Suchergebnisse

Esta tesis por compendio de publicaciones aplica el interés superior del niño (ISN) y su determinacion (DIS) como herramientas de análisis para desvelar cuáles son los obstáculos para su implementación efectiva en los casos de España e Italia. El hecho de no aplicar el ISN en las etapas iniciales del proceso de protección tiene implicaciones para la transición a la edad adulta y la integración en España e Italia de los Menores Extranjeros No Acompañados (MENA) en el marco normativo de la Unión Europea. La principal pregunta de investigación de los trabajos y publicaciones compendiados en esta tesis concierne a la valoración de cómo se aplica el ISN considerando las medidas establecidas en la legislación de España, así como por el régimen migratorio de la UE y las normas internacionales sobre los derechos del niño. La pregunta de investigacion subsume otra relativa a cómo serían las soluciones duraderas si se aplicara el interés superior del niño en todas las etapas del sistema de protección vigente. Los trabajos atienden a cuatro subáreas: la Frontera, en su comparación con Italia, la Acogida, la Tutela y la Transición a la Edad Adulta. La metodología empleada en las investigaciones realizadas se ha concentrado principalmente en el análisis de las fuentes primarias con los datos obtenidos en entrevistas a informantes clave y del trabajo de campo presencial y de la bibliografía más relevante del entramado formal regulador. Los diversos casos investigados y expuestos en las publicaciones compendiadas en la tesis, a través del análisis multidisciplinario, aportan como valor añadido común de la investigación: (a) la determinación de la falta de aplicación del interés superior del niño, la cual se realiza asimétricamente en las diferentes etapas del sistema mismo; (b) las contradicciones de las políticas públicas del sistema general de acogida y protección del MENA; (c) la no consideración del menor como titular de la "agency", es decir como sujeto activo del proceso de migración y (d) el mecanismo legislativo para la obtención de documentos, ya que es lento y complejo y esto se refleja en el difícil acceso al sistema educativo y en en proceso de transición a la edad adulta. Se identifican, además, aquellas actuaciones que han podido generar efectos perversos no deseados. Por ejemplo, reagrupación familiar en el país de origen, incluso si responde al ISN, sin una verificación adecuada, puede puede ir en detrimento del bienestar del propio menor. Tales análisis valorativos aportan elementos de reflexión funcional e institucional tanto para los poderes públicos que adoptan las decisiones como para los actores implicados en el desarrollo de las políticas que afectan a los MENAs. Despues de la presentación de la investigacion y la discusión de cuestiones metodológicas respecto a las cuatro subáreas analíticas (Frontera, Acogida, Tutela y Transición a la Edad Adulta), la Parte IV analiza por qué los menores no acompañados son víctimas de devoluciones colectivas en el marco comparado entre España e Italia. La Parte V incide en por qué debe aplicarse el ISN a menores no acompañados desde la primera fase del sistema de acogida. La Parte VI proporciona conclusiones sobre los aspectos cruciales en el régimen de tutela actual. Parte VII identifica aspectos fundamentales en el proceso de transición de los MENAs a la edad adulta, como la educación y la formación. Después de analizar los resultados alcanzados. La tesis concluye con la identificación de futuros líneas de investigación en esta materia. El fructífero trabajo investigativo de los últimos 5 años pretende contribuir a subrayar el concepto del "interés superior del niño", de modo que se adapte a la realidad cambiante del colectivo de menores migrantes no acompañados. ; This doctoral thesis by compendium of publications deals with the principle of the best interest of the child (BIC) and its determination (BID) as the guiding analytical tools to grasp what are the main impediments for its effective implementation in the cases of Spain and Italy. The fact that the best interest of the child is not properly applied already in the initial stages of the process of protection has implications for the transition to adult age and the social integration of the unaccompanied minor migrants (UMMs), considering the standards set by the normative framework of the European Union (EU). The main research question of this dissertation concerns the assessment of how the best interest of the child is protected taking in into account the regulations and policies established in both Spanish and Italian legislations, as well as the migration regime of the EU and the international normative on children rights. This research question subsumes what would the durable solutions be if the best interest of the child were to be fully taken into consideration at all stages of the current protection system. The included publications engage in four analytical sub-areas which are linked with the main research questions: Frontier, Reception, Guardianship, and Transition to Adulthood. Methodological resources used in the investigations carried out for the preparation of the publications have concentrated mainly in the analysis of primary sources and the bibliography concerned with the most relevant formal regulatory provisions, as well as with data gathered in interviews to key informants and related field work. The various research cases examined in this compendium of publications contribute as added value of the dissertation to: (a) the finding of an observable discrepancy in the multilevel institutional intervention; (b) the critical and normative analysis of the implemented public policies in the context of protection of the UMMs; (c) the non-consideration of the agency entitlement of the minor as active subject in the migration process, and (d) the legislative procedures for obtaining documents, as the process of achieving legal status is slow and complex and is reflected in the difficult access to education and the transition to adulthood. Also, those actions which have induced perverse and unwanted effects are also identified. Such assessments are regarded to contribute with elements of functional and institutional reflection for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the development of programs affecting UMMs. Following the presentation of the research and the discussion of methodological issues concerning the four analytical subareas (Frontier, Reception, Guardianship, and Transition to Adulthood), Part IV discusses UMMs collective expulsions. Part V analyses why the best interest of the child ought to be fully operational since the first phase in the reception system. Part VI carries out research of crucial aspects of the system of protection. Part VII identifies crucial aspects in the process of transition from UMM to adulthood, such as education and training. After analysing the research results unfolded with the workings of this thesis, some recommendations are also put forward such as the function of the legal representative in the reception phase, the role of the guardian and the training path towards independence. The thesis concludes with the identification of future lines of research in this matter. The fruitful work of 5 years of doctoral research has aimed at underlying the relevance of the concept of "the best interest of the child". This is regarded to fully encompass the changing reality of the UMMs. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) program in field epidemiology adapted from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) program and designed to assist the Ministry of Health in building or strengthening health systems and improve leadership within Public Health Emergency Management. The EFELTP provides residents a Master of Public Health in Field Epidemiology after complete two years of supervised work in applied or field epidemiology. The program has two main components: Classroom-teaching component (25%) and practical attachment or field placement component (75%). The role of public health practitioners includes ensuring effective health promotion, disease prevention and control activities by conducting surveillance on emerging public health threats and providing continues information to policy makers and public health officials. From October, 2017 to up today, I have stayed in Field Epidemiology Training Program, School of Public Health-AAU and at both EPHI and Oromia Regional Health Bureau field base. I learned a lot of public health activities during my stay. This document is compiled body of works accomplished during the two years stay at field base of the field epidemiology training program in Addis Ababa University- School of Public Health. Chapter I: We conducted two epidemiological investigation of outbreak (Malaria and Measles). We used both descriptive and Analytical epidemiology for both outbreaks to describe the pattern and magnitude of the diseases and identify associated risk factors with the outbreak. A total of 348 confirmed malaria cases with no death was identified during February to March 2018 in Darimu Woreda of Iluababora zone, Oromia region. We identify Presence of mosquito's vector/breeding sites, unprotected dam for irrigation, and similar sick patient in the house hold as independent risk factors for malaria outbreak in the woreda. Poor in detection, notification of the outbreak and implementation of larva control measures are a toll for this outbreak. we recommend strengthen malaria surveillance system, identifying potential vector breeding site, Proactive vector control, redistribution of the ITN prior to malaria season and address utilization gaps on bed net through health education. Measles outbreak in Liben woreda of Guji zone, Oromia region. we investigate from December 12 to 20, 2018. A total of 15 measles cases were identified and 3/5 tested were confirmed by measles specific IgM antibody test. Traveling history to adjacent Woreda, presence of measles cases in the house and being unvaccinated are found to be independent risk factor for this outbreak. Religious exemption is identified as major factor for being not vaccinated, which is opposed the >100% vaccine coverage report of the woreda. Target measles vaccination with vitamin A supplementation amongst under five, Suspension of public collection from suspected measles cases rumour reported, health education on religious area, strengthen cold chain management and furthers study on vaccine acceptance and associated factor with sufficient sample size were recomended. Chapter II: We conduct Five-year (2013-2017) malaria data analysis at south west shoa zone and describe by person, place and time. Malaria cases in the zone were decreased by 80.5 percent by 2017 compared to the baseline year of 2013. The zone was in line with achieve high level National malaria strategy plan. Burden of malaria cases was still high among three Woredas. Peak malaria case between September and December. We recommend ITN's distribution and IRS for respective high malaria endemic woreda and scale up of malaria prevention and control intervention prior to the respective period and harmonizing HMIS and PHEM system at all reporting level in order to generating reliable and quality data. Chapter III: We conducted Evaluation of surveillance system from February 01-18, 2019 in Bale zone. (N=43): Measles surveillance was selected and assessed. The system in place found to be simple, flexible and stable in operating well without interruption and helpful in case detection but not useful (fail) to meet objectives of surveillance for action and low in representativeness and acceptable. We recommend widen the surveillance chain among private health facilities, upgrading data management to electronic at all level. Chapter IV: We conducted description of Health profile in Gindeberet Woreda, West Shoa Zone, Oromia region February 10 to 30, 2018. we found Acute febrile illness, pneumonia and acute upper respiratory tract infection were leading causes of adult morbidity and very low TB and HIV case detection. We recommend, targeted HIV counseling and testing. Chapter V: We prepared scientific manuscript for peer reviewed journals on Malaria outbreak investigation in Darimu woreda, Iluababora Zone 2018. The manuscript was prepared according to Ethiopian journal of health development authors guideline. Chapter VI: We prepared two abstracts for submission to scientific conference: - 1. Measles Outbreak Investigation in pocket area of Liben Woreda, Guji Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia- December, 2018. 2. Malaria Outbreak Investigation Darimu Woreda of Iluababora Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, March 2018. Chapter VII: We conduct Narrative Summary of Disaster situation report (Meher Assessment) at three Zone of Agro pastoral zone of Oromia Region (Guji, West Guji and Borana) from November 22 to December 12, 2019. There were increased malnutrition case, because of double burden effect of high influx of IDPs and drought in all accessed zones. With this junction, there is emergency nutrition intervention/supply stock out in West Guji and Borana Zone. We recommended the RHB and FMOH should fill the gaps/shortage of nutrition supplies, emergency drug and ensure capacity for timely response. Chapter VIII: Epidemiological research project was prepared on ITNS Utilization and associated factors among settler's population in Darimu woreda of Iluababora Zone, Oromia Region 2019. Community based cross sectional study will be conducted from April to May/2019. Multi-stage sampling technique will be used to get study subjects. Sample size will be determined by using Epi info by using 80% ITNs utilization from pervious study. Total 541 house hold will be assessed in this study and 37,966.96 ETB estimated budget requiring. Chapter IX: Training was given for 59 Health professionals working at Woreda and Health facilities of two zones from December 22-25, 2018. The training was organized by Oromia regional health bureau with collaboration of WHO at Ambo Town. The training was addressed overview of PHEM System, Public Health Emergency Preparedness, Epidemiology of 20 Notifiable Diseases, Early Warning Prevention, Health Emergency Response and Recovery. The training was supported by practical demonstration and group work presentation. Lack of printed training manual is a challenge, so we recommend training preparation should de include all necessary format and manual for trainers. Also I participate in different trainings and conferences in different places, namely: - I have attended AFENET Scientific conference at Addis Ababa June 2018. I have attended the training of Disaster Medical Assistance Team as central DMAT member at Bishoftu town from January 21-27,2019. I participate on Regional semi-annual PHEM review at Adama from February 1114/2019 and Public Health emergency preparedness and response on public mass-gathering at Kulib-Gebril Celebration December 2018. Other additional output: I conduct Six Regional public health emergency Weekly bulletin. I including only one of weekly bulletin in this document. Weekly bulletin results were disseminated for all Zones, Administrative Towns, Regional PHEM staff and different stakeholders including governmental and non-governmental organization on weekly bases.

