitat (Capítol 4). Finalment, revisarem els resultats obtinguts, alguns casos de CSA a l'Equador després del període d'estudi i la proposta d'un mètode que integri els resultats dels capítols 3 i 4 per a aconseguir una comprensió més profunda i una possible aplicació en models predictius típics de la dinàmica de sistemes (Capítol 5). Gràcies a l'aportació metodològica proposada en aquesta tesi i al nou coneixement obtingut respecte al fenomen dels CSA a l'Equador, pretenem reivindicar el paper fonamental dels moviments ambientalistes en la lluita per preservar els recursos naturals i, en conseqüència, la seva contribució a la sostenibilitat global. Aquesta reivindicació és un anomenat d'atenció, tant a la societat civil com als ens governamentals, per la seva falta d'implicació o omissió davant la defensa del medi ambient. ; Postprint (published version)

Not Available ; EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The land resource inventory of Gopalagiri Colony-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 119 ha out of total area of 576 ha in Gundlupet Taluk, Chamarajanagar District Karnataka. The remaining area of about 456 ha is under Forest. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 734 mm, of which about 254 mm is received during the south – west monsoon, 268 mm during north-east and the remaining 212 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 21 per cent is covered by soils, 79 per cent by forests and 150 cm) soils.  About 2 per cent area has loamy soils and 19 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 3 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 1 per cent has nearly level (0-1%), 20 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%).  About 11 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium and a small area of about one per cent has medium (145-337 kg/ha)  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in all the soils.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in an area of about 4 per cent and sufficient in 17 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 27 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 72 (12) 47(9) Guava 96(16) 10(2) Maize 100 (17) 3 (1) Banana 94(16) 25(5) Red gram 94(16) 25(5) Jackfruit 94(16) 10(2) Horsegram 94(16) 25(5) Jamun 94(16) 26(5) Fieldbean 94(16) 25(5) Musambi 94(16) 26(5) Groundnut - 103 (18) Lime 94(16) 26(5) Sunflower 56(10) 61(11) Cashew 94(16) 10(2) Cotton 72(12) 3(1) Custard apple 94(16) 26(5) Onion 94(16) 25(5) Amla 94(16) 26(5) Potato 94(16) 9(2) Tamarind 94(16) 26(5) Beans 94(16) 25(5) Marigold 94(16) 25(5) Beetroot 94(16) 9(2) Chrysanthemum 94(16) 25(5) Mango 96(16) 10(2) Turmeric 94(16) 9(2) Sapota 96(16) 10(2) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) is located in between 11042' – 11044' North latitudes and 76034' – 76036' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576 ha, bounded by Kannagal, Honnegaudanahalli, Hangala and Hosalhalli villages with a length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Gopalagiri Colony-2 micro-watershed (Basavapur sub-watershed, Gundlupet taluk, Chamarajanagar district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 49 to 51 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 59.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 75.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the all sample households.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among all households.  About 90 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 20.0 percent of farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households.  Institutional participation is only 10.2 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 60 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 0.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The dry land account for 63.9 % and irrigated land is 36.1 % of total cultivated land of the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 73.4 per cent followed by the agriculture is the main and government service is subsidiary occupation of 2.1 percent of the sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.59791 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 129479 per household, about 60 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 19749 per household; all sample household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 731.6 grams (1574.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 70.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 43153 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are above poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1199. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 642 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 76428 per year for the total area of 576.5 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 26640/ha/year. Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 68252) followed by turmeric (Rs. 52922), maize (Rs. 33910), beans (Rs. 30467), ragi (Rs. 13282), horse gram (Rs. 12725) and groundnut is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 3474/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in groundnut (Rs. 5592) followed by maize (Rs. 2608) and ragi (Rs. 2223).