Suchergebnisse

Globalization leads to development inequalities between the so-called favorable and marginal rural areas. On a generic market, the latter can hardly compete with favorable rural areas because they are generally less endowed with production factors, located far from the markets and often have poorly developed infrastructures and unfavorable natural conditions for production-oriented agriculture. To avoid price competition some marginal rural areas demonstrate capacity to redefine their development paths through endogenous development. This model relies on local resources to offer specific products and services. The present research focuses on cheese agrifood systems in mountain rural areas. Due to the strong symbolic dimension of such systems on the one hand, and the central role of collective organization on the other hand, the territorial approach developed in French-speaking literature seems valuable for the research. In particular, the concept of Localized Agrifood Systems (LAS) appears to be interesting. LAS corresponds to agrifood systems anchored in specific territories, defined as socially constructed, culturally marketed, and institutionally regulated spaces. They rely on territorial quality differentiation of food products, as an alternative to standardized production. This process mobilizes both material attributes related to intrinsic qualities of the product and symbolic attributes linked to the geographical origin. Territorial governance, which means coordination among heterogeneous local actors, ensures the process of differentiation and the construction of cheese reputation. At the same time, this process requires a specific demand related to a higher willingness to pay from consumers. These are the conditions needed to enable a process of territorial development, as it should result in a higher price and a fairer profit distribution and, therefore, in higher incomes and satisfaction of the local needs. In addition, territorial development considers further social, cultural and environmental dimensions. The differentiation process relies on the creativity of the local actors and offers a potential for self-organization, which depends on the ability of these actors to cooperate and to act collectively. The general aim of this research is to analyze how actors in mountain cheese LAS act collectively for the territorial quality differentiation of the cheese. It encompasses three specific objectives described as follows: i) to analyze the territorial governance structures and the collective strategies implemented to differentiate mountain cheese, ii) to analyze relational processes within a collective organization to understand what is decisive in achieving collective action, iii) to link producers' representations of identity and the feeling of belonging to territory to their degree of involvement in collective action. The framework of Common Pool Resources (CPRs), territorial proximity and territoriality are employed and connected in this thesis to grasp the relationships between collective action and territory in LAS. First, the CPR framework is used to investigate the normative and multilevel institutional dimensions of collective action, and therefore the governance structures. In fact, this framework allows considering the capacity of self-organization of the local actors through the design of localized institutional arrangements and the establishment of shared norms. At the same time, it also includes the role of governments in potentially supporting localized collective action. Second, the territorial proximity approach is used to integrate the geographical and organized relationships into the analysis. Lastly, the territoriality approach considers the role of identity and feeling of belonging in collective action. This thesis applies both qualitative (e.g. semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews with key actors, "farm biographies") and quantitative (e.g. social network analysis, statistics) methods. This research is conducted in two different case studies. The first study area is located in the Campos de Cima da Serra in southern Brazil, where the Serrano cheese is produced. It is a traditional raw milk cheese; however, it is an informal production due to new consumers' preferences for young instead of matured cheese and difficulties of compliance with hygiene standards. Moreover, production is still poorly organized and the first forms of collective action recently emerged in the 2000s. The second study area is located in the province of Trento, in the Italian Alps. Cheese production is strongly organized by the producers, who are grouped in dairy cooperatives which process milk into different typical cheeses. The cooperatives are associated to a consortium that organizes the cheese production at the province level. Results show that a mixed form of governance, i.e. including local public and private actors, as found in the province of Trento, seems crucial for the success of collective action for cheese differentiation. Whereas a top-down model, i.e. with a predominance of public actors in the coordination, as found in the Campos de Cima da Serra, leads to a low participation of producers in collective action. In order to enhance cheese reputation, the local actors concerned must create exclusion mechanisms by designing their own rules, which include sanction mechanisms, and by defining a pertinent geographical area of production. Most of the time, these rules correspond to specifications in geographical indications. Nonetheless, the success of local collective action also depends on governments and on the implementation of public policies that aim at supporting and valorizing the production. In addition, agritourism plays an important role in differentiation. Regarding the relational structure within collective organizations, the success of collective action relies on a high degree of organizational trust and reciprocity, which are conditioned by geographic and organized proximity. Indeed, geographical proximity, facilitated by village grouping, professional meetings and cultural events, allows increasing face to face interactions and therefore trust. However, the mountain environment can exacerbate isolation, leading to less participation in collective action. The presence of transport and communication infrastructures is therefore necessary to reduce isolation. Moreover, the absence of hierarchy regarding the socioeconomic status among producers, the presence of prestige-based leaders, as well as the resolution of conflicts through the definition of rules seem important for collective action achievement. Finally, producers' representations of identity reflect their participation in collective action. It therefore seems important to stimulate discussion between the different producers, in order to create common representations conducive to collective action, where the feeling of belonging may be an important element to provide higher commitment. This thesis aimed at deepening the knowledge of territory-based collective action in mountain cheese LAS. It intended to improve scientific knowledge, but also professional practices and public action in favor of the development of marginal rural areas. Future directions would consist in deepening and developing research. The first research avenue involves emphasizing the analysis of the complexity between territory and collective action, which includes the ideal (i.e. identity, representations) and political (i.e. hierarchy and conflicts) dimensions, as well as the link between collective action dynamics and territorial development outcomes. The second research avenue focuses on the implementation of participatory approaches to support the local actors in the design, implementation and evaluation of their projects.

In the conditions of the development of the Ukrainian council, the issue of ensuring security and defense as a sovereign, independent state, which has taken the path of forming a democratic state system and is an active participant in the processes of Euro-Atlantic integration is particularly acute. At the same time, the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other elements of the security and defense sector play an important role as a guarantor of the effective implementation of foreign policy goals of the state, as well as domestic reforms of public administration. The effective organization and functioning of the Armed Forces and other military formations as the main subjects of ensuring national security and defense is one of the fundamental factors of the effective mechanism of state governance and depends on several diverse indicators. The main indicators are military security, economic security, political stability, information security, and military power.The defense capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine fully depends on the level of socio-economic development of the state. At the same time, the security of the country and its economic growth is inextricably linked to the state and possibilities of using economic and military potential. Ensuring the military security of a state is impossible without sufficient financing of its needs while protecting the country from internal and external threats and protecting its national economy without the use of military force (Armed Forces). Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish such a category as the military and economic component of the system of state preparation for defense.The military and economic component of the system of preparation of the state for defense should be considered as the main, basic part of the general system of national security of the state, which determines the relevance of the chosen research topic.At the current stage of state development, it is advisable to identify the concept and define the boundaries of the military and economic component of the system of state preparation for defense. This category should be considered not in the system of economic or military security, but as an integrated element in national security. That is, the military and economic component of the system of preparation of the state for defense can be represented as the ability of the military economy to maintain the military power of the country and realization of its military and economic potential in the volumes and terms stipulated in the guiding documents of the state. The military and economic component of the system of preparation of the state for defense represents such a state of the national economy of the country, which ensures sufficient development and preservation of the scientific and production potential of the military economy, which provides material and technical equipment of the armed forces. ; В условиях развития украинской соборности особо остро возникает вопрос обеспечения безопасности и обороны как суверенного, независимого государства, ставшего на путь формирования демократического государственного строя, и являющегося активным участником процессов евроатлантической интеграции. При этом Вооруженные Силы Украины и другие элементы сектора безопасности и обороны играют важную роль гаранта результативной реализации як внешнеполитических целей государства, так и внутригосударственных реформ государственного управления. Эффективная организация и функционирование Вооруженных Сил и других воинских формирований как основных субъектов обеспечения национальной безопасности и обороны является одним из основополагающих факторов действенного механизма государственного управления, и зависит от ряда разнообразных по своему характеру показателей. Основными из них являются военная безопасность, экономическая безопасность, политическая стабильность, информационная защищенность и военное могущество.Обороноспособность Вооруженных Сил Украины полностью зависит от уровня социально-экономического развития государства. При этом безопасность страны и ее экономический рост неразрывно связаны с состоянием и возможностями использования экономического и военного потенциалов. Обеспечение военной безопасности государства невозможно без достаточного финансирования ее потребностей, а защита страны от внутренних и внешних угроз и защита национальной экономики – без применения военной силы (Вооруженных Сил). Поэтому возникает необходимость в выделении такой категории, как военно-экономическая составляющая системы подготовки государства к обороне.Военно-экономическую составляющую системы подготовки государства к обороне следует рассматривать как основную, базовую часть общей системы национальной безопасности государства, что обуславливает актуальность выбранной темы исследования.На современном этапе развития государства целесообразно выделение понятия и определения границ действия военно-экономической составляющей системы подготовки государства к обороне. Данную категорию стоит рассматривать не в системе экономической или военной безопасности, а как интегрированный элемент в составе национальной безопасности. То есть, военно-экономическая составляющая системы подготовки государства к обороне может быть представлена как способность военной экономики к поддержанию военного могущества страны и реализации военно-экономического потенциала в объемах и сроках, предусмотренных руководящими документами государства. Военно-экономическая составляющая системы подготовки государства к обороне представляет собой такое состояние национального хозяйства страны, при котором обеспечивается достаточное развитие и сохранение научно-производственного потенциала военной экономики, которое обеспечивает материально-техническое оснащение вооруженных сил. ; В умовах розвитку української державності особливо гостро постає питання забезпечення безпеки і оборони України як суверенної, незалежної держави, яка стала на шлях формування демократичного державного устрою і є активним учасником процесів євроатлантичної інтеграції. При цьому Збройні Сили України та інші елементи сектору безпеки і оборони відіграють важливу роль гаранта результативної реалізації як зовнішньополітичних цілей держави, так і внутрішньодержавних реформ державного управління. Ефективна організація і функціонування Збройних Сил та інших військових формувань як основних суб'єктів забезпечення національної безпеки і оборони є одним із основоположних факторів дієвого механізму державного управління, та залежить від низки різноманітних за своїм характером чинників. Основними з них є воєнна безпека, економічна безпека, політична стабільність, інформаційна захищеність та військова міць.Обороноздатність Збройних Сил України повністю залежить від рівня соціально-економічного розвитку держави. При цьому безпека країни та її економічне зростання нерозривно пов'язані зі станом та можливостями використання економічного та військового потенціалів. Забезпечення воєнної безпеки держави неможливе без належного фінансування її потреб, а захист країни від внутрішніх та зовнішніх загроз і захист національної економіки – без застосування воєнної сили (Збройних Сил). Тому постає необхідність у виокремленні такої категорії, як воєнно-економічна складова системи підготовки держави до оборони.Воєнно-економічну складову системи підготовки держави до оборони слід розглядати як основну, базову частину загальної системи національної безпеки держави, що зумовлює актуальність дослідження особливостей фінансування Збройних Сил України як головного суб'єкта забезпечення національної безпеки нашої країни.На сучасному етапі розвитку держави є доцільним виокремлення поняття та визначення меж дії воєнно-економічної складової системи підготовки держави до оборони. Зазначену категорію слід розглядати не в системі економічної чи воєнної безпеки, а як інтегрований елемент у складі національної безпеки. Тобто воєнно-економічна складова системи підготовки держави до оборони може бути представлена як здатність воєнної економіки підтримувати воєнну могутність країни та реалізовувати воєнно-економічний потенціал в обсягах і термінах, передбачених керівними документами держави. Воєнно-економічна складова системи підготовки держави до оборони являє собою такий стан національного господарства України, при якому забезпечується достатній розвиток та збереження науково-виробничого потенціалу воєнної економіки, що забезпечує матеріально-технічне оснащення Збройних Сил.