Several susceptibility loci for classical Hodgkin lymphoma have been reported. However, much of the heritable risk is unknown. Here, we perform a meta-analysis of two existing genome-wide association studies, a new genome-wide association study, and replication totalling 5,314 cases and 16,749 controls. We identify risk loci for all classical Hodgkin lymphoma at 6q22.33 (rs9482849, P = 1.52 × 10-8) and for nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma at 3q28 (rs4459895, P = 9.43 × 10-17), 6q23.3 (rs6928977, P = 4.62 × 10-11), 10p14 (rs3781093, P = 9.49 × 10-13), 13q34 (rs112998813, P = 4.58 × 10-8) and 16p13.13 (rs34972832, P = 2.12 × 10-8). Additionally, independent loci within the HLA region are observed for nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (rs9269081, HLA-DPB1*03:01, Val86 in HLA-DRB1) and mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma (rs1633096, rs13196329, Val86 in HLA-DRB1). The new and established risk loci localise to areas of active chromatin and show an over-representation of transcription factor binding for determinants of B-cell development and immune response. ; In the United Kingdom, Bloodwise (LLR; 10021) provided principal funding for the study. Support from Cancer Research UK (C1298/A8362 supported by the Bobby Moore Fund) and the Lymphoma Research Trust is also acknowledged. A.S. is supported by a clinical fellowship from Cancer Research UK. For the UK-GWAS, sample and data acquisition were supported by Breast Cancer Now, the European Union and the Lymphoma Research Trust. The UK-GWAS made use of control genotyping data generated by the WTCCC. We acknowledge use of genotype data from the British 1958 Birth Cohort DNA collection, which was funded by the Medical Research Council Grant G0000934 and the Wellcome Trust Grant 068545/Z/02. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from http://www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for this project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under awards 076113 and 085475. Patients for the new GWAS were ascertained through the National Study of Hodgkin Lymphoma Genetics (http://www.public.ukcrn.org.uk) and we thank the HighThroughput Genomics Group at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (funded by Wellcome Trust grant reference 090532/Z/09/Z) for the generation of Genotyping data. The BCAC study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manjeet K. Bolla, Qin Wang, Kyriaki Michailidou and Joe Dennis. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK (C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563). For the BBCS study, we thank Eileen Williams, Elaine Ryder-Mills, Kara Sargus. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DGSANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/ A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams, which were funded by a programme grant from Cancer Research UK (C490/A10124) and supported by the UK NIHR BRC at the University of Cambridge. We thank Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) for support and funding of the UKBGS, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health-care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. We acknowledge NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR BRC. UKGPCS would like to thank The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign for funding support. The UKGPCS acknowledges The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Action, The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI), the NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research data managers and consultants for their work in the UKGPCS study and urologists and other persons involved in the planning, and data collection of the CAPS study. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) (U19 CA 148537 for ELucidating Loci Involved in Prostate cancer SuscEptibility (ELLIPSE) project and X01HG007492 to the Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR) under contract number HHSN268201200008I). Additional analytic support was provided by NIH NCI U01 CA188392 (PI: Schumacher). The PRACTICAL consortium was supported by Cancer Research UK Grants C5047/ A7357, C1287/A10118, C1287/A16563, C5047/A3354, C5047/A10692, C16913/A6135, European Commission's Seventh Framework Programme grant agreement no. 223175 (HEALTH-F2-2009-223175), and The National Institute of Health (NIH) Cancer PostCancer GWAS initiative grant: No. 1 U19 CA 148537-01 (the GAME-ON initiative). We would also like to thank the following for funding support: The Institute of Cancer Research and The Everyman Campaign, The Prostate Cancer Research Foundation, Prostate Research Campaign UK (now Prostate Action), The Orchid Cancer Appeal, The National Cancer Research Network UK, The National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) UK. We are grateful for support of NIHR funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. The APBC BioResource, which form part of the PRACTICAL consortium, consists of the following members: Wayne Tilley, Gail Risbridger, Renea Taylor, Judith A Clements, Lisa Horvath, Vanessa Hayes, Lisa Butler, Trina Yeadon, Allison Eckert, Pamela Saunders, Anne-Maree Haynes, Melissa Papargiris. At the MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, funding was provided by Leukaemia Lymphoma Research (12022). The Scotland and Newcastle Epidemiological Study of Hodgkin Disease (SNEHD) was funded by the Kay Kendall Leukaemia Fund and the Young Adult Hodgkin Case–Control Study (YHCCS) and the Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group Lymphoma Case–Control Study (ELCCS) were funded by Bloodwise. German funding was provided by the German Cancer Aid, the Harald Huppert Foundations, The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (eMed, Cliommics 01ZX1309B), the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, the Heinz Nixdorf Foundation (Germany), the Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes NordrheinWestfalen and the Faculty of Medicine University Duisburg–Essen. For their help with UK sample collection we thank Hayley Evans, James Griffin, Joanne Micic, Susan Blackmore, Beverley Smith, Deborah Hogben, Alison Butlin, Jill Wood, Margot Pelerin, Alison Hart, Katarzyna Tomczyk and Sarah Chilcott-Burns

Published online ; Journal Article ; This is the final version of the article. Available from Nature Publishing Group via the DOI in this record. ; Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still not well understood. Structural brain differences have been associated with BD, but results from neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. To address this, we performed the largest study to date of cortical gray matter thickness and surface area measures from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of 6503 individuals including 1837 unrelated adults with BD and 2582 unrelated healthy controls for group differences while also examining the effects of commonly prescribed medications, age of illness onset, history of psychosis, mood state, age and sex differences on cortical regions. In BD, cortical gray matter was thinner in frontal, temporal and parietal regions of both brain hemispheres. BD had the strongest effects on left pars opercularis (Cohen's d=-0.293; P=1.71 × 10(-21)), left fusiform gyrus (d=-0.288; P=8.25 × 10(-21)) and left rostral middle frontal cortex (d=-0.276; P=2.99 × 10(-19)). Longer duration of illness (after accounting for age at the time of scanning) was associated with reduced cortical thickness in frontal, medial parietal and occipital regions. We found that several commonly prescribed medications, including lithium, antiepileptic and antipsychotic treatment showed significant associations with cortical thickness and surface area, even after accounting for patients who received multiple medications. We found evidence of reduced cortical surface area associated with a history of psychosis but no associations with mood state at the time of scanning. Our analysis revealed previously undetected associations and provides an extensive analysis of potential confounding variables in neuroimaging studies of BD.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 2 May 2017; doi:10.1038/mp.2017.73. ; The ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder working group gratefully acknowledges support from the NIH Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) award (U54 EB020403 to PMT). We thank the members of the International Group for the Study of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLi) and Costa Rica/Colombia Consortium for Genetic Investigation of Bipolar Endophenotypes. We also thank research funding sources: The Halifax studies have been supported by grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research (103703, 106469, 64410 and 142255), the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation, Dalhousie Clinical Research Scholarship to TH. TOP is supported by the Research Council of Norway (223273, 213837, 249711), the South East Norway Health Authority (2017-112), the Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Stiftelsen (SKGJ‐MED‐008) and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013), grant agreement no. 602450 (IMAGEMEND). Cardiff is supported by the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH), Bipolar Disorder Research Network (BDRN) and the 2010 NARSAD Young Investigator Award (ref. 17319) to XC. The Paris sample is supported by the French National Agency for Research (ANR MNP 2008 to the 'VIP' project) and by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (2014 Bio-informarcis grant). The St. Göran bipolar project (SBP) is supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council, the Swedish foundation for Strategic Research, the Swedish Brain foundation and the Swedish Federal Government under the LUA/ALF agreement. The Malt-Oslo sample is supported by the South East Norway Health Authority and by generous unrestricted grants from Mrs. Throne-Holst. The UT Houston sample is supported by NIH grant, MH085667. The UCLA-BP study is supported by NIH grants R01MH075007, R01MH095454, P30NS062691 (to NBF), K23MH074644-01 (to CEB) and K08MH086786 (to SF). Data collection for the UMCU sample is funded by the NIMH R01 MH090553 (PI Ophoff). The Oxford/Newcastle sample was funded by the Brain Behavior Research Foundation and Stanley Medical Research Institute. The University of Barcelona sample is supported by the CIBERSAM, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (PI 12/00910), and the Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca del DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 398). The KCL group is supported by a MRC Fellowship MR/J008915/1 (PI Kempton). The NUIG sample was supported by the Health Research Board (HRA_POR/2011/100). The Sydney sample was funded by the Australian National Medical and Health Research Council (Program Grant 1037196; project grant 1066177) and the Lansdowne Foundation and supported by philanthropic donations from Janette O'Neil and Paul and Jenny Reid. SF was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health under grant R01MH104284. DD is partially supported by a NARSAD 2014 Young Investigator Award (Leichtung Family Investigator) and a Psychiatric Research Trust grant (2014). The Münster Sample was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant FOR2107, DA1151/5-1 to UD. The Penn sample was funded by NIH grants K23MH098130 (to TDS), K23MH085096 (to DHW), R01MH107703 (to TDS) and R01MH101111 (to DHW), as well as support from the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. The Tulsa studies were supported by the William K. Warren Foundation. Partial support was also received from the NIMH (K01MH096077). The Pittsburgh sample was funded by 5R01MH076971 (PI Phillips) and the Pittsburgh Foundation (Phillips). The Sao Paulo (Brazil) studies have been supported by grants from FAPESP-Brazil (#2009/14891-9, 2010/18672-7, 2012/23796-2 and 2013/03905-4), CNPq-Brazil (#478466/2009 and 480370/2009), the Wellcome Trust (UK) and the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (2010 NARSAD Independent Investigator Award granted to GFB). MB and AP received support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) within the framework of the BipolLife research network on bipolar disorders. Data from the AMC was supported by the Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), program Mental Health, education of investigators in mental health (OOG; #100-002-034). MMR used the e-Bioinfra Gateway to analyze data from the AMC (see Shahand et al. (2012): A grid-enabled gateway for biomedical data analysis. Journal of Grid Computing 1–18). The CliNG study sample was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via the Clinical Research Group 241 'Genotype-phenotype relationships and neurobiology of the longitudinal course of psychosis', TP2 (PI Gruber; http://www.kfo241.de; grant number GR 1950/5-1). The FIDMAG Germànes Hospitalàries Research Foundation sample is supported by the Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca del DIUE de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2014-SGR-1573) and several grants funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund) "Investing in your future"): Miguel Servet Research Contract (CPII16/00018 to E. P.-C.), Sara Borrell Contract grant (CD16/00264 to M.F.-V.) and Research Projects (PI14/01148 to E.P.-C. and PI15/00277 to E.C.-R.).