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in beans (Rs.416385) followed by maize (Rs. 57387), turmeric (Rs. 35812), sunflower (Rs. 30236), horse gram (Rs. 22808), onion (Rs. 20155), groundnut (Rs. 19448) and ragi (Rs. 15092). 3 Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is maize (27.7 %) followed by sunflower (25.4 %), turmeric (14.8 %), horse gram (11.4 %), ragi (10.3 %), groundnut (5.1 %) and onion (5.0 %),  In Gopalagiri colony-2 micro-watershed, major soil are soil of Annurkeri (ARK) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth covered around 9.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Honnegaudanahalli (HGH) soils are very deep and well drained soil depth cover around 7.7 % of area; the crops are maize (32.6%), ragi (32.6 %) and sunflower (34.6 %). Beemanabeedu (BMB) soils are very deep and moderately well drained, soil depth covered 2.7 % of areas, crop are beans (8.2 %), groundnut (6.7%), horse gram (6.3%), maize (20.9%), onion (6.3%), ragi (6.3%), sunflower (25.8 %) and turmeric (19.0%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs. 39630/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 2.02) and Rs.27088/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 2.36).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.38023/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.08) and Rs.30398/ha in BMB soil (with BCR of 1.32).  In ragi the cost of cultivation range between is Rs.21275/ha (with BCR of 1.87), and Rs.20086/ha in HGH soil (with BCR of 1.84).  In beans the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 25108/ha (with BCR of 2.40).  In groundnut the cost of cultivation in BMB soil Rs. 39793/ha (with BCR of 1.02).  In horse gram cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.16915/ha (with BCR of 1.75).  In onion the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs 79948/ha (with BCR of 1.85) and turmeric the cost of cultivation in BMB soil is Rs.106172/ha (with BCR of 1.51).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications on deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments. 4  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (38.0 to 55.3 %), groundnut (59.1 %), horse gram (24.1 %), onion (69.6 %), ragi (59.5 %), sunflower (45.5 %) and turmeric (7.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

El objeto del presente trabajo de investigación es determinar la influencia del Derecho Urbanístico en el desarrollo de la ciudad sostenible, y en particular en la República del Ecuador. La investigación se justifica por la imperiosa necesidad de contar con marcos jurídicos actualizados que garanticen la superación de las carencias y problemas urbanos, con un fuerte compromiso para tutelar derechos humanos, sociales y urbanos, para respaldar una debida distribución del suelo y para aplicar una planificación urbana dirigida a lograr modelos de desarrollo inclusivos, seguros y sostenibles en las ciudades. En la investigación analizamos la influencia que tiene el Derecho Urbanístico en el desarrollo de ciudades sostenibles, ya que por las condiciones que caracterizan a la ciudad moderna de órgano contaminante, consumidora de recursos y productora de exclusión social, se demandan entornos citadinos con normativa jurídica que regule el correcto uso del suelo para promover ambientes ordenados, equitativos y saludables que garanticen la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos y el respeto al medio ambiente. Además, otra causa para presentar este trabajo es indagar las características especiales atribuidas a la ciudad sostenible, que avalan el pleno ejercicio de derechos humanos y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida en la ciudad moderna; de tal manera que, considerando los beneficios que genera la ciudad sostenible en la vida humana y en el ambiente, se estudien los medios e instrumentos propicios para lograr su impulso y desarrollo, siendo uno de ellos, el Derecho Urbanístico, rama del Derecho que paralelamente debe ser analizada para verificar y comprobar su útil, efectivo y eficiente aporte que puede ofrecer para lograr un desarrollo sostenible en la ciudad. La investigación es de carácter documental bibliográfica y de tipo cualitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva y analítica. En primer lugar, abordamos la cuestión desde la perspectiva que exige este tipo de investigación y exponemos algunos asuntos particulares sobre la selección y definición del tema, planteamiento y formalización del problema, hipótesis, pregunta de la investigación, objetivo general, objetivos específicos, justificación metodológica, justificación práctica, el marco teórico y metodológico de la investigación, antecedentes, estado de la cuestión, definiciones conceptuales y cronograma. En segundo lugar, verificamos la relación que existe entre la ciudad, el Urbanismo y la planificación urbana, para recordar y comprobar que esta esencial vinculación, no siempre valorada y utilizada en su justa medida, debe