Problem setting. The peculiarities of the foreign experience are considered regarding the land resourses management of the territorial community. The role of the country in ensuring the rational use of land resources of the territorial community is shown. The main guarantees of effective management and rational use of land resources are pointed out. It is proposed on the basis of the analyzed international experience to form a unified national land management system that combines successful foreign experience, which will make it possible to guarantee the socio-economic development of the territorial community.Recent research and publications analysis. The problems of land resources management in the context of decentralization have been studied by the following scientists as V. Horlachuk, O. Dorosh, I. Drobot, I. Zalutsky, O. Klimenko, V. Kozhurina, R. Taratula and others. The study of foreign experience in land management was carried out by the scientists as O. Bihunenko, T. Zinchuk, N. Krasiuk, O. Suprun, Y. Khvesyk, V. Chuvpylo, O. Shkuropat and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the significant amount of the foreign experience study in land resourses study, it is urgent to develop new grounds for mechanism formation of the efficient land resources management in nowadays conditions of the state power decentralization based on the examined international experience considering the national peculiarities ensuring social-economic development of the territorial communities.Paper main body. Today, at the stage of land decentralization completion, the issues of land resources management in the territorial community are extremely acute at the national level. The land for the territorial communities is an important resource, which their economic and social development depends on. Efficient and rational use of land has become possible after the expansion of the territorial communities authorities in the field of land management, which in turn made it necessary to ensure the control and supervision function of the country in accordance with the delegated powers of the territorial communities. The issue of rational use of land resourses becomes increasingly important in the system of decentralization. The modern reformation of the land relations in UKraine is due to the solution of the rational land use tasks as the most important resourse of the territorial community.Three-level system of land resource management is peculiar for the vast majority of the countries: governmental, regional, local (municpal). But at the same time a uniform model of land relations regulation does not exist, each country in this respect is unique. Management in the sphere of land regulation and land transactions in European countries differs depending on the territorial structure and system of public administration. The system of land regulation in the federal countries is much more diverse, since many issues on land use is given to the jurisdiction of individual territories. All countries have special governmental, public or private structures engaged in regulation and management of land resources.The article examines and analyzes the experience of the old members of the European Union of Germany, Italy, France and new EU members – Poland and Latvia, as well as China, a country where the main form of land ownership is state.The entire territory of the federal state of Germany is divided into communities. Only territories owned by the state do not belong to the territories of communities, for example, military airfields, highways, and governmental forests. Within the territory of the community, the primacy of planning within land plans belongs exclusively to the community.An important aspect of the Italy's experience for Ukraine is land for those who are engaged in its processing, assistance from the state in the form of affordable credit and control by the state for effective use through forced leasing, namely the transfer of the right of use to a more efficient user.French legislation is aimed at preserving the purpose of agricultural land and developing farming. It is forbidden to buy and sell particularly fertile land for non-agricultural use, the owner must not leave agricultural land without cultivation for more than five years, otherwise the land may be transferred to other persons.The goal of the land reform in Poland was to move to market-based principles of economic development, increase agricultural productivity, and improve the standard of living and social-economic development of rural areas.The negative experience of Latvia, where agricultural land was in free circulation after independence, should be a warning factor for Ukraine in order to prevent a similar situation from occurring.The experience of China shows that in order to effectively manage the land resources, which will lead to the social-economic development of the territorial community, it is necessary to provide affordable credit to the farmers and avoid mass land sales.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Summarizing, we can conclude that the world integration processes in the sphere of land management have proven to mankind that land is one of the main sources of economic well-being, which needs to be organized for rational use and protection. Land resources management directly influences upon the social-economic development of the territorial communities. The modern state of land resources management requires new approaches aiming to increase management efficiency and ensure rational use. The foreign experience demonstrates us that from the perspective of national interests and national security there should be control and limitations on the part of the government considering the agreements implementation as to the right to own, use and dispose the land resources.The international experience makes it possible to point out the principal guarantees of efficient management and rational use of the land resources, in particular:– determination of legislation restriction as for the foreigner-buyers;– granting preferential right to purchase agricultural land plots to persons who are associated with agricultural activities and have appropriate education, as well as to take into account the availability of production means and required capital;– fullness of the state land cadastre and continuous updating of data;– establishment of the State Land Bank Institute for long-term lending to the agricultural sector;– state control over effective use through compulsory leasing, in particular, transfer of the right of use to a more efficient user.The promising areas for further research are development of substantive proposals for improving modern land management based on the foreign experience and recommendations for their practical application. ; Розглянуто особливості закордонного досвіду управління земельними ресурсами територіальної громади. Показано роль держави щодо забезпечення раціонального використання земельних ресурсів територіальної громади. Виокремлено основні гарантії ефективного управління та раціонального використання земельних ресурсів. Запропоновано, на основі проаналізованого закордонного досвіду, формування єдиної національної системи управління земельними ресурсами, що дасть можливість гарантувати соціально-економічний розвиток територіальної громади.

Introduction. The system of modern education in Ukraine is stored from the cob early training, the professional training of young people, the food education of the young people and the staff of the diploma education, including Graduates of other high school students will receive the same education and qualifications, as well as graduates of civilian students of high education - a young specialist, bachelor, master.Purpose. Coverage of the peculiarities of military training in modern conditions of hybrid warfare, analysis of the current state, purpose and content, problems and prospects for the development of military education in Ukraine.Methods. The article uses some general scientific and special methods of theoretical and empirical research, including analysis of the scientific literature on the problem, systematization and generalization of materials.Results. The scientific article highlights the features of military training in the current circumstances of Ukraine's participation in the hybrid war, analysis of the current state, objectives and content, problems and prospects of military education. Military education is based on the principles of scientificity, humanism, democracy, consistency and continuity, independence from the interference of any political parties, movements, other public and religious organizations and is carried out on the basis of the competency approach.Originality. The system for the training of Vyskovy fakhivtsy, which was established in Ukraine, is a folding man of the state system of education. There are 12 VVNZ and VPN ZVO (2 Universities, 4 Academies, 6 Vіyskovy Institutes) at the System of Vіyskovo іnstitutes; department of military training (5 - staff officers, 26 - reserve officers). Three mortgage the status "National"Conclusion. The practical component is the introduction of interactive forms of education namely business and role-playing games in the educational process of military educational institution, which bring theoretical training as close as possible to real practice, because business and role-playing games are the basis of decision-making both in specific combat situations and in classes, they contribute to the formation of knowledge, laws, trends in military affairs, logical methods of system analysis. Role-playing techniques such as behavioral-game techniques are very important, they are based on stimulating the game interactions of cadets in close proximity to the real professional military combat activities of an officer. Such techniques include: instruction, activation of game parties, correction of the game participants behavior, step and final evaluation techniques. The so-called cognitive-game techniques are of particular importance in the organization of role-playing games in the military training. Such techniques include: a) techniques that promote entry into the role - image (description of each participant role in the game, motivation, encouragement, question-hint, as well as encouragement and humor); b) methods of role correlation (leading questions, comments - questions, support - defence etc). ; В статье освещаются особенности подготовки военнослужащих в современных условиях участия Украины в гибридной войне, анализ современного состояния, целей и содержания, проблем и перспектив развития военного образования. Военное образование базируется на принципах научности, гуманизма, демократизма, последовательности и непрерывности, независимости от вмешательства каких-либо политических партий, движений, других общественных и религиозных организаций и осуществляется на основе компетентностного подходаВ научной статье практической составляющей является внедрение интерактивных форм обучения, а именно деловых и ролевых игр в образовательном процессе военного учебного заведения, максимально приближают теоретическую подготовку к реальной практической деятельности, так как деловые и ролевые игры являются основой принятия решений как в конкретной боевой обстановке, так и на занятиях, способствуют формированию знаний, законов, тенденций развития военного дела, логических методов системного анализа. Большое значение для организации ролевой игры имеют приемы, основанные на стимулировании игровых взаимодействий курсантов в максимальной приближенности к реальной профессиональной военной боевой деятельности офицера - поведенчески-игровые приемы. К числу таких приемов относятся: инструктирование, активизация игровых сторон, коррекция поведения участников игры, приемы этапной и итоговой оценок. Особое значение в процессе организации ролевых игр в профессиональной подготовке военных имеют так называемые когнитивно-игровые приемы. К таким приемам относятся: а) приемы, которые способствуют вхождению в роль - образ (характеристика роли каждого участника игры, побуждения, поощрения, вопрос-подсказка, а также ободрения и юмор) б) приемы корреляции ролей (постановка наводящих вопросов, замечания-вопросы, поддержка-защита и т.д.).Сегодняшний период характеризуется серьезными структурными и организационными изменениями в сфере государственного и военного строительства, в том числе по системе высшего военного образования (СВВО). Характерным отличительным признаком функционирования СВВО на современном этапе является то, что она выступает одновременно и инструментом, и объектом реформирования Вооруженных Сил Украины, поскольку от профессиональной подготовки офицерских кадров, их преданности Отечеству и способности выполнять воинский долг в превосходной степени зависит боеготовность и боеспособность войск. Поэтому СВВО должна обеспечить подготовку военных специалистов с высоким уровнем профессионализма, компетентности, интеллектуального развития, общей и военно-профессиональной культуры, способных с высокой эффективностью выполнять поставленные задачи по обороне Украины, развития собственной творческой индивидуальности, настойчивого самостоятельного усвоения новых знаний в течение военной службы, принятие оптимальных решений в нестандартных условиях по всем специальностям и специализациям, определяющие уровень боеспособности и боеготовности Вооруженных Сил. ; В статті висвітлюються особливості підготовки військовослужбовців в сучасних умовах участі України у гібридній війні, аналіз сучасного стану, цілей та змісту, проблем і перспектив розвитку військової освіти. Військова освіта базується на принципах науковості, гуманізму, демократизму, послідовності та безперервності, незалежності від втручання будь-яких політичних партій, рухів, інших громадських та релігійних організацій і здійснюється на засадах компетентнісного підходу.В науковій статті практичною складовою є запровадження інтерактивних форм навчання, а саме ділових та рольових ігор в освітньому процесі військового навчального закладу, які максимально наближають теоретичну підготовку до реальної практичної діяльності, тому що ділові та рольові ігри є основою прийняття рішень як в конкретній бойовій обстановці, так і на заняттях, сприяють формуванню знань, законів, тенденцій розвитку військової справи, логічних методів системного аналізу. Велике значення для організації рольової гри мають прийоми, які засновані на стимулюванні ігрових взаємодій курсантів в максимальній наближеності до реальної професійної військової бойової діяльності офіцера – поведінково-ігрові прийоми. До числа таких прийомів належать: інструктування, активізація ігрових сторін, корекція поведінки учасників гри, прийоми етапної та підсумкової оцінок. Особливе значення в процесі організації рольових ігор в професійній підготовці військових мають так звані когнітивно-ігрові прийоми. До таких прийомів відносяться: а) прийоми, які сприяють входженню в роль – образ (характеристика ролі кожного учасника гри, спонукання, заохочення, питання-підказка, а також підбадьорення і гумор); б) прийоми кореляції ролей (постановка навідних питань, зауваження-питання, підтримка-захист та інше).Сьогоднішній період характеризується серйозними структурними й організаційними змінами у сфері державотворення та військового будівництва, у тому числі щодо системи вищої військової освіти (СВВО). Характерною відмінною ознакою функціонування СВВО на сучасному етапі є те, що вона виступає водночас й інструментом, й об'єктом реформування Збройних Сил України, оскільки від професійної підготовки офіцерських кадрів, їх відданості Вітчизні і спроможності виконувати військовий обов'язок у найвищому ступені залежить боєготовність та боєздатність військ. Тому СВВО повинна забезпечити підготовку військових фахівців із високим рівнем професіоналізму, компетентності, інтелектуального розвитку, загальної та військово-професіональної культури, здатних з високою ефективністю виконувати поставлені завдання щодо оборони України, розвитку власної творчої індивідуальності, наполегливого самостійного засвоєння нових знань протягом військової служби, прийняття оптимальних рішень в нестандартних умовах за всіма спеціальностями й спеціалізаціями, що визначають рівень боєздатності та боєготовності Збройних Сил.