Despite progress in economic and social development in the 2000s, there was an increasing dissatisfaction with life among the population of many developing Arab countries. At the end of the decade, these countries ranked among the least happy economies in the world—a situation that fits the so-called "unhappy development" paradox. The paradox is defined as declining levels of happiness at a time of moderate-to-rapid economic development. This paper empirically tests the strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with life evaluation in the Middle East and North Africa region in the years immediately preceding the Arab Spring uprisings (2009–10). The findings suggest a significant, negative association between life satisfaction levels in the region during this period and each of the main perceived reasons for the 2011 uprisings—dissatisfaction with the standard of living, poor labor market conditions, and corruption.

This report presents to the Government of Georgia (GoG) an analysis of the implications of potential policy changes to internally displaced person (IDP) assistance. A pressing question for policy makers in Georgia is the sustainability of status-based IDP assistance and what efforts can be made to tailor this assistance to favor the poor and vulnerable. Elimination of the IDP benefit has been subject to debate among policymakers. The World Bank has worked with the government to support improvements to the socioeconomic situation of IDPs in Georgia since 2008. The IDP Community Development Project, implemented between 2009-2012 improved service delivery, infrastructure, and livelihoods in over 40 IDP communities. Evidence on the socio-economic needs of IDPs has been collected by both government and donors; yet no comprehensive research has been conducted to critically compare their situation to that of the overall population. The objective of this research is to generate more evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, and consequences that may be expected if this benefit is removed, in order to inform future policy decisions of the GoG in this regard. The report examines: (i) the policy and institutional framework and considerations that may support or obstruct a shift in IDP assistance; (ii) quantitative evidence on the socio-economic situation of IDPs as compared to non-IDPs in Georgia; and (iii) qualitative evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, attitudes towards the benefit program, and vulnerabilities that may arise from its potential elimination. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for mitigating negative poverty and social impacts, should the government pursue a decision to remove the IDP benefit program.

Over the past 20 years Ukraine experienced fundamental structural changes due to transition to a market economy and integration with the world. Transition reforms accompanied by the collapse of traditional trade and production links with the other republics of the former USSR and Comecon countries entailed asymmetric effects on regions, reflecting an uneven distribution of winners and losers from transition. Geographical mobility of labor is one of the major mechanisms (alongside with capital mobility, wage and price flexibility, and institutional mechanisms for redistributing income across regions) in facilitating regional adjustment to idiosyncratic shocks. The ability of workers to move freely from one geographical location to another inside the borders of their country, in pursuing the same occupation or changing occupations, is of particular importance for efficient matching of labor demand and supply and reducing structural unemployment. This paper seeks to fill gap in the literature on patterns of internal labor mobility in Ukraine, its main characteristics and potential for reducing persistent regional labor market disparities and imbalances in economic and human development. The next chapters of the paper are organized as follows: second chapter evaluates the magnitude of disparities in regional labor market and socio-economic indicators over time, with a special focus on its potential impact on decision of individuals to migrate to another settlement; third chapter provides an overview of the available data sources on internal labor mobility in Ukraine, quantifies internal migration based on aggregate administrative data, discusses its trends over time and compares it levels to those found in developed and transition economies. Fourth chapter provides multivariate statistical analysis of the determinants of inter-regional migration in 2002-2010 based on administrative region-level data. Fifth chapter summarizes the findings of empirical studies on determinants of the migration decision of Ukrainians. Sixth chapter examines short-term labor migration including everyday commuting in 2005-2010 and measures its covariates using individual-level Labor Force Survey (LFS) data. Seventh chapter summarizes the main findings and concludes.

Cette thèse est un recueil de trois essais en économie de la famille, des interactions sociales et la planification de la retraite. Elle utilise plusieurs stratégies cohérentes d'estimation pour comprendre et évaluer l'influence de l'environnement familial et social sur les rendements scolaires des élèves et la poursuite de leurs études. Elle examine aussi les mécanismes économiques qui expliquent la relation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la décision d'épargner pour la retraite chez les personnes âgées de 50 et plus aux États-Unis. Le premier chapitre étudie l'impact des interactions sociales sur les croyances des élèves du secondaire aux États-Unis concernant leur participation au collège. Plus spécifiquement, nous nous sommes demandons si, le fait qu'une élève du secondaire décide par exemple de poursuivre ses études collégiales une fois graduée, est le reflet ou non des croyances ou des motivations de ses ami(e)s. Pour ce faire, nous supposons que les élèves évoluent dans un environnement d'apprentissage social à la DeGroot (1974) dans lequel ils mettent à jour quotidiennement leurs croyances en prenant la moyenne pondérée des croyances de leurs amis et leurs caractéristiques observables. Nos résultats confirment la présence d'effets de pair significatifs dans l'apprentissage social des élèves de l'ordre de 12% en moyenne, mais avec une forte hétérogénéité individuelle non observable allant de 8% à 73%. Nos résultats montrent également qu'il existe une forte hétérogénéité entre les écoles. Étant donné que cette hétérogénéité ne peut être approximée par des caractéristiques observables des élèves, nous suggérons que les politiques éducatives ciblées au niveau de l'école pourraient être plus efficaces. Le deuxième chapitre fait une analyse économétrique de l'importance relative de l'implication des grands-parents dans l'éducation de leurs petits-enfants et de son effet sur le rendement scolaire des élèves. Plusieurs faits stylisés motivent cet essai. (i) Les personnes âgées vivent de nos jours de plus en plus longtemps et en parfaite santé. (ii) Les deux parents sont de plus en plus présents sur le marché du travail ; ce qui peut inciter les grands-parents à les remplacer, en partie ou du moins, à la maison. (iii) Également, l'importance croissante des mères monoparentales présentes sur le marché du travail augmente la nécessité pour les grands-parents de jouer un rôle substantiel dans la vie de leurs petits-enfants. À partir des données américaines de panel de la "National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH)", ce chapitre présente d'abord la relation non-causale entre le temps d'investissement des parents et l'implication des grands-parents dans l'éducation de leurs petits-enfants. Comme l'augmentation de l'offre de travail des parents durant les années d'étude de leur enfant peut réduire leur temps d'investissement et donc avoir probablement un effet négatif sur le développement de l'enfant, nous avons ensuite examiné si l'implication des grands-parents est susceptible de réduire cet effet négatif. Plus précisément, nous avons estimé la relation non-causale entre l'implication des grands-parents et le rendement scolaire de leurs petits-enfants. Enfin, nous avons présenté un modèle structurel à trois générations (grands-parents ; parents et petits-enfants) afin d'estimer l'impact causal de l'implication des grands-parents sur les performances académiques des enfants. Nos résultats montrent, entre autres, que l'implication des grands-parents (du côté de la mère) expliquent 15% du rendement scolaire des enfants. Toutefois, une bonne implication des grands-parents dans la vie de leurs petits-enfants rime avec une bonne planification de la retraite et une bonne sécurité financière. Ceci nous amène donc à analyser dans le troisième chapitre de cette thèse, la relation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la planification de la retraite aux États-Unis. En effet, afin de pouvoir faire face au phénomène du vieillissement de la population et à cause des conséquences de la crise économique et financière que le monde a connus ces dernières années, plusieurs pays ont entamé la réforme de leurs systèmes de pension. Dans la plupart de ces nouveaux systèmes de pension, une bonne partie du risque et des responsabilités a été transférée du gouvernement, des employeurs et des fonds de pension vers les particuliers et les ménages (Prast and van Soest, 2016). Aux États-Unis par exemple, les régimes de pension à "prestation définie" qui garantissait un revenu donné après la retraite ont été largement remplacés par des régimes à "cotisation définie" où les primes sont fixes mais les revenus de pension dépendent des rendements des investissements et les particuliers doivent faire leurs propres choix d'investissement devant la multitude d'actifs financiers qui s'offrent à eux. Pour cette raison, plusieurs décideurs s'investissent à identifier les instruments de politique qui vont permettre à la population de prendre de bonnes décisions liées à leur pension et ainsi maximiser leur utilité espérée tout le long de leur cycle de vie. Du côté de la recherche, plusieurs études montrent dans plusieurs pays que le premier aspect le plus important est l'éducation financière chez les plus jeunes et la littératie financière chez les adultes (e.g., Lusardi and Mitchell, 2011 ; Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011). Ce chapitre analyse donc la corrélation non-causale entre la littératie financière et la décision d'épargner pour la retraite chez les personnes âgées de 50 ans et plus aux États-Unis. Nos résultats montrent que chez les femmes, le manque de connaissance sur les questions relatives à l'inflation, au taux d'intérêt et à la diversification du risque est une cause de non-planification pour la retraite. Par contre chez les hommes, seulement le manque de connaissance sur la diversification du risque semble influencer leur décision d'épargner pour la retraite. Trois mécanismes permettent d'expliquer cette différence entre les hommes et les femmes : les besoins d'épargne différents, l'excès de confiance chez les hommes et l'utilisation beaucoup plus importante des services d'un conseiller financier chez les femmes. ; This thesis is a collection of three essays in economics of the family, social interactions and retirement planning. It uses coherent estimation strategies to ascertain the influence of friendship and family background on children educational attainment and their academic achievement. It also investigates the mechanisms underlying the interplay between financial literacy and retirement planning. The first chapter studies the role of friendship in explaining teenagers' subjective beliefs regarding their college participation. More specifically, we wonder whether the fact that a high school student decides, for example, to continue her college studies after graduation, is due to her friends' beliefs or