ser debidamente reconocida y aplicada para favorecer el desarrollo de la ciudad que, concebida como el espacio físico donde los individuos realizan la mayor parte de sus actividades y donde materializan muchos de sus derechos fundamentales individuales, y donde confluyen con mayor fuerza intereses colectivos como la protección del medio ambiente o de un espacio público adecuado, necesita de la intervención de la ciencia del Urbanismo para organizar sus espacios a través del ordenamiento territorial y urbanístico aplicados en la planificación urbana, cuyas normas técnicas deben ser acogidas por un marco legal que les suministre el valor jurídico para que tengan carácter vinculante en los habitantes de la ciudad. Es decir, la ciudad, el Urbanismo y la planificación urbana, relacionados entre sí, también requieren y están vinculados a la ciencia del Derecho. Esta parte de la investigación estudia la ciudad, el Urbanismo y la planificación urbana, elementos interrelacionados entre sí y vinculados al Derecho, que constituyen el trípode que sostiene, conceptualmente, el análisis posterior de las dos temáticas principales de la investigación que son: el Derecho Urbanístico y la ciudad sostenible. En tercer lugar, examinamos el concepto, las características, el contenido, los principios y la competencia del Derecho Urbanístico, así como también las disciplinas jurídicas y no jurídicas que se relacionan con éste y la existencia de leyes urbanísticas nacionales en América Latina. Es decir, las particularidades de esta rama del Derecho con la finalidad de indagar su objeto y sus objetivos principales, para determinarlo como el marco jurídico que garantiza a la ciudad, el Urbanismo y la planificación urbana, el debido y armónico cumplimiento de sus particulares funciones, y finalmente establecer la significativa influencia que tiene para impulsar y promover el desarrollo de ciudades sostenibles. En cuarto lugar, ejecutamos un examen de la ciudad sostenible, modelo estudiado profundamente mediante las aproximaciones conceptuales, el desarrollo sostenible, la sostenibilidad urbana, el derecho a la ciudad y, especialmente, a través del análisis de las características de la ciudad sostenible, análisis utilizado para la construcción de un modelo teórico de ciudad sostenible que sirva de referencia para la normativa jurídica urbanística; posteriormente, identificando los síntomas de insostenibilidad que se producen en la ciudad para establecer una estructura de estrategias de sostenibilidad aplicable al Derecho Urbanístico. En quinto lugar, efectuamos un estudio de caso del Derecho Urbanístico y la ciudad sostenible en la República del Ecuador, que comprende los antecedentes y la descripción del marco jurídico del ordenamiento territorial y urbanístico en la República del Ecuador; el análisis del contenido y la implementación de la Ley Orgánica de Ordenamiento Territorial, Uso y Gestión del Suelo, para determinar si el Derecho Urbanístico en este país, cuenta con la autonomía y las características necesarias que puedan influir significativamente en el desarrollo de ciudades sostenibles; las características de las ciudades ecuatorianas; y, un análisis de sostenibilidad a la "Ordenanza Reformatoria a la Ordenanza que Regula el Desarrollo y el Ordenamiento Territorial del Cantón Portoviejo e incorpora el Título Innumerado denominado: Del Plan Maestro Urbano del GAD Portoviejo", cantón ubicado en la provincia de Manabí, República del Ecuador, mediante la aplicación de la estructura de estrategias de sostenibilidad aplicable al Derecho Urbanístico, que es una propuesta del presente trabajo de investigación. Finalmente presentamos las conclusiones que son las ideas de culminación de la investigación ejecutada a fin de colaborar con el acervo académico. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes de la investigación se determina, entre los principales, que la ciudad sostenible es el objeto del Derecho Urbanístico y que los objetivos principales de la normativa jurídica urbanística se encuentran dirigidos a regular el uso del suelo, los procesos de urbanización y la conducta social, que generan tres elementos interrelacionados que son: el territorio, la urbanización y la población; que el Derecho Urbanístico tiene los méritos suficientes para que no solo sea considerado como dependiente del Derecho Administrativo, sino como una rama del Derecho con autonomía didáctica, científica y legislativa; que el modelo de desarrollo urbano de la ciudad compacta es el más conveniente para lograr una ciudad sostenible; que el modelo teórico de la ciudad sostenible propuesto comprende doce características, siendo seis criterios urbanísticos y seis derechos humanos; que en el Derecho Urbanístico de la República del Ecuador se han omitido estrategias de sostenibilidad, es decir, no se han establecido criterios generales para una ordenación urbanística sostenible en las ciudades. El presente trabajo de investigación está estructurado en seis capítulos bien caracterizados, a saber: En el capítulo primero se muestran los aspectos en concreto que han motivado el desarrollo de este estudio