Suchergebnisse

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation of private law term in treaty — Interpretation by reference to normal legal meaning of term under municipal law — The law of Belgium

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Optional Protocol — Communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee — Allegation of undue delay of appeal — Complaint to Supreme Court of Canada — Whether effective for purpose of avoiding undue delayInternational organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Functions of — Procedure — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional ProtocolThe individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to fair hearing — Right of detained persons to be treated with humanity and dignity — Right of accused to be segregated from convicted persons — Right of protection against arbitrary or unlawful interference with correspondence — Right to trial without undue delay in determination of criminal charge — Whether to be applied in conjunction with right to review of conviction by higher tribunal — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Functions of — Responsibility for delay of appeal — Meaning of requirement of segregation

3States as international persons — State succession — In matters of extradition — Treaty of extradition with British colony — Unilateral declaration of independence of colony — Whether treaty continues — Rhodesia — The law of South Africa

29The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Persecution for trade union activities — Detention without trial — Abduction — Arbitrary arrest and detention — Detention incommunicado — Allegations of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment — Forced confessions — Delay of trial — Proper legal representation — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Findings of facts in absence of evidence from State party — Whether derogations from Covenant justifiable — Allegations of violations on territory of another State — Whether considerations by Committee barred — Whether violations within scope of application of Covenant

The individual in international law — In general — Before international tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 Optional Protocol — Whether provisions of Protocol applicable only to States — Procedural standing of individual complainantInternational organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Individual petition — Jurisdiction — Procedure — Communication under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol183The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without trial — Solitary confinement — Right to fair trial — Trial by military court — Trial not held in public — Right to trial without undue delay — Accused not properly represented or informed of charges — Allegations of torture — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition directly to Committee — Whether Covenant and Protocol applicable only to States — Evidence — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Power of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Whether Commonwealth sovereignty and sovereign rights implemented by legislation — Fisheries control legislation with regard to territorial sea — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonwealth) 1973 — The law of AustraliaStates as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Unions of States — Federal States and confederations — Australia — Federal State — Sovereignty over territorial sea — Whether vested in federation — Whether States of federation possess extra — territorial legislative power — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonwealth) 1973 — The law of AustraliaState territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in the maritime belt — Whether exercisable by member State of federation — Rights of Western Australia — The law of AustraliaJurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Fisheries — Fisheries control legislation with regard to territorial sea — Powers of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Fisheries Act (Western Australia) 1905-1975 — Seas and Submerged Lands Act (Commonweath) 1973 — The law of Australia109Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Territorial waters of Commonwealth of Australia — Commonwealth sovereignty and sovereign rights over territorial sea — Whether implemented by legislation — Power of Australian States to legislate for Commonwealth territorial waters — Powers of States to legislate extra-territorially — Whether a territorial nexus exists between land territory and offshore waters — Fisheries Act 1905–1975 (Western Australia) — Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973 (Commonwealth) — Whether inconsistent — The law of Australia

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Rights of minorities — Obligation of State not to discriminate on grounds of sex — Right to found a family — Right to protection of family life — Loss of Indian status as a result of marriage with non-Indian — Loss of right to reside on Indian reserve — Whether breach of minority rights under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 27 — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Whether able to examine allegations relating to events before entry into force of Covenant and Protocol — Whether complainant belongs to a minority — Reasonable and objective justification for interference with right to reside in reserve — Whether Article 27 to be interpreted in light of other relevant provisions of Covenant — Whether necessary to examine alleged breaches of other rights

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Enforcement of foreign penal law — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between United States and Iran — Effect of Iranian homicide conviction on welfare claim in United States — Review of executive decision to deny insurance benefits — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Foreign public ship and State-owned corporation — Arrest of foreign vessel within territorial waters — Prosecution of master for violation of fishing rights — Whether master entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether fact that master an employee of Soviet State undertaking a determinant factor — The law of Iceland

654Sovereign immunity — Foreign State — Acts of alien armed forces — Extent of immunity — Preliminary injunction restraining acts of commander of alien military base — Writ of certiorari — Whether acts of commander imputed to government he represents — Military Bases Agreement — Effect of treaty provisions — The law of the Philippines

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Absence of evidence of effective remedies — U.N. Human Rights CommitteeTreaties — Conclusion and operation — Entry into force — Inter — national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Alleged violation beginning before entry into force of Covenant — Continuing violation — Whether complaint admissible — U.N. Human Rights CommitteeThe individual in International law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without access to lawyer or family — Habeas corpus not available — Harsh conditions of detention — Allegations of torture — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Date of entry into force — Date of alleged violations — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Right of individual petition — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Evidence — Burden of proof

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of thought and conscience — Right of parents to have their children educated in accordance with their religions convictions — Atheists — Compulsory school instruction in history of religion and ethics — Whether violating right of atheist parents to have children educated in accordance with their convictions — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Right of individual petition — Concept of victim — Representative action on behalf of members of association — Procedure — Need for evidence of authority of representative

24Sovereign immunity — State-owned ships — Merchant vessel — Immunity from attachment — Arrest of vessel in Panama Canal — Attempt to obtain jurisdiction in respect of proceedings concerning sister ships — Role of the Department of State — Whether suggestion of immunity reviewable — Whether Department of State required to give reasons for decisions — Conduct of foreign relations — The law of the United States.