motivations. For that purpose, we assume that students embedded in a social network à la DeGroot (1974) in which they update their beliefs by repeatedly taking the weighted average of their neighbor's beliefs and their observable characteristics. Our results confirm the presence of significant peer effects in students' social learning of 12% an average, but with a strong unobservable individual heterogeneity ranging from 8% to 73%. Our results also show that there is a strong heterogeneity between schools. Since this heterogeneity cannot be approximated by observable characteristics, we suggest that targeted at school level could be more effective. The second chapter investigates grandparents' involvement in grandchildren education. Three stylized facts motivates this chapter. (i) Seniors are living now progressively longer and healthier lives. (ii) Both parents are increasingly present on the labor market; which may encourage grandparents to replace them, in part or at least, at home. (iii) The rise of working single mothers increases the potential for grandparents to play an important role in the life of their grandchildren. Using panel data from the US National Survey of Families and Households, we first present in this chapter, the non-causal correlation between parental time investment and grandparents' involvement. Second, since increasing parents' labour supply in a child school years can reduce their time investments and therefore cause a negative direct effect on child's outcomes, we investigate whether grandparents' involvement could reduce this negative effect. More precisely, we analyze the non-causal correlation between grandparents' involvement and grandchildren academic achievement. Finally, we present a three-generational (grandparentsparents-grandchildren) model in order to estimate the causal effect between grandparents' involvement and grandchildren academic achievement. Our results show that grandparents (from the mother-side) explains 15% of grandchildren academic achievement. However, good grandparents' involvement goes hand-in-hand with good retirement planning and financial safety. This leads us to analyze in the third chapter of this thesis the non-causal correlation between financial literacy and retirement planning in the US. Indeed, to meet the challenges of an ageing population, and due to the economic and financial crisis that countries have experienced during the past decades, many countries have started reforming their pension systems. In most of these new pension systems, a substantial part of the risk and responsibility has been shifted from governments, employers and pension funds to individuals and private households (Prast and van Soest, 2016). In the US for instance, employer-provided "defined benefit" plans guaranteeing a given income after retirement have largely been replaced by "defined contribution", where premiums are fixed but pension income depends on investment returns and individuals have to make their own investment choices. For this purpose, several decision-makers try to find policy instruments that could help people to take good decisions concerning their pension and then maximize their expected utility over their life cycle. On the research side, several papers show in many countries that the first important aspect is financial education among young people and financial literacy among adults (e.g., Lusardi and Mitchell, 2011; Bucher-Koenen and Lusardi, 2011). This chapter therefore analyzes the non-causal correlation between financial literacy and the decision to save for retirement among people aged 50 and over in the US. Our results show that among women, lack of knowledge on inflation, interest rate and risk diversification is a cause of non-retirement planning. However, among men, only lack of knowledge in risk diversification seems to influence their decision to save for retirement. Three mechanisms explain this gender difference: different saving needs, overconfidence among men and an increasing use of services from financial advisors by women.

For a sample of 53 developing countries, the results show that women's employment among private firms is significantly higher in countries that mandate paternity leave versus those that do not. A conservative estimate suggests an increase of 6.8 percentage points in the proportion of women workers associated with the mandating of paternity leave.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Objective: To explore genetic and lifestyle risk factors of MRI-defined brain infarcts (BI) in large population-based cohorts. Methods We performed meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and examined associations of vascular risk factors and their genetic risk scores (GRS) with MRI-defined BI and a subset of BI, namely, small subcortical BI (SSBI), in 18 population-based cohorts (n=20,949) from 5 ethnicities (3,726 with BI, 2,021 with SSBI). Top loci were followed up in 7 population-based cohorts (n = 6,862; 1,483 with BI, 630 with SBBI), and we tested associations with related phenotypes including ischemic stroke and pathologically defined BI. Results: The mean prevalence was 17.7% for BI and 10.5% for SSBI, steeply rising after age 65. Two loci showed genome-wide significant association with BI: FBN2, p = 1.77 × 10-8; and LINC00539/ZDHHC20, p = 5.82 × 10-9. Both have been associated with blood pressure (BP)-related phenotypes, but did not replicate in the smaller follow-up sample or show associations with related phenotypes. Age- and sex-adjusted associations with BI and SSBI were observed for BP traits (p value for BI, p[BI] = 9.38 × 10-25; p [SSBI] = 5.23 × 10-14 for hypertension), smoking (p[BI]= 4.4 × 10-10; p [SSBI] = 1.2 × 10 -4), diabetes (p[BI] = 1.7 × 10 -8; p [SSBI] = 2.8 × 10 -3), previous cardiovascular disease (p [BI] = 1.0 × 10-18; p [SSBI] = 2.3 × 10-7), stroke (p [BI] = 3.9 × 10-69; p [SSBI] = 3.2 × 10 -24), and MRI-defined white matter hyperintensity burden (p [BI]=1.43 × 10-157; p [SSBI] = 3.16 × 10-106), but not with body mass index or cholesterol. GRS of BP traits were associated with BI and SSBI (p ≤ 0.0022), without indication of directional pleiotropy. Conclusion: In this multiethnic GWAS meta-analysis, including over 20,000 population-based participants, we identified genetic risk loci for BI requiring validation once additional large datasets become available. High BP, including genetically determined, was the most significant modifiable, causal risk factor for BI. ; CHAP: R01-AG-11101, R01-AG-030146, NIRP-14-302587. SMART: This study was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research–Medical Sciences (project no. 904-65–095). LBC: The authors thank the LBC1936 participants and the members of the LBC1936 research team who collected and collated the phenotypic and genotypic data. The LBC1936 is supported by Age UK (Disconnected Mind Programme grant). The work was undertaken by The University of Edinburgh Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (MR/K026992/1). The brain imaging was performed in the Brain Research Imaging Centre (https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-sciences/edinburgh-imaging), a center in the SINAPSE Collaboration (sinapse.ac.uk) supported by the Scottish Funding Council and Chief Scientist Office. Funding from the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the UK Medical Research Council is acknowledged. Genotyping was supported by a grant from the BBSRC (ref. BB/F019394/1). PROSPER: The PROSPER study was supported by an investigator-initiated grant obtained from Bristol-Myers Squibb. Prof. Dr. J.W. Jukema is an Established Clinical Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 2001 D 032). Support for genotyping was provided by the seventh framework program of the European commission (grant 223004) and by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging grant 050-060-810). SCES and SiMES: National Medical Research Council Singapore Centre Grant NMRC/CG/013/2013. C.-Y.C. is supported by the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (CSA/033/2012), Singapore Translational Research Award (STaR) 2013. Dr. Kamran Ikram received additional funding from the Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CSA/038/2013). SHIP: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania, and the network "Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine (GANI_MED)" funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant 03IS2061A). Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania. Whole-body MRI was supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania. The University of Greifswald is a member of the Caché Campus program of the InterSystems GmbH. OATS (Older Australian Twins Study): OATS was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHRMC)/Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award (ID401162) and by a NHMRC grant (ID1045325). OATS was facilitated via access to the Australian Twin Registry, which is supported by the NHMRC Enabling Grant 310667. The OATS genotyping was partly supported by a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Flagship Collaboration Fund Grant. NOMAS: The Northern Manhattan Study is funded by the NIH grant "Stroke Incidence and Risk Factors in a Tri-Ethnic Region" (NINDS R01NS 29993). TASCOG: NHMRC and Heart Foundation. AGES: The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (N01-AG-12100), Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association), and the Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament), with contributions from the Intramural Research Programs at the NIA, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (Z01 HL004607-08 CE). ERF: The ERF study as a part of European Special Populations Research Network (EUROSPAN) was supported by European Commission FP6 STRP grant no. 018947 (LSHG-CT-2006-01947) and also received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/grant agreement HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 by the European Commission under the programme "Quality of Life and Management of the Living Resources" of 5th Framework Programme (no. QLG2-CT-2002-01254). High-throughput analysis of the ERF data was supported by a joint grant from Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (NWO-RFBR 047.017.043). Exome sequencing analysis in ERF was supported by the ZonMw grant (project 91111025). Najaf Amin is supported by the Netherlands Brain Foundation (project no. F2013[1]-28). ARIC: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study was performed as a collaborative study supported by NHLBI contracts (HHSN268201100005C, HSN268201100006C, HSN268201100007C, HHSN268201100008C, HHSN268201100009C, HHSN268201100010C, HHSN268201100011C, and HHSN268201100012C), R01HL70825, R01HL087641, R01HL59367, and R01HL086694; National Human Genome Research Institute contract U01HG004402; and NIH contract HHSN268200625226C. Infrastructure was partly supported by grant no. UL1RR025005, a component of the NIH and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research. This project was also supported by NIH R01 grant NS087541 to M.F. FHS: This work was supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study (contracts no. N01-HC-25195 and no. HHSN268201500001I), and its contract with Affymetrix, Inc. for genotyping services (contract no. N02-HL-6-4278). A portion of this research utilized the Linux Cluster for Genetic Analysis (LinGA-II) funded by the Robert Dawson Evans Endowment of the Department of Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center. This study was also supported by grants from the NIA (R01s AG033040, AG033193, AG054076, AG049607, AG008122, and U01-AG049505) and the NINDS (R01-NS017950, UH2 NS100605). Dr. DeCarli is supported by the Alzheimer's Disease Center (P30 AG 010129). ASPS: The research reported in this article was funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) grant