partiendo de la situación del problema que se presenta en el mundo sobre la necesidad de marcos jurídicos para desarrollar ciudades sostenibles, que garanticen entornos equitativos, inclusivos y dignos para una vida de calidad; se presentan las preguntas y los objetivos de la investigación, así como las decisiones metodológicas realizadas para diseñarla; y, el cronograma y la organización de esta tesis doctoral. En el capítulo segundo se analizan las construcciones semánticas y conceptuales de la ciudad en general, se realiza una revisión de los conceptos que sobre el urbanismo se han emitido y que durante la historia lo han considerado como arte, técnica y como una ciencia en continua evolución que se encarga de la ordenación de las ciudades; y, se expone una breve reseña histórica sobre la evolución del urbanismo, que resume, de manera paralela, las características de las ciudades que han utilizado criterios urbanísticos para su constitución y desarrollo histórico, hasta llegar a la etapa en que el urbanismo acoge el paradigma de la sostenibilidad, surgiendo el urbanismo sostenible. Se hace referencia a la planificación urbana, que genera los planes territoriales y urbanísticos, sobre los cuales se analiza sus objetivos, sus características, su contenido y su naturaleza jurídica. En el capítulo tercero se examinan diferentes conceptos que sobre el Derecho Urbanístico han emitido tratadistas de varios países en diferentes años. Se analizan la autonomía disciplinar y se exploran las características, los principios, el contenido y la competencia de esta rama del Derecho. Se realiza un somero estudio sobre las relaciones del Derecho Urbanístico con diferentes disciplinas jurídicas y no jurídicas; y, finalmente, se efectúa una indagación sobre la existencia de los marcos jurídicos territoriales y urbanísticos que constituyen el Derecho Urbanístico en América Latina. En el capítulo cuarto se efectúa un estudio conceptual de la ciudad como el bien satisfactor de las necesidades humanas y como el derecho denominado "derecho a la ciudad", se realiza una descripción de las aproximaciones al concepto de desarrollo sostenible y se examinan las características de la sostenibilidad urbana, se analizan la ciudad compacta y la ciudad dispersa como dos modelos antagónicos de desarrollo urbano, se describen y exploran los criterios emitidos por varios autores sobre las características de la ciudad sostenible, para finalmente elaborar una propuesta de un modelo teórico de ciudad sostenible y una estructura de estrategias, criterios y subcriterios de sostenibilidad, aplicable para evaluar al Derecho Urbanístico. En el capítulo quinto centramos la atención al estudio del sistema jurídico del ordenamiento territorial y urbanístico en el Ecuador, se expone una revisión analítica de la normativa para el ordenamiento territorial y urbanístico en este país, mereciendo la Ley Orgánica de Ordenamiento Territorial, Uso y Gestión del Suelo especial notoriedad el análisis crítico de su contenido en general, para posteriormente hacer una descripción de las características y las evidencias de insostenibilidad que muestran las ciudades ecuatorianas; y, finalmente aplicar la propuesta de estrategias, criterios y subcriterios de sostenibilidad a la Ordenanza Reformatoria a la Ordenanza que Regula el Desarrollo y el Ordenamiento Territorial del Cantón Portoviejo. El capítulo sexto comprende la discusión de resultados y reflexiones finales con lo que se deja constancia de la conclusión general y de las conclusiones particulares de la investigación, así como también futuras líneas de investigación. Por lo tanto, luego de la discusión de resultados que constituimos entre el contenido de los capítulos segundo, tercero, cuarto y quinto, se establece como conclusión general que el Derecho Urbanístico es el principal campo jurídico en el que se está construyendo la nueva visión del crecimiento urbano para convertirlo en desarrollo urbano sostenible, porque está constituido por un conjunto de normas jurídicasurbanísticas que tienen como objeto principal lograr una ciudad sostenible; como objetivos regular el ordenamiento del territorio, los procesos de urbanización y el comportamiento social; y, como ámbitos de aplicación el territorio, la urbanización y la población de una ciudad; normativa jurídica urbanística que debe contar con estrategias de sostenibilidad para cumplir con su objeto que es la ciudad sostenible; por consiguiente, es la rama del Derecho y el instrumento legal que tiene una significativa influencia para lograr desarrollar ciudades sostenibles. Sin embargo, el Derecho Urbanístico en la República del Ecuador no es reconocido en su justa medida, y, por consiguiente, no es utilizado eficiente, efectiva y convenientemente, como el instrumento jurídico que puede contener la normativa urbanística con estrategias de sostenibilidad para hacer factible una política urbana orientada a conseguir ciudades sostenibles, por lo tanto, su actual estado no le permite tener una significativa influencia en el desarrollo de ciudades sostenibles. ; The purpose of this research work is to