Suchergebnisse

Analyzes the various dimensions of tourism in Turkey as an arena for interface between meanings of Turkish & European identities. The implications of Turkey's tourism for accession to the European Union are considered from a historical & anthropological perspective, and dimensions of tourism from a sociological vantage point are discussed. The image of Turkish tourism as depicted by Turkish media & managers reveals Turkish perceptions of Europe's attitude to Turkey as a competitor. These depictions also illustrate the problems between the country's images as a desirable holiday destination as well as the negative political images (human rights violations, status of women, etc.). Conclusions are drawn regarding the cultural message that is conveyed to the European public regarding modern day Turkey. L. Collins Leigh

How can we build a new generation of radical scholars to survive the new world order? How, practically, can such scholars participate in, sustain and recreate the Black radical tradition for the future? The November 2004 Symposium on Cedric Robinson's Radical Thought was one such initiative, which, both in its intent and its format, subverted the standard mode of the academic conference. Drawing on her experience as one of its organisers, the author reflects more deeply on the nature of academic life and its tendency to isolationism, the specific challenges it poses to radical women academics of colour and the need to develop ongoing, collaborative writing and scholarship.

One of the aims of this article is to look at the contribution that has been made by the sociology of embodiment to the study of older people. Researchers within this field have pointed to the ways in which negative perceptions of ageing bodies reflect attitudes toward older people and are factors leading to their marginalization within many contemporary Western societies. We hope to develop this idea further by investigating attitudes of gay men toward ageing bodies and, from this, to suggest reasons why older gay men appear to be marginal to gay culture. In so doing, we shall be drawing comparisons between older women and older gay men with particular reference to the work of Tseelon.

Organisational stress originates in organisational demands that are experienced by the individual. Stress is built up in the concept of role which is conceived as the position a person occupies in a system. This paper investigates the intensity of organisational role stress among women informational technology professionals in the Indian private sector. Organisational role stress scale is used on a sample of 264 to explore the level of role stress. Resource inadequacy has emerged as the most potent role stressor, followed by role overload and personal inadequacy. The research finds differences in the level of stress between married and unmarried employees on several role stressors. However, level of education does not emerge as a significant differentiator of stressors.

Abstract: Recent legislation has taken a tough line with the clients of prostitutes. This is interesting given that such approaches have been resisted in the past by, amongst others, civil liberties groups and Members of Parliament. In this article we take a look at the legal and social history of prostitutes' clients. We examine the shifting socio‐legal definitions of men who purchase sex from women, in order to make apparent the influences that underpin the recent legislation. Our discussion concludes with comment on the state of contemporary debate following the Home Office Review, Setting the Boundaries, as we look to the Sexual Offences Bill 2003, and with it the possibility of the creation of a new Trojan horse.

Objective. Some studies of negative campaign advertising's impact argue that a backlash or "boomerang effect" exists. However, the appropriate conceptualization of a boomerang effect might not be an immediate backlash against the sponsor but a delayed response that comes after repeated exposure to negative campaign advertisements.Method. We conducted an experiment using a variation of the pretest‐posttest control group design in which treatment groups were exposed to varying numbers of negative campaign advertisements.Results. There is a parabolic effect of repeated exposure to negative advertisements that is gender specific. Among women, the sponsor initially benefits from an enhanced image but suffers a decline in image when the voters become overexposed to negative advertisements.Conclusion. A reconceptualization of the "boomerang effect" of negative campaign advertising is in order.

This study focuses on the issue of substitution or segregation in the demand for female labour. Based on an extensive overview of detailed studies, the authors examine fluctuations in the gender composition of the workforce in four major sectors of Dutch manufacturing industry over the past century. Women's share in employment has been stable in the clothing industry, fluctuated in textiles, increased in food production and decreased in Philips Electronics. Changes in the proportion of women in these industries are primarily explained by segregation, that is by fluctuations in employment in the male and female domains. Only a few examples of substitution can be traced. These are primarily driven by labour shortages, and the numbers of workers involved are small. Overwhelmingly, employers prefer to act within gender boundaries.

According to the Department of Justice (DOJ), the incidence of domestic violence decreased during the 1990s. Understanding the causes of this decline could offer important insight into designing effective policies to continue this trend. This article uses the Area‐Identified National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the same data used to generate the DOJ's national estimates, merged with county‐level variables, to examine the determinants of women reporting abuse. The results indicate that there are three important factors that likely contribute to the decline: (1) the increased provision of legal services for victims of intimate partner abuse, (2) improvements in women's economic status, and (3) demographic trends, most notably the aging of the population.

Since the 1970s, fitness has developed as a cultural field — a network of producers, consumers, products and practices that focuses on the exercising body. This article considers the textual aspect of the US fitness field, drawing from a content analysis of several US exercise manuals from the late 1970s to late 1990s. The content of exercise manuals sheds light on the broader tastes and attitudes of fitness consumers, who are chiefly middle and new middle class men and women. In particular, the article addresses three recurrent themes or 'lessons' regarding the fitness consumer and his or her attitude towards the body: as an object of consumption, as a source of calculable rewards and as a motivational problem.

Summary: A new set of data concerning the pattern of suicide in India between 1991-1997 are presented. Suicide rates rose over this period despite a small decline in the Indian suicide rate in 1995 and 1996. It was found that between 1995 and 1997 there was a modest fall in the suicide rates among under 29-year-olds of both sexes, and an increase among those 30 years and older. The pattern of suicides in India is bimodal: the incidence of suicides is highest for those in the 30-44-year-old category of both sexes and tends to decline in higher age categories. Suicide rates were nearly equal for young women and men, a contrast with the pattern of suicide sex ratios in eight developed countries.

The German cinema landscape of the 1990s was characterized by two major trends: one featured international mainstream successes with post-feminist representations of strong female heroines, and the other consisted of a new independent minority cinema, identified by the German feuilleton primarily as male. For minority cinema directed by women, these trends create expectations and pressures, which are often expressed through the identity politics of funding decisions. Two films from the period, Seyhan Derin's I Am My Mother's Daughter (1996) and Fatima El-Tayeb and Angelina Maccarone's film Everything Will Be Fine (1997), subvert the implicit and explicit expectations of their funding by reworking traditional genres and employing narratives of movement that reconfigure notions of identity.

This article reviews what has been learned to date about the role of gender‐based power in sexual relationships in determining sexual and reproductive health outcomes. A framework for assessing the relationship between power relations and reproductive health is outlined and measurement issues are critically discussed. A summary is included of the main types of intervention approaches that have been implemented, as are a discussion of the programmatic, methodological, and ethical implications of the findings and recommendations for further experimentation and research. Although many challenges remain, results to date suggest that when the role of gender‐based power is made an integral feature of sexual and reproductive health programs, there is a considerable payoff for both women and men.

Jesuit‐run Marian Congregations proliferated in 1930s Spain. Drawing on literature produced for their members, this article demonstrates how gendered understandings were fundamental to the congregations' symbolic delineation of an uncontaminated Catholic space. Visions of an incorrupt male elite abound, reinforcing the Jesuits' educational mission among future leaders and opinion‐formers. In contrast, the purity of women and children was seen as a sign of society's moral health. Modesty was the quintessential female virtue. Yet, the cult of the Virgin Mary suggested that the virginal female body was both tool and symbol in the struggle against a fallen world. Girls were, therefore, charged with the task of moral guardianship. Such campaigns were emblematic of Spanish Catholicism's tendency to proffer religious solutions to social problems.