nos. P20545-P05, P13180, and P20545-B05, by the Austrian National Bank Anniversary Fund, P15435, and the Austrian Ministry of Science under the aegis of the EU Joint Programme–Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) (jpnd.eu). LLS: The Leiden Longevity Study has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2011) under grant agreement no. 259679. This study was supported by a grant from the Innovation-Oriented Research Program on Genomics (SenterNovem IGE05007), the Centre for Medical Systems Biology, and the Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing (grant 050-060-810), all in the framework of the Netherlands Genomics Initiative, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), UnileverColworth, and by BBMRI-NL, a Research Infrastructure financed by the Dutch government (NWO 184.021.007). CHS: This CHS research was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, N01HC15103, and HHSN268200960009C and grants U01HL080295, R01HL087652, R01HL105756, R01HL103612, R01HL120393, R01HL085251, and R01HL130114 from the NHLBI with additional contribution from NINDS. Additional support was provided through R01AG023629 from the NIA. A full list of principal CHS investigators and institutions can be found at CHS-NHLBI.org. The provision of genotyping data was supported in part by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, CTSI grant UL1TR001881, and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease Diabetes Research Center grant DK063491 to the Southern California Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. Rotterdam Study: The generation and management of GWAS genotype data for the Rotterdam Study is supported by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research (NWO) Investments (no. 175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012). This study is funded by the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (014-93-015; RIDE2), the Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/NWO project no. 050-060-810. The Rotterdam Study is funded by Erasmus MC Medical Center and Erasmus MC University, Rotterdam, Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), the Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE), the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports, the European Commission (DG XII), and the Municipality of Rotterdam. M.A.I. is supported by an NWO Veni grant (916.13.054). The 3-City Study: The 3-City Study is conducted under a partnership agreement among the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the University of Bordeaux, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study is also supported by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, and Ministry of Research–INSERM Programme "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques." C.T. and S.D. have received investigator-initiated research funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) and from the Fondation Leducq. S.D. is supported by a starting grant from the European Research Council (SEGWAY), a grant from the Joint Programme of Neurodegenerative Disease research (BRIDGET), from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No 643417 & No 640643, and by the Initiative of Excellence of Bordeaux University. Part of the computations were performed at the Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center (CBiB), University of Bordeaux. This work was supported by the National Foundation for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, the Institut Pasteur de Lille, the Labex DISTALZ, and the Centre National de Génotypage. ADGC: The Alzheimer Disease Genetics Consortium is supported by NIH. NIH-NIA supported this work through the following grants: ADGC, U01 AG032984, RC2 AG036528; NACC, U01 AG016976; NCRAD, U24 AG021886; NIA LOAD, U24 AG026395, U24 AG026390; Banner Sun Health Research Institute, P30 AG019610; Boston University, P30 AG013846, U01 AG10483, R01 CA129769, R01 MH080295, R01 AG017173, R01 AG025259, R01AG33193; Columbia University, P50 AG008702, R37 AG015473; Duke University, P30 AG028377, AG05128; Emory University, AG025688; Group Health Research Institute, UO1 AG06781, UO1 HG004610; Indiana University, P30 AG10133; Johns Hopkins University, P50 AG005146, R01 AG020688; Massachusetts General Hospital, P50 AG005134; Mayo Clinic, P50 AG016574; Mount Sinai School of Medicine, P50 AG005138, P01 AG002219; New York University, P30 AG08051, MO1RR00096, UL1 RR029893, 5R01AG012101, 5R01AG022374, 5R01AG013616, 1RC2AG036502, 1R01AG035137; Northwestern University, P30 AG013854; Oregon Health & Science University, P30 AG008017, R01 AG026916; Rush University, P30 AG010161, R01 AG019085, R01 AG15819, R01 AG17917, R01 AG30146; TGen, R01 NS059873; University of Alabama at Birmingham, P50 AG016582, UL1RR02777; University of Arizona, R01 AG031581; University of California, Davis, P30 AG010129; University of California, Irvine, P50 AG016573, P50, P50 AG016575, P50 AG016576, P50 AG016577; University of California, Los Angeles, P50 AG016570; University of California, San Diego, P50 AG005131; University of California, San Francisco, P50 AG023501, P01 AG019724; University of Kentucky, P30 AG028383, AG05144; University of Michigan, P50 AG008671; University of Pennsylvania, P30 AG010124; University of Pittsburgh, P50 AG005133, AG030653; University of Southern California, P50 AG005142; University of Texas Southwestern, P30 AG012300; University of Miami, R01 AG027944, AG010491, AG027944, AG021547, AG019757; University of Washington, P50 AG005136; Vanderbilt University, R01 AG019085; and Washington University, P50 AG005681, P01 AG03991. The Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank at Duke University Medical Center is funded by NINDS grant NS39764, NIMH MH60451, and by GlaxoSmithKline. Genotyping of the TGEN2 cohort was supported by Kronos Science. The TGen series was also funded by NIA grant AG041232, the Banner Alzheimer's Foundation, The Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer's Institute, the Medical Research Council, and the state of Arizona and also includes samples from the following sites: Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource (funding via the Medical Research Council [MRC], local NHS trusts, and Newcastle University), MRC London Brain Bank for Neurodegenerative Diseases (funding via the Medical Research Council), South West Dementia Brain Bank (funding via numerous sources including the Higher Education Funding Council for England [HEFCE], Alzheimer's Research Trust [ART], BRACE, as well as North Bristol NHS Trust Research and Innovation Department and DeNDRoN), The Netherlands Brain Bank (funding via numerous sources including Stichting MS Research, Brain Net Europe, Hersenstichting Nederland Breinbrekend Werk, International Parkinson Fonds, Internationale Stiching Alzheimer Onderzoek), Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patologica, and Universitat de Barcelona). ADNI: Funding for ADNI is through the Northern California Institute for Research and Education by grants from Abbott, AstraZeneca AB, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai Global Clinical Development, Elan Corporation, Genentech, GE Healthcare, GlaxoSmithKline, Innogenetics, Johnson & Johnson, Eli Lilly and Co., Medpace, Inc., Merck and Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Schering-Plough, Synarc, Inc., Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation, the Dana Foundation, and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and NIA grants U01 AG024904, RC2 AG036535, and K01 AG030514. Support was also provided by the Alzheimer's Association (LAF, IIRG-08-89720; MAP-V, IIRG-05-14147) and the US Department of Veterans Affairs Administration, Office of Research and Development, Biomedical Laboratory Research Program. SiGN: Stroke Genetic Network (SiGN) was supported in part by award nos. U01NS069208 and R01NS100178 from NINDS. Genetics of Early-Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study was supported by the NIH Genes, Environment and Health Initiative (GEI) grant U01 HG004436, as part of the GENEVA consortium under GEI, with additional support provided by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (P30 DK072488); and the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and the Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to Johns Hopkins University (contract no. HHSN268200782096C). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG 004446; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and assembly of datasets were supported by a Cooperative Agreement with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and by grants from NINDS and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (R01 NS45012, U01 NS069208-01). METASTROKE: ASGC: Australian population control data were derived from the Hunter Community Study. This research was funded by grants from the Australian National and Medical Health Research Council (NHMRC Project Grant ID: 569257), the Australian National Heart Foundation (NHF Project Grant ID: G 04S 1623), the University of Newcastle, the Gladys M Brawn Fellowship scheme, and the Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation in Australia. E.G.H. was supported by a Fellowship from the NHF and National Stroke Foundation of Australia (ID: 100071). J.M. was supported by an Australian Postgraduate Award. BRAINS: Bio-Repository of DNA in Stroke (BRAINS) is partly funded by a Senior Fellowship from the Department of Health (UK) to P.S., the Henry Smith Charity, and the UK-India Education Research Institutive (UKIERI) from the British Council. GEOS: Genetics of Early Onset Stroke (GEOS) Study, Baltimore, was supported by GEI Grant U01 HG004436, as part of the GENEVA consortium under GEI, with additional support provided by the Mid-Atlantic Nutrition and Obesity Research Center (P30 DK072488), and the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, and the Baltimore Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to the Johns Hopkins University (contract no. HHSN268200782096C). Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GENEVA Coordinating Center (U01 HG 004446; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and assembly of datasets were supported by a Cooperative Agreement with the Division of Adult and Community Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and by grants from NINDS and the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (R01 NS45012, U01 NS069208-01). HPS: Heart Protection Study (HPS) (ISRCTN48489393) was supported by the UK MRC, British Heart Foundation, Merck and Co. (manufacturers of simvastatin), and Roche Vitamins Ltd. (manufacturers of vitamins). Genotyping was supported by a grant to Oxford University and CNG from Merck and Co. J.C.H. acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation (FS/14/55/30806). ISGS: Ischemic Stroke Genetics Study (ISGS)/Siblings With Ischemic Stroke Study (SWISS) was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH project Z01 AG-000954-06. ISGS/SWISS used samples and clinical data from the NIH-NINDS Human Genetics Resource Center DNA and Cell Line Repository (ccr.coriell.org/ninds), human subjects protocol nos. 2003-081 and 2004-147. ISGS/SWISS used stroke-free participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) as controls. The inclusion of BLSA samples was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the NIA, NIH project Z01 AG-000015-50, human subjects protocol no. 2003-078. The ISGS study was funded by NIH-NINDS Grant R01 NS-42733 (J.F.M.). The SWISS study was funded by NIH-NINDS Grant R01 NS-39987 (J.F.M.). This study used the high-performance computational capabilities of the Biowulf Linux cluster at the NIH (biowulf.nih.gov). MGH-GASROS: MGH Genes Affecting Stroke Risk and Outcome Study (MGH-GASROS) was supported by NINDS (U01 NS069208), the American Heart Association/Bugher Foundation