determine the influence of Urban Law on the development of sustainable cities, and in particular in the Republic of Ecuador. The investigation is justified by the urgent need to have updated legal frameworks that guarantee the overcoming of urban deficiencies and problems, with a strong commitment to protect human, social and urban rights, to support a proper distribution of land and to apply planning aimed at achieving inclusive, safe and sustainable development models in cities. In the research we analyze the influence that Urban Law has on the development of sustainable cities, since due to the conditions that characterize the modern city as a polluting organism, a consumer of resources and a producer of social exclusion, city environments are demanded with legal regulations that regulate the correct use of the land to promote orderly, equitable and healthy environments that guarantee the quality of life of citizens and respect for the environment. In addition, another reason to present this work is to investigate the special characteristics attributed to the sustainable city, which guarantee the full exercise of human rights and the improvement of the quality of life in the modern city; In such a way that, considering the benefits that the sustainable city generates in human life and in the environment, the means and instruments conducive to achieving its promotion and development are studied, one of them being Urban Law, a branch of Law that in parallel It must be analyzed to verify and verify its useful, effective and efficient contribution that it can offer to achieve sustainable development in the city. The research is of a bibliographic documentary nature and of a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and analytical nature. First, we approach the question from the perspective that this type of research demands and we expose some particular issues on the selection and definition of the topic, approach and formalization of the problem, hypothesis, research question, general objective, specific objectives, methodological justification, practical justification, the theoretical and methodological framework of the research, background, state of the question, conceptual definitions and timeline. Second, we verify the relationship that exists between the city, Urbanism and urban planning, to remember and verify that this essential link, not always valued and used in its proper measure, must be duly recognized and applied to favor the development of the city that, conceived as the physical space where individuals carry out most of their activities and where they materialize many of their fundamental individual rights, and where collective interests such as the protection of the environment or adequate public space converge with greater force, It needs the intervention of the science of Urbanism to organize its spaces through the territorial and urban planning applied in urban planning, whose technical standards must be accepted by a legal framework that provides them with the legal value so that they are binding on the inhabitants from the city. That is, the city, Urbanism and urban planning, related to each other, also require and are linked to the science of Law. This part of the research studies the city, Urbanism and urban planning, interrelated elements and linked to Law, which constitute the tripod that conceptually supports the subsequent analysis of the two main themes of the research which are: Law Urban development and the sustainable city. Third, we examine the concept, characteristics, content, principles and competence of Urban Law, as well as the legal and non-legal disciplines that are related to it and the existence of national urban planning laws in Latin America. That is, the particularities of this branch of law in order to investigate its object and its main objectives, to determine it as the legal framework that guarantees the city, Urbanism and urban planning, the due and harmonious fulfillment of its particular functions, and finally to establish the significant influence it has to drive and promote the development of cities. sustainable. Fourth, we carry out an examination of the sustainable city, a model deeply studied through conceptual approaches, sustainable development, urban sustainability, the right to the city and, especially, through the analysis of the characteristics of the sustainable city, analysis used for the construction of a theoretical model of a sustainable city that serves as a reference for urban legal regulations; subsequently, identifying the symptoms of unsustainability that occur in the city to establish a structure of sustainability strategies applicable to Urban Law. Fifthly, we carry out a case study of Urban Law and the sustainable city in the Republic of Ecuador, which includes the background and description of the legal framework of territorial and urban planning in the Republic of Ecuador; the analysis of the content and the implementation of the Organic Law of Territorial Ordering, Land Use and Management, to determine if the Urban Law in this country has the autonomy and the necessary