The region that served as the basis for this work is characterized by the abundance of different types of granite. In some places, the predominance of certain uraniferous minerals, the existence of faults and mines may even be responsible for the existence of very high levels of natural radioactivity, especially with regard to radon. The main motivation for studying the effects of population exposure to radon is based on the fact that this gas, radioactive, odorless, colorless and tasteless, has been recognized since 1988 by the World Health Organization as the 2nd leading cause of death from lung cancer for the general population, after tobacco. Approximately 80 % of the background radiation to which populations are exposed daily comes from natural sources, which can include radioactive materials of natural origin, NORM, present in the earth's crust, in food, in some drinks and, including certain building materials. In December 2018, a new legislation was approved in Portugal, DL no 108/2018, transposed from European Directive 59/2013 / Euratom, which establishes uniform basic safety standards for the protection of the health of people subject to exposure professional, public and medical professionals against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation. The radon isotope, 222Rn, which results from radio disintegration, 226Ra, and one of the uranium decay products, 238U, is the main radionuclide of radiological interest in terms human health. This radioactive gas is spontaneously released from some rocks and, being slightly denser than air, it tends to accumulate in ground areas of closed spaces and is responsible for the majority of the radiation dose received by the population. Some traditional solutions have been applied in order to solve the problem, however, after the detection of the radon they do not use the data collected in order to combat and prevent the gas from accumulating in the interior spaces. In Portugal it is a problem that has not been given due attention. Taking into account the possible harmful effects of radon on the population, the main motivation of this work was the development of an IoT (Internet of Things) system with the objective of detecting, mitigating and predicting the levels of radon gas inside homes. Based on this assumption, it will be possible to create a healthier environment that will reduce health risks in closed environments. To achieve this goal, an IoT system was developed, consisting of a radon sensor and an automated switch, which allows the fans installed and / or switched off to be installed in the residence, as well as predicting and making decisions in the face of a potentially dangerous situation based on the records provided by the sensors. This system also includes a web application that allows the user to consult the statistical data related to the average radon concentration. On the other hand, through the web application, it is possible to not only activate the fans manually, but also to edit the limit at which the fans are activated. This system was tested in a real context and, therefore, it is possible to compare two radon gas mitigation methods and identify which would be the most effective. Once the method to be used was determined and after stabilizing the data obtained by the sensor, the results obtained by the system were analyzed, which allowed us to conclude that the system reduced considerably the levels of radon in the house. On average, there was a 93% reduction in the concentration of radon gas. This result demonstrates that the implementation of the system was successful and allows us to conclude that it can be applied on a larger scale. ; A região que serviu de base para a realização deste trabalho é caracterizada pela abundância de diversos tipos de granitos. Em alguns locais, a predominância de determinados minerais uraníferos, a existência de falhas e minas podem, inclusivamente, ser responsáveis pela existência de níveis de radioatividade natural bastante elevados, especialmente no que se refere ao radão. A principal motivação para se estudar os efeitos da exposição das populações ao radão baseia-se no facto de este gás, radioativo, inodoro, incolor e insípido, ser desde 1988, reconhecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como a 2a causa de morte por cancro pulmonar para a população geral, depois do tabaco. Cerca de 80% da radiação de fundo a que as populações estão, diariamente, expostas tem origem em fontes naturais nas quais se podem incluir os materiais radioativos de origem natural, NORM, presentes na crosta terrestre, na comida, em algumas bebidas e, inclusivamente, em certos materiais de construção. Em dezembro de 2018, foi aprovada, em Portugal, uma nova legislação, o DL no 108/2018, transposta da Diretiva Europeia 59/2013/Euratom, que estabelece normas de segurança de base uniformes para a proteção da saúde de pessoas sujeitas a exposição profissional, da população e médica contra os perigos resultantes das radiações ionizantes. O isótopo radão, 222Rn, que resulta da desintegração do radio, 226Ra, e um dos produtos de decaimento do urânio, 238U, é o principal radionuclídeo com interesse radiológico em termos de saúde humana. Este gás radioativo liberta-se, espontaneamente de algumas rochas e, sendo ligeiramente mais denso do que o ar, tem tendência a acumular-se em zonas térreas de espaços fechados e é responsável pela maioria da dose de radiação recebida pela população. Algumas soluções tradicionais têm sido aplicadas de modo a resolver o problema, no entanto, depois da deteção do radão estas não usam os dados recolhidos de forma a combater e a prevenir que o gás se acumule nos espaços interiores. Em Portugal é um problema que não tem a devida atenção. Tendo em conta os possíveis efeitos nocivos do radão na população, a principal motivação deste trabalho consistiu no desenvolvimento de um sistema IoT (Internet das Coisas) com o objetivo de detetar, mitigar e prever os níveis do gás radão no interior das habitações. Partindo deste pressuposto, será possível criar um ambiente mais saudável que permitirá reduzir os riscos para a saúde em ambientes fechados. Para se concretizar este objetivo foi desenvolvido um sistema IoT que consiste em um sensor de radão e um interruptor automatizado, que permite ligar e/ou desligar os ventiladores instalados na residência, bem como prever e tomar decisões perante uma situação potencialmente perigosa com base nos registos fornecidos pelos sensores. Este sistema integra também uma aplicação web que permite ao utilizador consultar os dados estatísticos relativos à concentração média de radão. Por outro lado, através da aplicação web, é possível não só ativar os ventiladores manualmente, como também editar o limite em que os ventiladores são accionados. Este sistema foi testado num contexto real e, por isso, possível comparar dois métodos de mitigação do gás radão e identificar qual seria o mais eficaz. Uma vez determinado o método a ser utilizado e após a estabilização dos dados obtidos pelo sensor, analisaram-se os resultados obtidos pelo sistema que permitiram concluir que o sistema reduziu consideravelmente os níveis de radão na habitação. Foi verificada, em média, uma redução de cerca de 93% na concentração de gás radão. Este resultado demonstra que a implementação do sistema foi um sucesso e permite concluir que poderá ser aplicado numa escala maior.