Centers for Stroke Prevention Research 0775010N, the NIH and NHLBI's STAMPEED genomics research program (R01 HL087676), and a grant from the National Center for Research Resources. The Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis is supported by grant U54 RR020278 from the National Center for Research resources. Milan: Milano–Besta Stroke Register Collection and genotyping of the Milan cases within CEDIR were supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (grant nos.: RC 2007/LR6, RC 2008/LR6; RC 2009/LR8; RC 2010/LR8; GR-2011-02347041), FP6 LSHM-CT-2007-037273 for the PROCARDIS control samples. WTCCC2: Wellcome Trust Case-Control Consortium 2 (WTCCC2) was principally funded by the Wellcome Trust, as part of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 project (085475/B/08/Z and 085475/Z/08/Z and WT084724MA). The Stroke Association provided additional support for collection of some of the St George's, London cases. The Oxford cases were collected as part of the Oxford Vascular Study, which is funded by the MRC, Stroke Association, Dunhill Medical Trust, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford. The Edinburgh Stroke Study was supported by the Wellcome Trust (clinician scientist award to C.L.M.S.) and the Binks Trust. Sample processing occurred in the Genetics Core Laboratory of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh. Much of the neuroimaging occurred in the Scottish Funding Council Brain Imaging Research Centre (https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-sciences/edinburgh-imaging), Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, a core area of the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, and part of the SINAPSE (Scottish Imaging Network: A Platform for Scientific Excellence) collaboration (sinapse.ac.uk), funded by the Scottish Funding Council and the Chief Scientist Office. Collection of the Munich cases and data analysis was supported by the Vascular Dementia Research Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements no. 666881, SVDs@target (to M.D.) and no. 667375, CoSTREAM (to M.D.); the DFG as part of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 1010 SyNergy) and the CRC 1123 (B3) (to M.D.); the Corona Foundation (to M.D.); the Fondation Leducq (Transatlantic Network of Excellence on the Pathogenesis of Small Vessel Disease of the Brain) (to M.D.); the e:Med program (e:AtheroSysMed) (to M.D.) and the FP7/2007-2103 European Union project CVgenes@target (grant agreement no. Health-F2-2013-601456) (to M.D.). M.F. and A.H. acknowledge support from the BHF Centre of Research Excellence in Oxford and the Wellcome Trust core award (090532/Z/09/Z). VISP: The GWAS component of the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention (VISP) study was supported by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), grant U01 HG005160 (PI Michèle Sale and Bradford Worrall), as part of the Genomics and Randomized Trials Network (GARNET). Genotyping services were provided by the Johns Hopkins University Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR), which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to Johns Hopkins University. Assistance with data cleaning was provided by the GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157; PI Bruce S. Weir). Study recruitment and collection of datasets for the VISP clinical trial were supported by an investigator-initiated research grant (R01 NS34447; PI James Toole) from the US Public Health Service, NINDS, Bethesda, MD. Control data obtained through the database of genotypes and phenotypes (dbGAP) maintained and supported by the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine. WHI: Funding support for WHI-GARNET was provided through the NHGRI GARNET (grant no. U01 HG005152). Assistance with phenotype harmonization and genotype cleaning, as well as with general study coordination, was provided by the GARNET Coordinating Center (U01 HG005157). Funding support for genotyping, which was performed at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, was provided by the GEI (U01 HG004424). R.L. is a senior clinical investigator of FWO Flanders. F.W.A. is supported by a Dekker scholarship-Junior Staff Member 2014T001–Netherlands Heart Foundation and UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. ; Peer Reviewed

Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland, das in den letzten Jahren große Wanderungsgewinne verzeichnet hat. Gleichzeitig lagen allerdings auch die Zahlen der Fortzüge in den Jahren 2019 mit 1,2 Millionen und 2020 mit 970.000 auf sehr hohem Niveau. Dies erklärt sich vorwiegend damit, dass viele Migrationsformen einen temporären Charakter haben, und ist daher auch nicht unbedingt kritisch zu sehen. Jedoch besteht in dieser Konstellation die Gefahr, dass für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt ungünstige Abwanderungstendenzen in einzelnen Qualifikationsbereichen lange unentdeckt bleiben und entsprechend auch erst sehr spät nachgesteuert werden kann. Daher ist gerade vor dem Hintergrund der mit dem demografischen Wandel immer weiter zunehmenden Fachkräfteengpässe ein gezieltes Monitoring der Wegzüge aus Deutschland sehr wichtig. Dies ist mit den aktuell verfügbaren Daten allerdings nur in sehr beschränktem Umfang möglich. So erfasst die Wanderungsstatistik nur sehr wenige Charakteristika der fortziehenden Personen. Allerdings lässt sich mit ihr feststellen, dass die Nettoabwanderung von Inländern im Alter zwischen 23 und 31 Jahren am stärksten ausgeprägt ist, was mit Blick auf die Fachkräftesicherung relevant sein kann. Gehen Personen in dieser Lebensphase des Berufseinstiegs und der ersten Karriereschritte für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt verloren, fehlen sie hier für einen längeren Zeitraum. Etwas differenzierter lassen sich die Abwanderungsbewegungen von Ausländern mit der Ausländerstatistik betrachten. So zeigt sich etwa, dass Personen aus den neuen EUMitgliedsländern Deutschland derzeit vergleichsweise häufig auch wieder verlassen. Zum für die Einordnung der Wanderungsbewegungen sehr wichtigen Bildungsstand der abwandernden Personen, lassen sich allerdings auch mit der Ausländerstatistik keine Aussagen treffen. Dass zumindest in der Vergangenheitsehr viele Personen mit tertiären Bildungsabschlüssen Deutschland verlassen haben, zeigt die auf den Bevölkerungsstatistiken der OECD-Länder basierende Database on Immigrants in OECD-Countries (DIOC). Ihr zufolge lag in den Jahren 2015/2016 der Anteil der Hochqualifizierten an den in Deutschland geborenen Personen im Alter zwischen 25 und 64 Jahren, die in den anderen OECD-Ländern lebten, bei 48,0 Prozent im Vergleich zu nur 29,2 Prozent bei den in Deutschland geborenen und lebenden Personen in diesem Alter. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist ein vergleichsweise hoher Akademikeranteil unter den Zuwanderern notwendig, um die Qualifikationsstruktur im Land konstant zu halten, was bei der Entwicklung migrationspolitischer Ziele und Maßnahmen zu beachten ist. Anders als zu den tatsächlich erfolgten Wegzügen sind auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) sehr differenzierte Analysen zum Zusammenhang zwischen den sozioökonomischen Charakteristika und den Abwanderungsabsichten der in Deutschland lebenden Personen möglich. Allerdings ist dabei zu beachten, dass viele dieser Pläne letztlich nicht realisiert werden und der sozioökonomische Hintergrund auch bei ihrer Umsetzung eine Rolle spielt. Dennoch sind die Befunde für die Einordnung der Abwanderungsbewegungen sehr hilfreich. So planen junge Erwachsene und Personen mit einem akademischen Werdegang zwar, wie nicht anders zu erwarten, besonders häufig, das Land zu verlassen, streben dabei aber meist nur einen vergleichsweise kurzen Aufenthalt von einigen Monaten oder Jahren im Ausland an. Vor diesem Hintergrund dürften auch die tatsächlichen Wanderungsbewegungen dieser Personengruppen vorwiegend einen temporären Charakter haben, was sie für die langfristige Entwicklung der Fachkräftebasis deutlich weniger problematisch macht. Hingegen liegen die Anteile der Personen, die dauerhaft im Ausland bleiben wollen, im mittleren Alter zwischen 45 und 49 Jahren und bei den Niedrigqualifizierten ohne berufsqualifizierenden Abschluss besonders hoch. ; Germany is an immigration country that has recorded large migration gains in recent years. However, the numbers of departures were also at a very high level in 2019 with 1.2 million and 2020 with 970,000. This is mainly explained by the fact that many forms of migration have a temporary character. Therefore, it is not necessarily to be regarded as critical. However, there is a danger in this constellation that migration trends in specific qualification groups that are unfavourable for the German labour market can remain undetected for a long time and that it will therefore only be possible to take corrective action at a very late stage. For this reason, a well-elaborated monitoring of emigration from Germany is very important, especially against the backdrop of the increasing shortage of skilled workers due to demographic change. However, this is only possible to a very limited extent with the data currently available. The official migration statistic records only very few characteristics of the people moving away. Nevertheless, it shows that the net outflow of nationals is most pronounced between the ages of 23 and 31, which can be relevant in terms of securing skilled labour. If people are lost to the German labour market in this phase of life, when they are entering the labour market and taking their first career steps, they will be lacking for a long period of time. The migration movements of foreigners can be analysed in a more differentiated way with the officialstatistic on foreigners. For instance, it can be found that people from the new EU member states leave Germany again relatively frequently. However, the statistic on foreigners does not give information on the educational level of the migrants, which is very important for the assessment of migration movements. The Database on Immigrants in OECD-Countries (DIOC), which is based on the population statistics of the OECD countries, shows that, at least in the past, many people with tertiary education qualifications left Germany. According to the DIOC, in 2015/2016 the proportion of highly educated people born in Germany and aged between 25 and 64 who lived in other OECD countries was 48.0 per cent, compared to only 29.2 per cent of people of this age born and living in Germany. Against this background, a comparatively high proportion of academics among immigrants is necessary to keep the qualification structure in the country constant. Developing migration policy goals and measures, this must be taken into account. In contrast to the actual number of departures, the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) allows very differentiated analyses of the connection between socio-economic characteristics and the intention of people living in Germany to emigrate. However, it should be noted that many of these plans are ultimately not realised, and the socio-economic background also plays a role in their realisation. Nevertheless, the findings are very helpful for classifying emigration movements. Young adults and people with an academic career indeed plan particularly often to leave the country, as is to be expected, but usually only aim for a comparatively short stay of a few months or years abroad. Against this background, the actual migration movements of these groups are also likely to be mainly temporary, which makes them much less problematic for the long-term development of the skilled labour base. On the other hand, the shares of people who want to stay abroad permanently are particularly high in the middle age group between 45 and 49 and among the low-skilled without a vocational qualification.