characteristics that can significantly influence the development of sustainable cities; the characteristics of Ecuadorian cities; and, a sustainability analysis to the "Reform Ordinance to the Ordinance that Regulates the Development and Territorial Ordering of the Canton Portoviejo and incorporates the Unnumbered Title called: From the Urban Master Plan of the GAD Portoviejo", canton located in the province of Manabí, Republic of Ecuador, through the application of the structure of sustainability strategies applicable to Urban Law, which is a proposal of this research work. Finally, we present the conclusions that are the ideas of culmination of the research carried out in order to collaborate with the academic heritage. Among the most relevant findings of the research, it is determined, among the main ones, that the sustainable city is the object of Urban Planning Law and that the main objectives of urban legal regulations are aimed at regulating land use, urbanization processes and social behavior, which generate three interrelated elements that are: territory, urbanization and population; that Urban Law has sufficient merits so that it is not only considered as dependent on Administrative Law, but as a branch of Law with didactic, scientific and legislative autonomy; that the urban development model of the compact city is the most convenient to achieve a sustainable city; that the theoretical model of the proposed sustainable city includes twelve characteristics, being six urban criteria and six human rights; that in the Urban Planning Law of the Republic of Ecuador, sustainability strategies have been omitted, that is, general criteria have not been established for sustainable urban planning in cities. This research work is structured in six wellcharacterized chapters, namely: In the first chapter, the specific aspects that have motivated the development of this study are shown, starting from the situation of the problem that arises in the world about the need for legal frameworks to develop sustainable cities, which guarantee equitable, inclusive and dignified environments for a quality life; The questions and objectives of the research are presented, as well as the methodological decisions made to design it; and, the schedule and organization of this doctoral thesis. In the second chapter, the semantic and conceptual constructions of the city in general are analyzed, a review is made of the concepts that have been issued on urbanism and that during history have considered it as art, technique and as a science in continuous evolution that is in charge of the organization of the cities; and, the sustainable city are described and explored brief historical review on the evolution of urban planning, which summarizes, in a parallel way, the characteristics of cities that have used urban criteria for their constitution and historical development, until reaching the stage in which urban planning embraces the paradigm of sustainability, emerging sustainable urbanism. Reference is made to urban planning, which generates territorial and urban plans, on which its objectives, its characteristics, its content and its legal nature are analyzed. In the third chapter, different concepts that on Urban Law have been issued by writers from various countries in different years are examined. Disciplinary autonomy is analyzed and the characteristics, principles, content and competence of this branch of Law are explored. A brief study is carried out on the relations of Urban Law with different legal and non-legal disciplines; and, finally, an inquiry is made about the existence of the territorial and urban legal frameworks that constitute the Urban Law in Latin America. In the fourth chapter, a conceptual study of the city is carried out as a good satisfying human needs and as the right called "right to the city", a description of the approaches to the concept of sustainable development is made and the characteristics of urban sustainability, the compact city and the dispersed city are analyzed as two antagonistic models of urban development, the criteria issued by various authors on the characteristics of, to finally elaborate a proposal for a theoretical model of the city sustainability and a structure of strategies, criteria and sub-criteria of sustainability, applicable to evaluate Urban Law. In the fifth chapter we focus our attention on the study of the legal system of territorial and urban planning in Ecuador, an analytical review of the regulations for territorial and urban planning in this country is exposed, meriting the Organic Law of Territorial Planning, Use and Management of the soil special notoriety the critical analysis of its content in general, to later make a description of the characteristics and the evidence of unsustainability that Ecuadorian cities show; and, finally, apply the proposed strategies, criteria and sub-criteria of sustainability to the Reform Ordinance to the Ordinance that Regulates the Development and Territorial Order of the Canton Portoviejo. The sixth chapter includes the discussion of results and final reflections with