The subject of this dissertation relates to the study of psychosocial characteristics of military servicemen. The military profession implies significant social and personal responsibilities, requires discipline and unconditional compliance with the hierarchy of the military organization, willingness to be transferred if required, possible separation from the family, changing work environment and difficult working conditions, sometimes hazardous to health and life, and often quoted is also a limited freedom to express personal opinions and to participate in trade unions and politics. The military profession has undergone numerous transformations in the contemporary environment. Family tradition, which contributes to the development of the personality profile that predisposes a person to successful military service, has also undergone significant changes. The question is what represents the capacity of the individual to adapt to the military profession in the modern military organization, and what factors contribute to a successful military career. The success rate assessment is important for gaining insight into the proper balance of actual skills, knowledge and behavior patterns of officers possessing the desired standards in the defense system, set by the government and various requirements of international integration processes. Apart from rewarding the work, an adequate success rate assessment is important for personnel development planning, conception and evaluation of educational programs, HR policies, and is particularly important as a validation of selection procedures and in terms of enhancing complexity of the selection criteria for admission to the military (Pajević, 2006). In the military practice thus far, the officers' success has been perceived through the officer's rank, level of education / training, awards, duties that the officer has performed or is currently performing. Family environment, financial solvency and resolved housing issues have been used as the data complementing the picture of the officer, without a deeper analysis of the connection of these factors with motivation and success in the military profession. The PhD dissertation Family Context, Authoritarianism and Success Rate in the Military Profession deals with the success rate of the military profession performance from the perspective of the family and its role in the professional selection, advancement and success. The family context is considered to be both the family of origin and the current officer's family, more precisely, the emotional quality of partner relations. The family of origin is considered through the perceived parental upbringing practices towards children (acceptance and rejection). The current officer's family is considered as a modern institution that meets numerous psychological needs, such as affiliation, loyalty, protection, union, support and intimacy. The quality of emotional relations in partnerships is assessed on the basis of subjective evaluation of mutual respect, communication, understanding, acceptance and agreement in daily emotional partner relations (current families of officers). The main objective of the research is to determine the parameters associated with success in the military profession. In the core of the research is the family, i.e. the perceived parental upbringing styles and practices in the family of origin and their contribution in shaping the personality of a person whose professional choice is the military vocation, performed with more or less success. In addition, the relations between these parameters and the quality and satisfaction with partnerships have been studied, as well as the ways those partnerships contribute to the satisfaction and success in the military profession. Specifically, we were interested whether the contribution of the current partnership to the satisfaction and success in the military profession is more significant than the contribution of the family of origin. A particularly important aim of the research was to study the contribution of upbringing styles and practices in the family of origin in shaping the authoritarian personality structure, as well as the connection between authoritarianism and the parameters of success in the military profession. The study used the Questionnaire on Success in the Military Profession (designed for research purposes), Parental Acceptance/Rejection Questionnaire - PARQ (Rohner, 1984), Revised F scale of authoritarianism (Rot and Havelka, 1973) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale - DAS (Spanier, 1976) to assess the emotional quality of partnerships. The reliability of the applied tools is high (Cronbach's alpha coefficients range from 0.744 to 0.893). The sample is purposive and composed of the Serbian Armed Forces officers (443 in total), divided into three subsamples (successful, average, and unsuccessful) in accordance with the criteria set by the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Armed Forces. The correlation analysis results have shown a statistically significant positive correlation between the perception of the parental acceptance (mother, father), on the one hand, and educational and professional success, positive perception of the job and people, good cooperation and communication with both superiors and subordinates, on the other hand. Also, a statistically significant negative correlation between the authoritarian personality structure – authoritarianism, and the criteria of objective and subjective success was found. The respondents with higher levels of authoritarianism are more commonly found in the lower ranks and have lower performance grades, while the respondents with average (lower) levels of authoritarianism have higher ranks and higher performance grades. The respondents with higher levels of authoritarianism assessed the cooperation with the subordinates in helping to resolve personal problems with higher scores. In addition, it has been determined that there are complex relations between the conformity of intimate partners and success in performing their jobs. A statistically significant correlation between the conformity of the partners and the objective elements of success was determined. Officers with higher performance grades perceive a greater cohesion in partnerships, while the lower ranked officers of more satisfied with agreement in the partnership dyad and emotional expression. Also, there was a statistically significant correlation found between the conformity of intimate partners and the subjective success rates. The respondents with higher self-assessment of their professional performance, knowledge of the rules and regulations of the military service, good relations with the subordinates are more satisfied in the partnership dyad. A statistically significant correlation between the perceived parental acceptance / rejection and authoritarianism was determined. The respondents who perceive their parents as rejecting and hostile have a more pronounced authoritarian personality structure. Also, the respondents who assessed their parents as accepting have established a better conformity with their intimate partners in all aspects. The results of multiple regression analysis show that authoritarianism is a significant predictor of the objective success rate, while the emotional quality of partner relations is a significant predictor of the subjective success in the military profession. The obtained results conform with all of the hypotheses and previous research suggesting that the professional success depends on a proper balance between the family and professional roles. In addition, the results and conclusions can be further developed on the basis of research of other relevant factors of professional success, such as: psychological personality profile, system of values, social and emotional intelligence, communication skills. Also, the results enhance the knowledge about the factors of the general professional success, including the military profession (especially in terms of the development of authoritarian personality structure from the perspective of the parental acceptance / rejection theory, as well as the importance of the emotional quality of partner relations) in order to implement them in the military education curricula (primarily in the Military psychology subject) and training plans for the Ministry of Defense and the Serbian Armed Forces personnel, innovation in the selection processes and modification of the psychological selection criteria, and career management.

Depuis la création d'un État providence à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en passant par les tendances à la rationalisation des années 80 et avec plus récemment l'émergence d'innovation technologique et de nouvelles formes de production et de diffusion du savoir, l'université a fait l'objet de nombreux débats concernant sa mission et son rôle au sein de la société. En réponse à ces discussions et à ces questionnements qui caractérisent l'environnement social et économique dans lequel évolue cette institution, l'université a été amenée à introduire des changements quant aux formes de production de savoirs et quant à la place et au rôle de ses principales parties prenantes internes (administrateurs, académiques, étudiants) et externes (gouvernements, entreprises) au sein de ces mêmes changements. Le but étant pour l'université de se forger une place de premier plan dans des sociétés où la performance économique dépend de plus en plus du savoir et de l'éducation, notamment. Cependant, peu de recherches se sont intéressées à rendre compte, à l'appui d'une approche d'analyse intégrée qui repose sur des niveaux d'analyse macro, méso et micro, des principales mutations qui ont marqué et marquent plus encore aujourd'hui l'université. Tentant de pallier cette faiblesse, cette thèse a pour objectif de traiter, à partir d'un triple plan qui intègre le contexte, le contenu et le processus de changement, les principales transformations qui ont eu cours au sein de l'institution universitaire. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à déterminer si l'université comme organisation pluraliste est en mesure d'évoluer vers une configuration post-bureaucratique. Par une analyse du discours de quatre méta-acteurs à l'occasion de trois moments de changement clés qui ont marqué l'université québécoise, cet article souhaite mettre en évidence que l'université a évolué par sédimentation dans sa configuration, sur la base de consensus fragiles portant sur une cohabitation difficile entre des valeurs sociales-démocrates versus de rationalisation. Dans ce contexte, l'évolution vers une configuration post-bureaucratique requerrait des actions en réponse à cette ambiguïté stratégique notamment à l'initiative des professeurs et des administrateurs, ainsi que l'intégration d'un nouvel acteur qu'est l'industrie, sans toutefois remettre en cause les consensus déjà existants. Le deuxième article de cette thèse tente de rendre compte de la manière dont l'identité académique se définie en réaction à une orientation néolibérale de l'université. À l'appui d'une métasynthèse de 19 III articles qualitatifs et empiriques s'étant intéressés aux impacts du New Public Management et du managérialisme sur l'identité des membres du personnel académique universitaire, cet article souhaite mettre en exergue la manière dont ces individus définissent/redéfinissent leur identité à la lumière du travail institutionnel et du type d'agence mobilisés par ces acteurs. Les académiques gagneraient alors et notamment à développer une agentivité projective ainsi qu'à diversifier leurs lieux de support afin de rendre moins difficile leur expérience identitaire managériale. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de cette thèse cherche à répertorier les formes d'engagement étudiant face à l'émergence croissante d'un mouvement. À partir d'une analyse inductive générale, ce chapitre souhaite mieux comprendre l'expérience individuelle d'engagement étudiant et ainsi à rendre compte de la manière dont l'individu représentant étudiant s'engage et agit au sein de son engagement en contexte de changement émergent. Les représentants étudiants ne semblent pas alors se rejoindre dans leur engagement, ce dont témoignent les activités de grassroots leadership qui sont mobilisés par ces individus en réponse à l'émergence d'un changement. ; Since the creation of a welfare state at the end of World War II, going through the rationalization trends of the 80's and more recently the emergence of technological innovation and new forms of knowledge production and dissemination, the university has been at the center of numerous debates concerning its mission and its role within society. In response to these discussions and questions reflecting the social and economic environment in which this institution operates, the university was led to introduce changes in the forms of knowledge production as well as the status and role of its main internal (administrators, academics, students) and external (governments, companies) stakeholders in the process of these changes. The goal for the university is to put itself in a leading position in societies in which economic performance is increasingly dependent on knowledge and education. However, little research has focused on reporting, through an integrated approach based on macro, meso and micro levels of analysis, the main mutations that have marked and mark even more the university nowadays. Trying to remedy this weakness, this thesis aims to deal with the main transformations the institution has experienced, on a triple plan that integrates the context, content and process of change. The first article of this thesis aims to determine whether the university as a pluralist organization is able to evolve towards a post-bureaucratic configuration. By a discourse analysis of four meta-actors of three key moments of change that marked the Québec university, this article wishes to highlight that the university has evolved by sedimentation in its configuration, based on a fragile consensus on a difficult cohabitation between social democratic values versus rationalization ones. In this context, the evolution towards a postbureaucratic configuration would require actions in response to this strategic ambiguity, particularly those initiated by teachers and administrators. It would also require as well a new actor that is the industry, without however challenging the already existing consensus. The second article of this thesis attempts to account for the way in which academic identity is defined in reaction to a neo-liberal orientation of the university. Based on a meta-synthesis of 19 qualitative and empirical articles that investigated the impacts of New Public Management and managerialism on the identity of the members of the academic staff of universities, this article tries to highlight how these individuals define / redefine their identity V in light of institutional work and the type of agency mobilized by these actors. Academics then would particularly benefit from developing a projective agency and diversifying their places of support in order to make their managerial identity experience less difficult. Finally, the third chapter of this thesis seeks to make an inventory of the forms of student engagement in the face of the growing emergence of a movement. Based on a general inductive analysis, this chapter attempts to understand better the individual experience of student engagement. Thus, it seeks to give an account of the way in which the individual student representative engages and acts within his engagement in a context of emergent change. Student representatives do not seem to meet in their engagement, as evidenced by the grassroots leadership activities that are mobilized by these individuals in response to the emergence of change.