«Prosvita (Enlightment)» is the name for Ukrainian public societies aiming at mass spreading of education, culture and national consciousness among the people, which have functioned on Ukrainian lands and beyond Ukraine since the end of 1868 and up to now. The first «Prosvita» Society was founded in Lviv on December 8, 1868 and became the largest organization in Halychyna and the head organization for other societies which later became independent. The activity of «Prosvita» was regulated by the Statute, changes to which were introduced in case of necessity. The number of members in the first years was not large: 1869 – 100 members, 1870 – 204, 1872 – 145, 1874 – 289. According to the Statute of 1891 «Prosvita» got an opportunity not only to educate the workers and peasants but also to support them economically. The society was gradually becoming all-Ukrainian. By the example of «Prosvita» in Halychyna, «Ruska Besida» emerged in Bukovyna. And after the revolution in Russia in1905 new societies appeared in East Ukraine. They were headed by outstanding writers, scientists and public men – B. Hrinchenko, Lesya Ukrainka, S. Yefremov, M. Kotsubynskyi, M. Arkas. The Russian government prohibited their activities in some years after their foundation. Instead, in 1912 the reading rooms of «Prosvita» in Halychyna were affiliated with 540 shops, 339 small lending institutions and 121 public pantries. Under the supervision of the Society there were three economic and trade schools. Throughout 1869–1918 «Prosvita» published 477 titles of books in an edition of about 3.5 million copies. In 1939 the «Prosvita» Society numbered 360 thousand members, what made up to 15% of all the adult Ukrainian population, and the network of its reading rooms encompassed 85% of West Ukrainian lands. Throughout 1868–1939 the heads of Lviv «Prosvita» were A. Vakhnianyn, Yu. Lavrivskyi, V. Fedorovych, Yu. Ohonovskyi, Yu. Romanchuk, Ye. Olesnytskyi, P. Ohonovskyi, I. Kyveliuk, M. Halushchynskyi, I. Bryk, Yu. Dzerovych, and the heads of renewed «Prosvita» were R. Ivanychuk, R. Lubkivskyi, Ya. Pitko. The Bolshevik regime that settled in September 1939 in West Ukraine abolished «Prosvita», and thousands of its activists were subjected to repression. After the Bolshevik massacre in1922 in the East of Ukraine, and in 1939 in the West, the whole burden of «Prosvita» work and book publishing was overtaken by the Ukrainian Diaspora of Europe and America, the great contributions of which we take advantage of until today. The «Prosvita» Society in Ukraine was renewed on June 13, 1988. The Communist authority forbade to hold the foundation meeting of the Shevchenko Association of the Ukrainian Language and in this way provoked the first unsanctioned political meeting, at which the Statute of the Society was adopted. That day became the date of «Prosvita» renewal and the year of 2018 was proclaimed the year of «Prosvita» in Lviv region. ; «Просвіта» – назва українських громадських товариств для масового поширення освіти, культури і національної свідомости серед народу, що діяли з перервами на українських землях і поза межами України з кінця 1868 року і діють донині. Перша «Просвіта» була заснована народовцями у Львові 8 грудня 1868 року і стала згодом наймасовішою організацією Галичини і матірною для багатьох організацій і товариств, котрі пізніше усамостійнились. Діяльність «Просвіти» регламентувалась статутом, зміни до якого вносились у разі необхідності. Кількість членів у перші роки була невеликою: 1869 – 100, 1870 – 204, 1872 – 245, 1874 – 289. За статутом 1891 р. «Просвіта» отримала змогу займатися не тільки просвітництвом селянства і робітництва, але й економічним їх піднесенням. Гасло «Свій до свого по своє!» зробило корисну справу. Товариство щодалі набувало всеукраїнського характеру. За прикладом галицької «Просвіти» постала «Руська Бесіда» на Буковині, а після революції 1905 року почали виникати товариства й на Східній Україні. Їх очолювали видатні письменники, вчені й громадські діячі – Б.Грінченко, Леся Українка, С. Єфремов, М.Коцюбинський, М. Аркас. Російський уряд заборонив їхню діяльність через кілька років після створення. Головами Львівського товариства «Просвіти» у 1868–1939 рр. були Ю. Лаврівський, В. Федорович, О. Огоновський. Ю. Романчук, Є. Олесницький, П.Огоновський, І. Кивелюк, М. Галущинський, І. Брик, Ю. Дзерович, а головами відродженої «Просвіти» – Р. Іваничук, Р.Лубківський, Я. Пітко. У 1912 р. при читальнях «Просвіти» існувало 540 крамниць, 339 дрібних позичкових кас і 121 громадська комора. У віданні Товарситва було три господарсько-торгові школи. У 1869–1918 рр. «Просвіта» видала 477 назв книжок і метеликів накладом близько 3,5 млн. примірників. На 1939 рік товариство нараховувало у своїх лавах 360 тис. членів, що складало 15 відсотків усього дорослого українського населення, а мережею його філій та читалень було охоплено 85 відсотків західноукраїнських земель. Більшовицький режим, що запанував у Західній Україні у вересні 1939 року, ліквідував «Просвіту», а тисячі її активістів було репресовано. Після більшовицьких погромів у 1922 р. на Сході України, а в 1939 р. на західних землях весь тягар просвітницької праці та книгодрукування взяла на себе українська діаспора Європи та Америки, великими здобутками якої ми користуємось і сьогодні. В Україні Товариство «Просвіта» було відроджене 13 червня 1988 року. Заборона комуністичною владою проводити у Львові установчі збори Товариства української мови імені Т. Шевченка спровокували перший несанкціонований мітинг, на якому було прийнято Статут Товариства. Саме цей день і став датою відновлення Львівської «Просвіти», а 2018 рік оголошено на Львівщині обласною радою Роком «Просвіти», 150-ту річницю заснування якої відзначатиме Україна.