which the general conclusion and the particular conclusions of the research are recorded, as well as future lines of research. Therefore, after the discussion of the results that we constitute between the content of the second, third, fourth and fifth chapters, it is established as a general conclusion that Urban Law is the main legal field in which the new vision of the city is being built. urban growth to turn it into sustainable urban development, because it is constituted by a set of legal-urban regulations whose main objective is to achieve a sustainable city; as objectives to regulate land use planning, urbanization processes and social behavior; and, as areas of application, the territory, urbanization and population of a city; urban legal regulations that must have sustainability strategies to fulfill its purpose, which is the sustainable city; therefore, it is the branch of law and the legal instrument that has a significant influence to achieve the development of sustainable cities. However, Urban Law in the Republic of Ecuador is not recognized in its fair measure, and, therefore, it is not used efficiently, effectively and conveniently, as the legal instrument that urban regulations can contain with sustainability strategies to make feasible an urban policy aimed at achieving sustainable cities, therefore, its current status does not allow it to have a significant influence on the development of sustainable cities.

The globalization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) production began in the 1980s in the Southern Highlands of Bolivia. It has generated transformations in the agrarian system of the region questioning the production sustainability. The low quinoa yields experienced by quinoa producers within indigenous communities is a major issue for the different actors of the production chain, scientists, development institutions and policy makers. Today, they mainly attribute it to soil degradation. Consensus that changes in current field-level practices are needed has led to a search for agro-technical innovations. This study analyses the transition from subsistence agriculture to an export-oriented production system, underlying factors that could explain low yields and territorial resource management issues. We use various theoretical frameworks (farming systems, political ecology and collective action) to characterize the changes that occurred at different temporal and spatial scales, from actual producers' individual life courses to the history of this region for the last forty years. Interviews, participatory observation, workshops and role-playing games were conducted in four rural communities. Results show that explaining low yields by soil degradation has no sound scientific basis. Moreover, this explanation does not take into account the complex interactions that exist between environmental, technical, social and political factors. In fact, this study first shows that actual farming practices are not adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the new production areas, and that the organic certification norms are not sufficient to ensure the production sustainability. It also stresses the emergence of social tensions related to the new rules of land access and land use, which emerge in a context of weakening of the community's authorities, of high spatial mobility and of the diversification of activities among the farmers. It finally reveals a disconnection between research and development activities and this new context. Soil degradation is an agro-technical discourse disseminated among market chain actors which hides crucial problems. Rebuilding a sustainable relationship between communities and their environment require collective agreements for land and agricultural resource management, and a broader vision that takes into account social, institutional and political processes. ; La globalización de la producción de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) iniciada a partir de los años 80 en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia, se constituyó en un vector de cambios que generó profundas transformaciones en el sistema agrario de esta región. Estas transformaciones hicieron emerger, entre los actores involucrados en la cadena productiva y quienes se relacionan con ella (científicos, instituciones de desarrollo, tomadores de decisiones), una generalizada preocupación sobre la sostenibilidad de la producción. Dichas inquietudes, centradas principalmente sobre los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores, se le han atribuido a la degradación de los suelos, alertando sobre la urgente necesidad de que se modifiquen las prácticas agrícolas mediante diversas innovaciones agrotécnicas. Frente a esta problemática, este estudio analizó las transformaciones agrarias surgidas de la transición de una agricultura de subsistencia a una agricultura de exportación así como los factores de fondo que explican los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores. El estudio se apoya sobre diferentes enfoques teóricos (sistemas agrarios, ecología política y teoría