La disciplina dei gruppi di società introdotta dal legislatore italiano in occasione della riforma del 2003 ha radicalmente omesso il tema della tutela dell'azionista della società holding che sia estraneo alla compagine di controllo. Anche costui, tuttavia, risulta esposto, in ragione dell'effetto diluitivo (o Mediatisierungseffekt) che strutturalmente connota la posizione di cui è titolare, a peculiari forme di pregiudizio, sia sotto il profilo patrimoniale che sotto quello partecipativo, rivenienti dal compimento, nelle società eterodirette, di particolari operazioni incidenti sulla struttura stessa dell'attività o, più generalmente, da condotte gestorie inefficienti o predatorie, rispetto alle quali la mancanza di un rapporto diretto di partecipazione rende più difficoltosa l'attivazione dei rimedi ordinariamente riconosciuti dall'ordinamento nel quadro di una società monade. A fronte di una analitica scansione dei diversi momenti (inizio, svolgimento e cessazione dell'attività di direzione e coordinamento) in cui lo specifico interesse di cui è portatore l'azionista di minoranza di una holding può venire in rilievo, nonché di un ripensamento dei contenuti della funzione gestoria di cui è investito l'organo amministrativo di una società posta al vertice di un'organizzazione di gruppo (segnatamente, in termini di verifica della configurabilità di un eventuale obbligo – nei confronti della holding medesima – di monitoraggio, o di eterodirezione informativa, ovvero di esercizio di una eterodirezione operativa), l'obiettivo perseguito è quello di apprestare in via interpretativa – anche per effetto della comparazione con altri ordinamenti in cui il fenomeno ha trovato significativa emersione, e pur nei limiti segnati dal vigente quadro normativo interno – una tutela soddisfacente della posizione del socio minoritario di una s.p.a. capogruppo: ipotizzando, anzitutto, la sussistenza, in capo agli amministratori di quest'ultima, di un obbligo di sottoporre all'autorizzazione dell'assemblea della medesima tutte quelle decisioni idonee ad imprimere un nuovo corso all'impresa, anche laddove adottate in una società eterodiretta, risultando altrimenti esposti a responsabilità per violazione del canone di diligenza professionale su di loro gravante. Sul piano reattivo, poi, la tutela riconosciuta all'azionista di minoranza della holding viene ad articolarsi in termini precipuamente risarcitori (e non invalidatori), mediante l'esercizio delle azioni di responsabilità disciplinate dal diritto societario a fronte dell'inadempimento, da parte degli amministratori, degli obblighi loro imposti, così come ricostruiti nello specifico contesto di espletamento dell'incarico gestorio dettato dall'articolazione dell'attività imprenditoriale su scala di gruppo e dall'esercizio della stessa in posizione di vertice. Lo strumento di reazione così delineato, tuttavia, è strutturalmente proiettato a salvaguardare, tendenzialmente, i (soli) profili patrimoniali incorporati nella partecipazione, salvo prospettarsi un'estensione dell'area del danno risarcibile anche al pregiudizio specificamente incidente sui contenuti partecipativi della medesima: allo scopo, allora, di individuare un – (parzialmente) meno controverso – presidio normativo a protezione (anche) di questi ultimi, appare possibile invocare lo strumento offerto dal controllo giudiziario, ampliandone l'ambito applicativo – laddove azionato dai soci della capogruppo – anche alle irregolarità gestionali rivenienti dall'esercizio della direzione unitaria a livello delle società eterodirette, in ragione della loro idoneità a ripercuotersi sulle vicende sociali della prima, ed estendendo la legittimazione a richiedere l'ispezione delle seconde anche agli azionisti della holding. ; In 2003, the Italian lawmaker introduced for the first time a regulation aimed to discipline the groups of companies: the case for protecting minority shareholders of the parent company, however, was completely disregarded. Nevertheless, they are exposed to some significant and peculiar risks, in consideration of the dilutive effect (or Mediatisierungseffekt) which structurally affects their situation both on a financial and participatory ground. Indeed, by hiving parts of the business from the parent down to the subsidiaries, the influence of the parent's shareholders can be significantly watered down, and they can suffer from the fulfilment of operations, realized in the context of one or more subsidiaries, which affect the very core of the business (even if carried out on a multi-subjective scale), or again from the implementation of an inefficient or predatory management at a lower level of the control chain: in both cases, the lack of a direct participatory relationship prevent parent company's minority shareholders from activating the ordinary remedies provided for by the legislation within a stand-alone company. The analysis entails, in the first place, an analytical inspection of the different circumstances (i.e. the beginning, the development and the end of the exercise of direction and coordination powers over controlled entities) in which the specific interests brought by parent company's minority shareholders may arise; then, a reconsideration of the contents of the function which the management of a holding company is entrusted with, notably in terms of evaluation of the possibility to shape up a duty – towards the holding company itself – of informative hetero-direction, or rather of operative hetero-direction. The pursued aim is that to set up, interpretatively – also through a comparative analysis of the foreign systems in which the issue at hand came into light; still, within the limits of the legal framework outlined by the Italian lawmaker –, a satisfactory protection for minority shareholders of a holding joint-stock company. In this perspective, a major tool for increasing their involvement in fundamental business decisions, even if adopted on a subsidiary level, could be found in charging the management of the holding company with the duty (to be included within the general duty of care which they are bound to respect) to submit each of those decisions for authorization to the shareholders' meeting of the holding company itself, being otherwise liable for breach of duty. The protection granted to parent company's minority shareholders, in this reasoning, lays on the liability ground, by recognizing them the standing to sue the directors of their company through a derivative action (or, if the proper conditions are met, a direct action) after the breach of duty they incurred in. However, this tool of reaction is naturally aimed to redress the monetary loss inherent with the financial contents embedded in the shareholding phenomenon, while it could be less effective as to the participatory aspects embedded as well into the share (unless including the eventual impairments affecting the latter within the area of refundable damages). In order to provide some (at least, partly less controversial) kind of protection also for the participatory contents incorporated in the share, an additional tool could be identified in the judiciary control. However, its scope of application – whenever activated by parent company's shareholders – should be extended also to the management's irregularities arising from the exercise of direction and coordination powers which take place on the subsidiaries' level, in consideration of the fact that a jeopardizing or defaulting governance within the latter may detrimentally and substantially affect the participatory features embedded in the share (since the further and the opaquer the management is, the more rarefied the chances of control get), as well as the economic value of the shares held by the parent company in the subsidiary and, therefore, of those directly held in the parent company. Furthermore, in order to increase the effectiveness of the remedy, holding company's shareholders should be entitled with the standing to sue for obtaining a judicial order of inspection of the subsidiaries.

The article presents modern data on the development of primary health care (PHC) and approaches to managing its quality, conceptі of quality, model of quality by A. Donabedian and WHO, the quality of structure, process and result of PHC, approaches to monitoring and improving quality. The regulatory framework and the results of reforming the PHC inUkraineare given, its impact on the quality of the PHC.The aim: is to provide basic concepts of quality of medical care and to explain the changes of quality of medical care in the process of reforming the healthcare system inUkraine.Materials and methods. A systematic review of the literature and legal documents, own experience and observations.Results. According to the WHO definition, primary health care is a providing treatment and prevention services at the local community level, usually by family doctors, patronage nurses, staff at local outpatient facilities, or other medical personnel. In the Astana Declaration of 2018, all countries of the world pledged to direct efforts and public investments to improve the quality of education, science and clinical practice of primary health care in order to ensure that all patients have access to the highest possible level of health. The creation of quality management systems for medical care is one of the priority areas of health care reform and determines both current and strategic prospects for the activities of any medical organization. According to the concept of A. Donabedian and WHO, quality is a multidimensional concept that consists of many components – safety, effectiveness, timeliness/optimality, efficiency/economy, fairness/equality, patient-orientation. In addition, quality is divided into three main components – the quality of the structure, process and result. The quality of the structure is the organizational aspects of the PHC – human and material and technical resources, legal support. The quality of the process is actually medical care itself, the implementation of diagnostic procedures in accordance with protocols and standards. The quality of the result – these are indicators that indicate what happens to the patient in the process of providing PHC. Monitoring the quality of PHC is carried out using indicators that can be developed and approved at the state or local levels. Quality improvement is described by the Deming Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. When describing these concepts, legal documents on reforming the PHC inUkraine, international directives and a description of the impact of their implementation on the quality of the PHC inUkraine are indicated.Conclusion. Taking into account the reformation of the Ukrainian healthcare system, the recommendations of the world community and the transition to market relations, general practitioners – family doctors need to learn an additional skill in managing the quality of medical care. ; В статье изложены современные данные о развитии первичной медицинской помощи (ПМП) и подходах к управлению ее качеством, данные относительно понятия и концепции качества, описано концепцию качества А. Донабедиана и ВОЗ, качество структуры процесса и результата ПМП, подходы к мониторингу и улучшению качества, приведены нормативная базы и результаты реформирования ПМП в Украине с учетом их влияния на качество ПМП.Цель: предоставить основные понятия качества медицинской помощи и объяснить осуществление управлением качеством медицинской помощи в процессе реформирования системы здравоохранения в Украине.Материалы и методы. Системный обзор литературы и нормативных документов, собственный опыт и наблюдения.Результаты. По определению ВОЗ, первичная медико-санитарная помощь – это комплекс лечебно-профилактических услуг, которые предоставляются на уровне местной громады обычно семейными врачами, патронажными медицинскими сестрами, персоналом местных амбулаторных учреждений или силами других медицинских работников. Астанинской декларацией 2018 года все страны мира обязались направить усилия и государственные инвестиции на улучшение качества образования, науки и клинической практики ПМП с целью обеспечения всем пациентам доступа к наивысшему возможному уровню здоровья. Создание систем управления качеством медицинской помощи является одним из приоритетных направлений реформирования здравоохранения, определяет как текущие, так и стратегические перспективы деятельности любой медицинской организации. По концепции A. Донабедиана и ВОЗ качество – это многомерное понятие, состоящее из многих компонентов – безопасность, результативность, своевременность/оптимальность, эффективность/экономичность, справедливость/равноправие, пациент-ориентированность. Кроме того, качество разделяется на три основные составляющие: качество структуры, процесса и результата. Качество структуры – это организационные аспекты ПМП – кадровые и материально технические ресурсы, правовое обеспечение. Качество процесса – это фактически сама медицинская помощь, выполнение лечебно-диагностических процедур в соответствии с протоколами и стандартами. Качество результата – это показатели, которые указывают на происходящее с больным в процессе оказания ПМП. Мониторинг качества ПМП осуществляется с помощью индикаторов, которые могут быть разработаны и утверждены на государственном или местном уровнях. Улучшение качества описывается циклом Деминга Plan-Do-Check-Act. При описании данных понятий указываются нормативные документы по реформированию ПМП в Украине, международные директивы и описание влияния их внедрения на качество ПМП в Украине.Заключение. Учитывая реформирование системы здравоохранения Украины, рекомендации мирового сообщества и переход на рыночные отношения, врачам общей практики–семейным врачам необходимо еще освоить дополнительный навык по управлению качеством медицинской помощью. ; У статті викладені сучасні дані щодо визначення і розвитку первинної медичної допомоги (ПМД) та підходів до управління її якості, щодо поняття і концепцій якості, описано концепцію якості А. Д онабедіана і ВООЗ, якість структури процесу і результату ПМД, підходи до моніторингу та покращання якості, наведені нормативна бази і результати реформування ПМД в Україні з огляду їхнього впливу на якість ПМД.Мета: надати основні поняття якості медичної допомоги і пояснити здійснення управління якістю медичною допомоги в процесі реформування системи охорони здоров'я в Україні.Матеріали та методи. Системний огляд літератури і нормативних документів, власний досвід та спостереження.Результати. За визначенням ВООЗ, первинна медико-санітарна допомога – це комплекс лікувально-профілактичних послуг, що надаються на рівні місцевої громади зазвичай сімейними лікарями, патронажними медичними сестрами, персоналом місцевих амбулаторних установ або силами інших медичних працівників. Астанінською декларацією 2018 року усі країни світу зобов'язалися спрямувати зусилля й державні інвестиції на покращання якості освіти, науки і клінічної практики ПМД задля забезпечення усіх пацієнтів доступом до найвищого можливого рівня здоров'я. Створення систем управління якістю медичної допомоги є одним з пріоритетних напрямків реформування охорони здоров'я, що визначає як поточні, так і стратегічні перспективи діяльності будь-якої медичної організації. За концепцією A. Д онабедіана і ВООЗ, якість – це багатомірне поняття, що складається з багатьох компонентів – безпечність, результативність, своєчасність / оптимальність, ефективність / економічність, справедливість / рівноправність, пацієнт-орієнтованість. Крім того, якість розподіляється на три основні складові: якість структури, процесу і результату. Якість структури – це організаційні аспекти ПМД – кадрові та матеріально-технічні ресурси, правове забезпечення. Якість процесу – це фактично сама медична допомога, виконання лікувально-діагностичних процедур відповідно до протоколів і стандартів. Якість результату – це показники, які свідчать про те, що відбувається з хворим у процесі надання ПМД. Моніторинг якості ПМД здійснюється за допомогою індикаторів, які можуть бути розроблені і затверджені на державному або локальному рівнях. Покращання якості описується циклом Демінга Plan-Do-Check-Act. При описі даних понять зазначаються нормативні документи з реформування ПМД в Україні, міжнародні директиви та опис впливу їхнього запровадження на якість ПМД в Україні.Заключення. Враховуючи реформування системи охорони здоров'я України, рекомендації світової спільноти та перехід на ринкові відносини, лікарям загальної практики–сімейним лікарям слід ще засвоїти додаткову навичку з управління якістю медичною допомогою.