Background In transitioning from the Millennium Development Goal to the Sustainable Development Goal era, it is imperative to comprehensively assess progress toward reducing maternal mortality to identify areas of success, remaining challenges, and frame policy discussions. We aimed to quantify maternal mortality throughout the world by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated maternal mortality at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2015 for ages 10–54 years by systematically compiling and processing all available data sources from 186 of 195 countries and territories, 11 of which were analysed at the subnational level. We quantified eight underlying causes of maternal death and four timing categories, improving estimation methods since GBD 2013 for adult all-cause mortality, HIV-related maternal mortality, and late maternal death. Secondary analyses then allowed systematic examination of drivers of trends, including the relation between maternal mortality and coverage of specific reproductive health-care services as well as assessment of observed versus expected maternal mortality as a function of Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Findings Only ten countries achieved MDG 5, but 122 of 195 countries have already met SDG 3.1. Geographical disparities widened between 1990 and 2015 and, in 2015, 24 countries still had a maternal mortality ratio greater than 400. The proportion of all maternal deaths occurring in the bottom two SDI quintiles, where haemorrhage is the dominant cause of maternal death, increased from roughly 68% in 1990 to more than 80% in 2015. The middle SDI quintile improved the most from 1990 to 2015, but also has the most complicated causal profile. Maternal mortality in the highest SDI quintile is mostly due to other direct maternal disorders, indirect maternal disorders, and abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and/or miscarriage. Historical patterns suggest achievement of SDG 3.1 will require 91% coverage of one antenatal care visit, 78% of four antenatal care visits, 81% of in-facility delivery, and 87% of skilled birth attendance. Interpretation Several challenges to improving reproductive health lie ahead in the SDG era. Countries should establish or renew systems for collection and timely dissemination of health data; expand coverage and improve quality of family planning services, including access to contraception and safe abortion to address high adolescent fertility; invest in improving health system capacity, including coverage of routine reproductive health care and of more advanced obstetric care—including EmOC; adapt health systems and data collection systems to monitor and reverse the increase in indirect, other direct, and late maternal deaths, especially in high SDI locations; and examine their own performance with respect to their SDI level, using that information to formulate strategies to improve performance and ensure optimum reproductive health of their population. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. ; We would like to thank the countless individuals who have contributed to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 in various capacities. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Collection of these data was made possible by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. The following individuals would like to acknowledge various forms of institutional support: Panniyammakal Jeemon is supported by a clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance (2015-2020). Boris Bikbov, Monica Cortinovis, Giuseppe Remuzzi, and Norberto Perico would like to acknowledge that their contribution to this paper has been on behalf of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) as a follow-up of the activities of the GBD 2010 Genitourinary Diseases Expert Group. Shifalika Goenka is partially supported through a Wellcome Trust Grant (No: 096735/A/11/Z) and The Bernard Lown Scholars in Cardiovascular Health Program, Harvard School of Public Health. Hjalte H Andersen would like to acknowledge funding received from the EliteForsk 2016 travel grant of the Danish Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Amador Goodridge would like to acknowledge funding for me from Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá-SNI. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla would like to acknowledge the Institutional support of PRONABEC (National Program of Scholarship and Educational Loan), provided by the Peruvian Government, while studying for her doctoral course at the Judith Lumley Centre of La Trobe University funded by PRONABEC. Ulrich O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Consortium (O1ER1511D). Andrea Werdecker gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort BMBF grant No OIER 1301/22. Charles D A Wolfe would like to acknowledge the following: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Program Grant (RP-PG-0407-10184), and the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and King's College London. No individuals acknowledged received additional compensation for their efforts. ; Peer-reviewed ; Publisher Version

The African population is ageing at an unprecedented rate. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the number of people aged 60 years and above is projected to rise to over 67 million by 2030 (representing a 100% increase in the 25 years since 2005). Incidence and mortality data help us understand the epidemiology and disease burden of dementia, and thereby improve policy planning. Although dementia prevalence have been reported for many countries of SSA, incidence and mortality related to dementia remain poorly described to date as only Nigeria had reported dementia incidence among older African adults. This study aimed to assess the dementia related incidence and mortality, and associated risk factors in Congolese people aged over 65 years recruited in EPIDEMCA survey. The baseline population was followed up during two years. Older participants were traced and interviewed annually in rural and urban Congo between 2012 and 2014. DSM-IV and NINCDS-ADRDA criteria were required for dementia and Alzheimer's disease diagnoses. Data on vital status were collected throughout the follow-up. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the link between baseline dementia diagnosis and mortality risk. Risk factors for incident dementia were examined using a competing-risks regression model based on Fine and Gray methods. After two years of follow-up, 101 (9.8%) participants had died. Compared to participants with normal cognition at baseline, mortality risk was more than 2.5 times higher among those with dementia (HR= 2.53, 95% CI: 1.42-4.49, p=0.001). Among those with dementia, only clinical severity of dementia was associated with an additional increased mortality risk (HR=1.91; CI 95%, 1.23-2.96; p=0.004). Age (per 5-year increase), male sex and living in an urban area were independently associated with increased mortality risk across the full cohort. Among the dementia-free cohort, the crude incidence of dementia was estimated at 15.79 (95% CI 10.25 – 23.32) per 1000 Person Year. We estimated a standardised incidence (on the 2015 Sub-Saharan Africa population) of 13.53 (95% CI 9.98–15.66). Regarding baseline characteristics, old age (p=0.003) and poor social engagement (assessed by community activity) (p=0•028) at baseline were associated with increased dementia incidence among Congolese older adults.Our results, as previously described, support the ongoing demographic and epidemiologic transition in SSA. They highlight the need of longitudinal population-based studies dedicated to dementia incidence and mortality among African people. Given that Africa is a continent subject to unprecedented population ageing; our data highlight the need to address the burden of dementia in this region. Support should incorporate prevention plans based primarily on modifiable (cardiovascular) risk factors, education and social inclusion of the elderly, as well as support for patients and their relatives. ; L'Afrique est confrontée à un vieillissement démographique sans précédent. L'âge étant le facteur principal dans la survenue des démences, l'Afrique devra affronter l'un des plus grands risques socio-sanitaire et économique du 21e siècle. Cette situation accentue la pression sur des systèmes nationaux de santé sollicités au-delà de leurs capacités. L'épidémiologie des démences est encore très peu connue en Afrique et la plupart des données existantes portent sur la prévalence. La démence étant une pathologie chronique et actuellement incurable, la prévention et l'amélioration de la qualité de la prise en charge des malades restent les meilleures armes pour la gestion de cette pathologie. Pour mieux aider les pays africains à bâtir des politiques de santé adaptées, il est important de fournir des données portant sur l'évolution (incidence et mortalité) de cette pathologie. L'objectif de nos travaux était d'estimer l'incidence des démences et le pronostic de ces pathologies en terme de survie. Notre travail a été réalisé à partir d'une cohorte de sujets âgés, habitant les zones urbaine et rurale de la République du Congo, recrutés lors de l'enquête de prévalence EPIDEMCA et suivis pendant deux ans entre 2012 et 2014. Dans un premier temps nous avons estimé la mortalité associée à la démence. La comparaison des taux de mortalité en fonction du statut cognitif a montré que les sujets déments avaient un risque de décès plus important. Ce risque était 2,5 fois plus élevé par rapport aux sujets normaux (HR= 2,53, IC95%: 1,42-4,49, p=0,001) et augmentait avec l'âge et la sévérité de la maladie. Concernant l'incidence, nous avons observé 23 (2,38%) nouveaux cas de démence et estimé une incidence brute de 15,79 (IC95% :10,25 – 23,32) pour 1000 Personne Année (PA). L'incidence standardisée à la population âgée d'Afrique Subsaharienne S était de 13,53 (IC95% 9,98 – 15,66). En tenant compte des différents facteurs analysés, l'âge (p=0,003) et un faible engagement social (p=0,028) (défini par un manque ou une faible participation aux activités communautaires) étaient les principaux facteurs associés à l'incidence de la démence en population congolaise. Globalement, nos résultats soulignent le fardeau que représente la démence pour l'Afrique et sont en parfaite adéquation avec ceux issus d'autres pays à faibles et moyens revenus et des pays à revenus élevés. Toutefois, il est difficile de généraliser nos résultats à la population africaine, car il s'agit d'un continent vaste avec des spécificités pour chaque population. La mise en place de programmes d'études multicentriques dédiés aux démences adoptant des méthodologies similaires serait souhaitable. Les politiques de santé relatives aux personnes âgées devraient intégrer la prise en charge des démences.

Las sociedades contemporáneas cada vez más interconectadas globalmente confirman la diversidad humana en todas sus manifestaciones, siendo una de ellas la dinámica organización dentro de modalidades familiares que se constituyen en el marco de los derechos y los principios que defienden su reconocimiento y dignidad. El creciente número de uniones mixtas constituidas por las personas de diverso origen nacional, religioso y/o étnico, ha llamado la atención del ámbito científico a pesar de su existencia en el devenir de la humanidad. Con un objetivo relativamente sencillo de, conocer la percepción de las uniones mixtas acerca de sus diferencias culturales, la gestión y transformación de éstas en el transcurso de su convivencia, la presente tesis analiza diversos aspectos en su trayectoria vital individual y conjunta en los que se han hecho presentes. La tesis abarca las características del proceso migratorio emprendido por las parejas extranjeras, el encuentro y conformación de la unión, la convivencia en los planos interno y socio- familiar, la llegada de la descendencia, las expectativas futuras de la vida familiar y de pareja y, por último, su percepción de integración realizada. Con una metodología combinada y un enfoque exploratorio-interpretativo, la población participante estuvo conformada por personas pertenecientes a uniones mixtas, residentes en Andalucía, principalmente en las provincias de Huelva y Sevilla. Los resultados obtenidos coinciden con algunos de los principales estudios llevados a cabo en el territorio nacional. No obstante, se pone en cuestión algunas definiciones desde las cuales se han descrito la realidad familiar culturalmente mixta en términos de asimilación, heterogamia, entre otros, a partir de los análisis realizados sobre las trayectorias migratorias, formativas, laborales y de la unión. Entre las principales conclusiones, destaca, el dinamismo de las diferencias en el transcurso de la convivencia, sujetas a las interacciones dentro de contextos estructurados socioculturalmente. Las diferencias traspasan las formas identitarias estereotipadas pasando a formar parte de las biografías y del bagaje de la experiencia personal, sin ser ajenas a la influencia histórica, social, política y económica, en la producción y reproducción de los significados atribuidos a la alteridad. A su vez, no todas las diferencias son fuente potencial de conflictividad ni todos los conflictos tienen un componente cultural. Con un bajo nivel de conflictividad que, además presenta un carácter transitorio, las uniones manifiestan la importancia de las competencias, recursos y estrategias en su resolución, vehiculizadas mediante una comunicación eficaz, basada en el amor, la intimidad y compromiso. El estudio pretende contribuir con el desarrollo del conocimiento científico en las diferentes áreas, campos y disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales implicadas con el estudio e intervención de la familia, las migraciones, la salud, la educación, el género, entre otras. ; Contemporary societies, which are increasingly interconnected at a global scale, confirm human diversity in all its manifestations, one of them being the dynamism of family organization within constituted in the framework of rights and principles that defend its recognition and dignity. The rising number of mixed unions formed by individuals of different national, religious or ethnic backgrounds, has attracted the attention of all scientific domains despite its existence in the evolution of humankind. With the relatively simple objective of knowing how mixed unions these perceive their cultural differences, how they manage them and how differences are transformed in the course of their living together, this dissertation analyses several aspects of couples' life considered individually and in partnership. The study tackles the characteristics of the migration process undertaken by foreign partners, the meeting and conformation of the union, co-existence at an internal and socio-familiar level, the arrival of descendants, future expectations about family life and partnership and, lastly, their views on attained integration. Using a combined methodology and an exploratory and interpretative approach, the partaking population was formed by adults' men and women in mixed unions living in Andalusia, chiefly in the provinces of Huelva and Seville. The results obtained are coincidental with some of the main studies conducted in the national territory. However, some of the definitions that have been used to describe the reality of families culturally mixed in terms of assimilation, heterogamy, among others, are questioned based on the analyses carried out about migratory, formative, professional and union trajectories. Among main conclusions, the dynamism of differences in coexistence process depending on interactions in sociocultural structured contexts is highlighted. Differences overstep stereotyped identity frames to take part into biographies and personal experiences, not being external to historic, social, political and economic influence in production and reproduction of meanings assigned to otherness. At the same time, not all differences are a potential source of conflict, nor do all conflicts have a cultural component; with a low level of conflict which, in addition, has a temporary nature, unions manifest the importance of competences, resources and strategies necessary for their resolution, achieved through efficient communication based on love, intimacy and compromise. This study aims to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge in different areas, fields and disciplines of Social Sciences involved in the study of, and interventions on family, migration, health, education, and gender issues, among others.