de acción colectiva) para analizar las transformaciones descritas a través de diferentes escalas temporal y espacial, desde las trayectorias de vida de algunos agricultores hasta la historia regional de los últimos cuarenta años. Igualmente, se aplicaron diferentes herramientas (entrevistas, observación participante, talleres participativos y juego de roles) en cuatro comunidades representativas y ante actores institucionales en las escalas regional y nacional. Nuestro análisis revela que atribuirle a la degradación de los suelos la baja productividad de los cultivos no posee ningún fundamento científico serio. Esta explicación no toma en consideración las complejas interacciones que se presentan entre los factores ambientales, técnicos, sociales y políticos del sistema. En efecto, este trabajo demuestra en primer lugar, la desadaptación de las prácticas actuales de cultivo a las condiciones agroecológicas de las nuevas zonas de producción así como la insuficiencia de las normas de certificación orgánica para asegurar la sostenibilidad de la producción. En segundo lugar, revela el surgimiento de tensiones sociales vinculadas a las nuevas reglas de acceso y uso de la tierra, en un contexto en el que se presenta un debilitamiento de la gestión comunal en la gestión de los recursos y en el que la movilidad espacial y la pluriactividad caracterizan a la población cultivadora de quinua. Finalmente, demuestra la falta de articulación entre las acciones de investigación y desarrollo y el contexto actual. La degradación de los suelos es un discurso agrotécnico difundido por algunos actores de la cadena productiva. Este discurso oculta los problemas vinculados a la gestión individual y colectiva de los recursos territoriales, profundamente transformados por el auge de la quinua. La construcción de acuerdos colectivos para reconstruir una relación sostenible entre las comunidades y su ambiente debe abordarse desde una visión territorial que toma en cuenta los procesos sociales, institucionales y políticos. ; La mondialisation de la production de la quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), initiée dans les années 80 dans l'Altiplano Sud de la Bolivie, a bouleversé le système agraire de cette région. Parmi les acteurs de la filière (producteurs, organisations professionnelles, importateurs) et ceux qui lui sont associés (gestionnaires, agents de développement, chercheurs), ces changements ont fait émerger des questionnements sur la durabilité de la production, principalement centrés sur une dégradation des sols dont la baisse des rendements agricoles serait l'indicateur le plus fiable. Cette perte de productivité des sols appellerait un changement urgent des pratiques agricoles au sein des communautés rurales, passant notamment par diverses innovations agro-techniques. Cette étude analyse les transformations agraires liées au passage d'une agriculture de subsistance à une agriculture d'exportation, ainsi que les facteurs de fonds qui expliquent les faibles rendements des parcelles. Plus largement, cette étude questionne les modes de gestion actuels des ressources du territoire. Elle s'appuie sur différentes approches (systèmes agraires, écologie politique et théorie de l'action collective) pour analyser ces transformations décrites à travers différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales, depuis le parcours individuel de vie jusqu'à l'histoire régionale des quarante dernières années. Différents outils (réalisation d'entretiens, observation participante, ateliers participatifs et jeux de rôles) ont été utilisés au sein de quatre communautés rurales représentatives et auprès d'acteurs régionaux et nationaux. Notre analyse révèle qu'il n'est pas scientifiquement prouvé que les faibles rendements soient la conséquence de la dégradation des sols. Cette explication néglige les interactions complexes qui existent entre facteurs environnementaux, techniques, sociaux et politiques. En effet ce travail démontre tout d'abord l'inadaptation de certaines pratiques actuelles de culture aux conditions agroécologiques des nouvelles zones de production ainsi que l'insuffisance des normes de certification biologique pour assurer la durabilité de la production. Il signale ensuite l'apparition de tensions liées aux nouvelles formes d'accès et d'usages des terres, dans un contexte où la gestion communautaire des activités agricoles et des ressources foncières s'est progressivement affaiblie, et où la pluriactivité et la mobilité restent des pratiques généralisées parmi les producteurs de quinoa. Il démontre enfin le manque d'articulation entre les actions de recherche et de développement et ce nouveau contexte. La dégradation des sols est un discours agro-technique diffusé par certains acteurs de la filière. Ce discours occulte des enjeux cruciaux liés à la gestion de l'espace et des ressources agricoles. La construction d'accords collectifs pour reconstruire de liens durables entre les communautés et leur environnement doit s'inscrire dans une vision plus large du territoire qui prenne en compte les processus sociaux, institutionnels et politiques.