Стаття присвячена аналізу основних напрямків освітньої політики Фінляндії, яка відображає взаємовідносини людини і суспільства в сучасних соціально-економічних умовах і спрямовує систему освіти на зміну самої людини, на революцію в самій людині. Фінляндія зі своєю системою освіти вже давно потурбувалася про підготовку людей майбутнього, реформувавши підходи до навчання в школах і закладах вищої освіти, а результатом цього стали всесвітнє визнання та найвищі позиції у різних рейтингах. Звертається увага на основні документи та концептуальні положення, на яких ґрунтується і розбудовується система освіти Фінляндії. Описана структура освіти у цій країні, розкриті питання організації та функціонування системи освіти, виявлено її характерні риси, чинники успіху та ефективності. Зроблена спроба розкрити ідеї й практичні підходи, які свідчать про те, що держава, вчителі і громадськість прагнуть зробити заклади освіти більш демократичними за змістом навчання, за організацією навчального процесу і результати їх діяльності, а всю систему освіти перетворити на один із важливих чинників соціальних перетворень у майбутньому. Окреслюються умови і називаються аргументи на користь практичного застосування в Україні позитивних здобутків фінської системи освіти. ; The article deals with analyzing the main streams of the education policy in Finland, which reflect the relationship between a person and society in modern socio–economic conditions. Such policy directs the system of education to change the person and his mind himself. Finland using its education system, has long before been concerned about preparing people for the future by reforming approaches to teaching in schools and higher education institutions. As a result, it has achieved world–wide recognition and top positions in various ratings have resulted. Therefore, today there is a great interest of scientists in certain issues of education functioning in Finland. Thus, G. Androshchuk, V. Butova. I. Zhernokleeva, T. Pushkareva and others study in their works the purpose and decisive role of Finland's education policy in the development of the education system. S. Grinyuk and V. Zagvozdkin pay attention to the practical the steps of reforming the Finnish system of education. T. Drobyshevsk investigates the system of providing educational services in Finland as a sector of knowledge production. L. Volynets, P. Kukharchuk consider the principles of the state education policy of Finland. L. Smolskaya examines the role of the state policy in implementing the "Finnish phenomenon"; P. Basyliuk and Yu. Kulykova, focus attention on the study of the evolution of the system of higher education in Finland; O. Scherbak reveals peculiarities of vocational education and training. This paper describes the principles of Finnish education policy. Attention is drawn to the fact that in this country citizens are given equal opportunities in obtaining education. It also shows that the education system of Finland is based on the needs of the society, taking into account the Constitution of the country, the provisions of the UN, UNESCO, PACE and other international organizations on such conceptual principles.:They are the principle of bilingualism, the principle of universal compulsory education, the principle of gender equality, according to territorial and socio–economic aspects; the principle of providing pedagogical autonomy; supporting the high level of pedagogical development science, school practical activity and Finnish culture; granting parents the right to choose freely a school according to their own pedagogical and didactic principles; the availability of inclusive education and education for children with special needs; encouraging the evolution at the national and international levels; close cooperation and partnership at all levels of the education process; the principle of individualization; the principle of lifelong learning, the principle of practicality, trust, voluntariness, independence and the principle of free–of–charge. The article presents the studying state management of the education branch in Finland. Today it includes the system of central administrative bodies – the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland and the Finnish State Council for Education and non–state–owned educational structures as the Finnish Department of ENIC / NARIC, the Finnish Council for the Evaluation of Higher Education, the National Academy of Finland, the International Mobility Center of the SIMO. Their cooperation is aimed at developing educational, scientific, cultural, sports and youth policies and international cooperation, the "equalization" of the education system and the search for new models of the development of national education in the context of a worldwide education space. The Principles of education management are determined by the Parliament of Finland, and the government, represented by the Ministry of Education and Culture of Finland, formulates and implements educational policy and outlines the plan of education development. This paper also describes the structure of education in this country. It reveals organizing and functioning and shows some differences are shown in comparison with other European educational systems, including the educational system of Ukraine. The structure of the education system in Finland includes: lower education (alakoulu), 1–6 grades (6–12 years); high school (vlakoulu) 7–9 grades (13–15 years); additional class 10 class (16 years old); Lyceum (lukio) 11–12 grades (17–18 years old); professional college 11–13 grades (17–19 years). It is emphasized that in the Finnish system of education, teachers are granted a high degree of freedom guaranteed by the law and the state inspection is canceled. This is the main factor that has raised the effectiveness of the school system in Finland. The attention is paid on the fact that the need to ensure the adaptation of Finnish youth in the modern globalized world and Finland's domestic policy is consistent with the general European principles and recommendations on language education in the European space. Finland uses all its capabilities to create the most comfortable conditions for learning a foreign language and introduce foreign language education through the national language projects: KIEPO (purpose – studying the basics and implementation of language policy in the field of education), KIELO (meta – description, analysis and explanation of what today is teaching and learning foreign languages in Finnish classes) and CLIL (language learning in terms of this project is conducted in such a way that all or some of the school subjects are taught in a foreign language) moreover is now widely it is promoted by various forms of distance learning, combined and web–based training. An attempt is made to reveal ideas and practical approaches that indicate that the state, teachers and the public are eager to make education institutions more democratic in terms of learning, the organization of the education process and the results of their activities, and the whole system of education into one of the important factors of social transformation in the future. It is also outlines conditions and the arguments called in favor of the practical applying in Ukraine positive achievements of the Finnish system education.

Abstract. Today's integration processes are increasingly are gaining an intense pace of the development, requiring a high level of development from a degree-seeking student namely his social and scientific maturity and the independence skills, which is not always accessible to a young person. Therefore, the student's support in the educational process of the higher educational institution continues to be an important theme for scientific researche and practical solution. The article reveals the search for scientific approaches to the study of the functioning of the higher educational institution as a system for supporting the student in the educational process, which should serve as an institutional approach. The author argues that the study of various aspects of the functioning of the social institution of higher education should be based on an institutional approach that enables the integration of knowledge in different scientific fields and in different approaches, in particular, investment and resource, environmental and also the concept of stakeholders. The resource approach provides an opportunity to take into account the requirements imposed by the external environment and internal capabilities for their satisfaction in the life of the subject, and investment - indicates the formation of capital in accordance with the priority areas of investment, its accumulation and volume. The environmental approach captures the integrated impact on its users; combining participants in the educational process in the joint activity of creation of knowledge, is created on the basis of material and informational support; defining the conditions for the manifestation and support of the physical and physical well-being of their users, acting as an ecological basis for the development of student life in a democratic society. The author argues that the institutional approach to higher education offers a way of combining the above-mentioned approaches, thus creating the framework for conducting the study, by focusing on the empirical study of the institutional environment, focusing on the processes of interaction. which reveals the integration processes of integration of the institute into the general social system in relation to its functional capacity. It turns out that support for the development of higher education acts as a form of indirect investment in human capital, the functioning of which should correspond both to the demands of society and the task of the development of higher education graduates without reducing their independence, as was done under the traditional protectionist support. By revealing various aspects of the institutional approach, the author emphasizes on the importance of its application, which is especially important for studying the processes of reforming higher education, which are currently taking place in the Republic of Poland and Ukraine. Key words: institutional approach, interdisciplinary knowledge, management, student, higher educational institution. ; Аннотация. Интеграционные процессы современности всё больше набирают интенсивного темпа развития, требуя от соискателя высшего образования достаточно высокого уровня развития: его социальной и научной зрелости а также навыков самостоятельности, что не всегда есть доступным для молодого человека. Таким образом поддержка студента в образовательном пространстве продолжает выступать актуальной темой научного и практического изучения. В статье раскрывается поиск научных подходов на предмет изучения функционирования института высшего образования, как системы поддержки студента в образовательном пространстве, чему, по мнению автора, должен служить институционный подход. Автором утверждается, что изучение разных аспектов функционирования социального института высшего образования должно опираться на институционный подход, который даёт возможность интегрировать знания как разных научных сфер, так и разных подходов, в частности, инвестиционного, ресурсного, а также подхода с точки зрения окружающей среды а также концепцию стейкхолдеров. Ресурсный подход даёт возможность учитывать требования, которые предъявляет среда и внутренние возможности относительно их удовлетворения во время жизнедеятельности субъекта; инвестиционный подход – указывает на формирование капитала согласно приоритетных сфер вложений, его накопление та объём. Средовой подход фиксирует интегративное влияние на своих пользователей, соединяя участников образовательного процесса в общей деятельности творения знаний: создается согласно материальной и информационной поддержки; определяя условия проявления та поддержки соматического и физического самочувствия своих пользователей, указывая на экологическую основу создания студенческой жизни в условиях демократического общества. Автором утверждается, что именно институционный подход при изучении высшего образования даёт возможность соединить выше названные подходы, создавая тем самым рамочную структуру проведения исследования, фиксируя внимание на эмпирическом изучении институционной среды, сосредотачиваясь на процессах взаимодействия, указывая на интеграцию институту в общую социальную систему согласно уровню его функционирования. Доказывается, что поддержка высшего образования выступает формой непрямой инвестиции в человеческий капитал, функционирования которого должно отвечать как требованиям общества, так и задачам развития соискателей высшего образования без снижения их потенциала самостоятельности, как это происходит в условиях традиционной протекциональной поддержки. Раскрывая разные аспекты институционного подхода автор подчёркивает важность его применения, что есть особенно актуальным для изучения процессов реформирования высшего образования, что имеет место в Республике Польша и Украине. Ключевые слова: институционный подход, междисциплинарные знания, управление, студент, учреждение высшего образования. ; Анотація. Інтеграційні процеси сьогодення все більше набирають інтенсивних темпів розвитку, вимагаючи від здобувача вищої освіти досить високого рівня розвитку: його соціальної та наукової зрілості а також навичок самостійності, що не завжди є доступним для молодої людини. Тож підтримка студента в освітньому процесі закладу вищої освіти продовжує виступати нагальною темою для наукового вивчення і практичного вирішення. У статті розкривається пошук наукових підходів щодо вивчення функціонування інституту вищої освіти, як системи підтримки студента в освітньому процесі, чому на думку автора має слугувати інституційний підхід. Автором стверджується, що вивчення різних аспектів функціонування соціального інституту вищої освіти має опиратися на інституціональний підхід, який надає можливість інтегрувати знання як різних наукових сфер, так і різних підходів, зокрема, інвестиційного та ресурсного, середовищного а також концепцію стейкхолдерів. Ресурсний підхід надає можливість враховувати вимоги, які висуває зовнішнє середовище та внутрішні можливості щодо їх задоволення у процесі життєдіяльності суб'єкта, а інвестиційний - вказує на формування капіталу згідно пріоритетних сфер вкладень, його накопичення та обсяг. Середовищний підхід фіксує інтегрований вплив на своїх користувачів; об'єднуючи учасників освітнього процесу у спільній діяльності творіння знань, створюється на основі матеріальної та інформаційної підтримки; визначаючи умови прояву та підтримки соматичного та фізичного самопочуття своїх користувачів, виступаючи екологічною основою для розбудови студентського життя в умовах демократичного суспільства. Автором стверджується, що саме інституційний підхід у вивченні вищої освіти надає можливість об'єднати вище названі підходи, створюючи тим самим рамочну структуру проведення дослідження, фіксуючи увагу на емпіричному вивченні інституційного середовища, зосереджуючи увагу на процесах взаємодії, вказуючи на інтеграцію інституту у загальну соціальну систему згідно рівня його функціонування. Доводиться, що підтримка розвитку вищої освіти виступає формою непрямої інвестиції у людський капітал, функціонування якого має відповідати як запитам суспільства, так і завданням розвитку здобувачів вищої освіти без зниження їхньої самостійності, як це здійснюється в умовах традиційної протекційної підтримки. Розкриваючи різні аспекти інституційного підходу автор наголошує на важливості його застосування, що є особливо нагальним для вивчення процесів реформування вищої освіти, які, наразі, відбуваються у Республіці Польща та Україні. Ключові слова: інституційний підхід, міждисциплінарні знання, управління, студент, заклад вищої освіти,.

Verden har gennem de senere ar oplevet en stigende eftersprgsel efter transport og mobilitet. Med den voksende persontransport og den deraf forstrkede klimapavirkning bliver det kollektive transportsystem et glimrende alternativ til den individuelle transport, idet det kollektive transportsystem kan tilbyde omkostningseektiv, klima- og miljvenlig transport samt at dette er eektivt i kampen mod trngsel. I 2009 vedtog det danske Folketing transportaftalen: "En grn transportaftale", hvori det sttes som mal, at den kollektive transport skal udbygges og eektiviseres saledes, at den forventede vkst i persontrakarbejdet ville kunne lftes af det kollektive transportsystem. I Danmark har det kollektive transportsystem en markedsandel pa 13% af transporten mellem arbejde og hjem og der blev i 2010 gennemfrt mere end 290 millioner togrejser i det danske jernbanenet. Det er endvidere tidligere blevet estimeret, at der hver dag spildes 65.000 timer af passagerer, der venter pa forbindelser i den kollektive transport. For at imdekomme den forventede vkst og for at kunne tilbyde passagererne en attraktiv service til en fornuftig pris skal den kollektive transport vre sa eektiv som mulig. Forskningen har gennem de seneste mange ar demonstreret, at matematiske optimeringsmetoder kan gre det kollektive transportsystem mere eektivt og dermed mere konkurrencedygtigt i forhold til andre transportformer. Planlgning af kollektiv transport bestar af en rkke forskellige optimeringsproblemer pa savel det strategiske, det taktiske og det operationelle planlgningsniveau. Problemstillinger som for eksempel linjeplanlgning, kreplansplanlgning og kretjsplanlgning lses traditionelt uafhngigt og sekventielt. Der ndes i dag adskillige modeller og eektive metoder til lsning af disse problemstillinger. Lses disse problemer uafhngigt og sekventielt vil det saledes ofte resultere i lsninger, der vil opleves som vrende suboptimale for passagererne i forhold til serviceniveau. Lsninger der giver passagererne en bedre service kan opnas ved at integrere srligt relevante planlgningsproblemer. Grundet strrelsen af virkelige planlgningsproblemer, er det dog i midlertidigt, som oftest, ikke muligt at lse det integrerede problem uden srligt udviklede metoder, der endvidere krver meget store beregningsmssige ressourcer. Malet med denne afhandling er at studere integrationen af kreplansplanlgningen med andre planlgningsproblemer sasom linjeplanlgning, rutevalg og planlgning af kretjernes opgaver (omlbsplanlgning). Vi udvikler en rkke avancerede planlgningsvrktjer, der kan nde integrerede lsninger til de komplekse planlgningsproblemer man mder inden for den kollektive trak. Vi undersger anvendelsen af disse integrerede modeller til at lse virkelige casestudier, og vurderer kvaliteten af de fundne integrerede lsninger sammenlignet med lsninger baseret pa ikke-integrerede modeller. Afhandlingen beskftiger sig med to specikke problemstillinger, der ses i den kollektive bustrak og en problemstilling fra den kollektive jernbanetrak. I problemstillingen fra den kollektive bustrak integrerer vi kreplaner med bade kretjsplanlgning og passagerernes rutevalg. Forholdet mellem afgangs- og ankomsttider og passagerernes rutevalg unders ges under hensyntagen til omkostningerne ved at udfre kreplanerne. I problemstillingen inden for jernbanetrakken undersger vi delvis integration af kreplansplanlgning og linjeplanlgning. Konkret studeres, hvordan kreplaner kan forbedres med hensyn til denerede mal for den service, der ydes til passagererne. Disse forbedringer opnas ved at tillade ndringer i frekvenserne for togafgangene og gennem ndringer i standsningsm nsteret for de stationer der er inkluderet i ruten. Vi formulerer problemerne ved hjlp af matematiske modeller, og vi foreslar heuristiske lsningsmetoder til dem alle. Lsningsmetoderne testes i virkelige casestudier for Storkbenhavnsomradet for problemstillingen fra den kollektive bustrak og for en delmngde af intercity-netvrket i Holland for problemstillingen fra den kollektive jernbanetrak. Vi viser, at kreplanerne, der er opnaet med de integrerede modeller, resulterer i at servicen til passagerne ges samtidig med, at driftsomkostningerne kan bibeholdes pa et undret niveau eller holdes inden for et givent budget. ; Recent years have seen a general increase in the demand for transport and mobility. As the transportation numbers rise, and with the increased eorts in reducing emissions on a global scale, public transport becomes an excellent alternative to private transport due to being cost efficient, environmentally friendly, and for its abilities to reduce congestion. In 2009, the Danish Parliament passed the transport policy agreement entitled \A green transport agreement", which states that the public transport system should be expanded and made more ecient so that the expected growth in person transport should be able to be captured by the public transport system. In Denmark, public transport holds a market share of 13% of all commuting, and in 2010 more than 290 million passengers used the railway network. Furthermore, in Copenhagen it was estimated that 65,000 hours are lost every day by passengers waiting for connecting services in public transport. In order to serve increased demand and provide an attractive service for the passengers at an affordable cost, public transport should be both time and cost efficient. Research has through a number of years clearly shown that operations research techniques can help make public transport systems more efficient and thereby increase its competitiveness compared to other transport modes.Public transport planning comprises a range of planning problems at the strategic, the tactical as well as the operational planning levels. Problems like line planning, timetabling, or vehicle scheduling are traditionally solved independently and sequentially. Today, several models and efficient solution methods for solving these exist. However, solving these problems independently will often result in suboptimal solutions for passengers with respect to the service level offered. Solutions with increased passenger service could be obtained by integrating different planning problems. However, due to the size of real world instances, solving the integrated problem is, usually, not possible without dedicated solution methods, which, in turn, requires huge computational efforts. The goal of this thesis is to study the integration of timetabling with other planning problems such as line planning, passenger routing, and vehicle scheduling. We propose a number of advanced planning tools, which are able to find integrated solutions to the complex planning problems seen within public transport. We investigate the application of integrated models to real life case studies and we assess the quality of integrated solutionsin comparison to non-integrated solutions. The thesis studies two problems in the bus transport domain and one problem in the rail transport domain. In the bus transport domain, we integrate timetabling with both vehicle scheduling and passenger routing. The relations between departure and arrival times and how passengers travel in the network are investigated, while taking into account the costs associated with operating the timetables. In the train domain, we investigate partial integration of timetabling and line planning. Specically, how timetables can be improved in terms of passenger service by allowing changes in train frequencies and changes in stops at stations included in the train journey. We formulate the problems using mathematical models, and we propose heuristic solution methods for all of them. The solution methods are tested in real life case studies of the Greater Copenhagen area for the bus transport problems, and of a subset of the intercity network in The Netherlands for the rail transport problem. We show that the timetables obtained with integrated models provide an increased passenger service while being able to keep operating costs at the same level or within a pre-dened budget.

A notion of "essentially contested concepts", introduced by a prominent British philosopher W. B. Gallie in 1956, still remains practically unknown or at least not sufficiently well researched in the Ukrainian political science. In order for this notion to be applied as a tool in empirical studies either using data on political processes in Ukraine or studying external processes from a Ukrainian perspective, it has to be defined and discussed. This article provides an original definition of essentially contested concepts as it was introduced by Gallie, and his seven original criteria for defining a given concept an essentially contested are presented and commented. As a great master of his mother tongue – the English language – W. B. Gallie used a plethora of opportunities provided to him by the richness of his language to put forward and advocate for his idea of essential contestability of some concepts. Consequently, a number of criteria for defining essentially contested concepts possess some unique qualities that may be lost once translated into another language – which is also the case with Ukrainian translation. This article points to a number of such instances, of which Ukrainian scholars should be aware, namely: the original component "contested" provided for a whole stream of discussion regarding the "contestedness" of some concepts as a genuine quality of phenomena that will inevitably become objects of constant disputes and contestations. Secondly, the criteria of "appraisiveness" and "diverse describability" are not easily translated and need to be taken care of when applying them as practical characteristics of concepts under study. This article lists the original criteria for the essentially contested concepts: appraisive character of such concepts, their internal complexity, diverse describability, openness, recognition of their contested essence by the contending parties, existence of an exemplar that anchors conceptual meaning of such a concept, and progressive contestation by means of which a better coherence of concept's usage can be achieved. Moreover this article also pays attention to a number of additional nuances articulated by Gallie that are of great importance when dealing with essentially contested concepts: the lack of any quantitative scheme or general rule for deciding on the best concept in any contestation regarding the correct use of such a concept and the fact that the uses of essentially contested concepts are discussed and debated "aggressively and defensively" by the contesting parties. Despite the fact that Gallie didn't pay any attention to the linguistic side of concept's studies, this article shows that a search for an original meaning of any concept can be misleading – or even illusory. Using two examples of contested concepts – "populism" in the works of two German scholars J.W. Müller and B. Stegemann and the "virus of dictatorship" by the Dutch social psychologist F. Schaper, this article demonstrates that the essence of such concepts can be contested based on the ideological stances taken by the contesting parties, as well as because of the choice of terms and methodologies embodied into the discussion of the correct uses of such concepts. Finally, this article calls for further enquiries into the studies of the nature of modern discourses in which different concepts are debated and contested. ; Статья посвящена введенному в научный оборот еще в середине 1950-х гг. британским философом В. Б. Голли понятию «существенно оспариваемые концепты», которое все еще остается малоизвестным и недостаточно исследованным в украинской политической науке. В статье дается первоначальное определение существенно оспариваемых концептов, предложенное самим Голли, а также выделяются и объясняются предложенные им признаки таких концептов. В статье показано, что в названии кроется языковой нюанс, что указывает на то, что концепт не просто является спорным в том смысле, что он – неоднозначный и не имеет четкого определения, а то, что по самой своей природе (то есть «сути», что отражено в первом слове названия) конкретный концепт становится объектом бесконечных дискуссий о его значении и смысле и поэтому он является не «спорным», а именно «оспариваемым». В статье рассмотрены и культурно-терминологические нюансы, которые кроются в условиях определения концептов: критерий «appraisiveness» и «diverse describability», которым подобраны украинские языковые эквиваленты. В статье также выделены основные характеристики и признаки существенно оспариваемых концептов, в частности их ценностная составляющая, внутренняя сложность, разнообразная описательность, открытость, взаимное определение оспариваемости концептов с позиций тех сторон, которые берутся эти концепты оспаривать, образец или пример, в котором коренится «концептуальное значение» и прогрессирующее противостояние вокруг правильного определения концепта и его корректного применения. Вместе с этими критериями в статье выделены и уточнены особенности дискурсивных практик вокруг таких концептов. Так как в своем докладе Голли не рассматривает семантические нюансы предложенного им термина, в статье доказывается, что поиски первоначального значения какого-то концепта как лексемы может заводить исследователя в тупик. При помощи двух иллюстративных примеров существенно оспариваемых концептов – популизма в интерпретации двух немецких ученых, Я.-В. Мюллера и Б. Штегемана, и авторского концепта нидерландского социального психолога Ф. Схапера – вирус популизма – в статье выделяется важность идеологического измерения в подходах к политическим концептам, оспариваемость которых может быть обусловлена радикальной идеологической позицией. В статье показано, что в случае авторских концептов оспариваемым могут быть коннотация, предложенная подобранным автором термином, а также его методологический подход. Среди перспективных для дальнейших научных изысканий выделены исследования типологий дискурса, в которых неоднозначные концепты непосредственно оспариваются. ; Стаття присвячена впровадженому в науковий обіг ще в середині 1950-их рр. британським філософом В. Б. Ґоллі поняття «сутнісно оспорювані концепти», яке все ще залишається маловідомим і недостатньо дослідженим в український політичній науці. У статті дається першопочаткове визначення сутнісно оспорюваних концептів, запропоноване самим Ґоллі, а також виокремлюють та пояснюються запропоновані ним ознаки таких концептів. У статті показано, що в назві криється мовний нюанс, який вказує на те, що концепт є не просто спірним, у тому значенні, що він є неоднозначним чи не є чітко визначеним, а те, що за самою своєю природою (тобто «суттю», що відображено у першому слові назви) конкретний концепт стає об'єктом нескінченних дискусій про його значення та смисл і відтак він є не «спірним», а саме «оспорюваним». У статті наводяться і мовно-термінологічні нюанси, що криються в критеріях визначення концептів: критерій «appraisiveness» та «diverse describability», яким підібрані українські мовні еквіваленти. У статті також виокремлені основні характеристики та ознаки сутнісно оспорюваних концептів, зокрема їхня ціннісна складова, внутрішня складність, різноманітна описуваність, відкритість, взаємне визначення оспорюваності концептів з позицій тих сторін, що беруться ці концепти оспорювати, зразок чи взірець, в якому коріниться «концептуальне значення» та прогресуюче протистояння щодо правильного визначення концепту та його коректного застосування. Разом з цими критеріями у статті виокремлені й уточнення до дискурсивних практик довкола таких концептів. Позаяк у своїй доповіді Ґоллі не розглядає семантичних нюансів запропонованого терміну, у статті доводиться, що пошуки першопочаткового значення якогось концепту як лексеми може заводити дослідника в глухий кут. За допомогою двох ілюстративних прикладів сутнісно оспорюваних концептів – популізму в інтерпретації двох німецьких науковців, Я.-В. Мюллера та Б. Штеґемана, та авторського концепту нідерландського соціального психолога Ф. Схапера – вірус популізму – у статті виокремлюється важливість ідеологічного виміру в підходах до політичних концептів, оспорюваність яких може бути обумовлена радикальною ідеологічною позицією. У статті показано, що у випадку авторських концептів оспорюваними можуть бути конотація, запропонована підібраним автором терміном, а також його методологічний підхід. Серед перспективних для подальших досліджень виокремлені дослідження типологій дискурсу, в яких неоднозначні концепти оспорюються.

This research report addresses the challenges of housing provision in light of the ageing society. The proportion of the population over 70 years old may increase from 9 per cent to 19 per cent between 2016 and 2060, according to Statistics Norway. The challenges and conundrums related to this demographic transition motivates the main research questions of the report: Within the theoretical framework of welfare economics, what are the normative arguments for a specific housing policy directed at the elderly? How do Norwegian municipalities attempt to influence housing construction in light of the ageing society? How wide is their scope of action in the field of housing policy for the elderly? To what extent do seniors (55+) and the elderly strategically adapt their housing to the inevitable reality of ageing, for instance, by moving to modern and more accessible apartments or adapting their existing home to the challenges associated with old age? This is an important question, not least since strategic investments from the elderly themselves may contribute to a more efficient provision of municipal care and health services. How can the municipalities and the state contribute to strengthening the opportunities of older people to invest in housing alternatives adapted to the realities of old age? The report «Housing for the elderly. Housing markets and housing policies for an ageing society» consists of four interlinked studies: Municipal housing policy for an ageing society (J. Sørvoll) Policy instruments and economic theory. Normative arguments in defense of a housing policy directed at the elderly? (V. Nordvik). The housing wealth and housing preferences of seniors and the elderly (H. C. Sandlie & L. Gulbrandsen) Policy instruments and the elderly's incentives for housing investment (J. Sørvoll). In part one of the report, we analyze municipal housing policies directed at the elderly, on the basis of an empirical material consisting of qualitative interviews in six municipalities and policy plans from 89 local governments. We argue that many municipalities lack the knowledge and the competence to execute an informed housing policy adapted to an ageing society. In general, moreover, it seems that housing policy directed at the elderly is not prioritized in the vast majority of municipalities. On a more positive note, from the perspective of Norwegian authorities, the six municipalities analyzed in-depth in part 1 all acknowledge the importance of housing policy for the gradual adaptation of the Norwegian welfare state to the ageing society. Many have considered employing policy instruments that would seriously expand the municipalities' influence over the provision of housing for the elderly. This may indicate that one should follow the field of housing for the elderly closely for new developments in the coming years. Part two of the report is an attempt to provide a systematic overview of arguments for social policy interventions in the form of in-kind housing interventions. We confront these arguments with housing needs emerging over the processes of ageing. The discussions are related to challenges and debates concerning housing for the elderly in Norway. In the absence of externalities and market failure, well-informed agents choose among available combinations of consumption goods. The outcomes of these choices are superior in terms of providing the combination of goods and services an agent herself prefers. This is the core of the principle of consumer sovereignty. James Tobin has forcefully demonstrated both the intuition of the concept consumer sovereignty and part of the explanation that it is not universally embraced in discussions of specific support as e.g. housing for elderly: While concerned laymen who observe people with shabby housing or too little to eat instinctively want to provide them with decent housing and adequate food, economists instinctively want to provide them with more cash income. Then they can buy the housing and food if they want to, and if they choose not to, the presumption is that they have a better use for the money (Tobin, 1970:246). Starting from this point of departure we argue that externalities feeding into need, costs and efficiency in provision of health care and practical help to elderly provide a sufficient argument for housing specific interventions, e.g. in order to improve physical accessibility (Universal design). Moreover, we argue that informational asymmetries and depreciated agency should be considered seriously when formulating a housing policy for the elderly. In part three, we analyse the housing conditions, housing wealth and housing preferences of the elderly in Norway. Based on a survey conducted in cooperation with TNS Gallup (2016), Sandlie and Gulbrandsen find that very few people aged from 50 to 71 years old have made improvements on their current dwelling. Most people (about 3 out of 4) do not plan to carry out such adjustments to their current dwelling. However, moving homes seems to be a more widespread strategy for adjusting housing for old age. About 20 percent of the people aged from 50 to 71 have moved during the last six years. The movers have to a large degree downsized and they live in smaller dwellings than non-movers. They do also live in more accessible housing than non-movers. Thus, Sandlie and Gulbrandsen argue that strategic mobility in light of old age is more common among middle aged and old people than previous research suggests. People adjust their housing for old age, but the adjustment and change of dwelling happen before they become old and pensioners. Part 4 on incentives for strategic housing investments draws on all the other parts of the report. In this part of the report, we try to answer one of the main research questions of the project "Housing for the elderly: How can the state contribute to increasing the incentives and opportunities for strategic housing investments by the elderly? In light of the findings of the report, Sørvoll argues that the authorities should emphasize provision of practical help and knowledge transmission to elderly households, housing policy for the elderly in areas with weak housing markets, and the need for the Housing Bank and the municipalities to continue refining the instruments of housing policy in light of the ageing society. ; Her drøftes tema av stor betydning for bolig- og omsorgspolitikken. Forskerne undersøker blant annet hva kommunene gjør for å fremme en boligforsyning som tar samfunnets aldring på alvor, og diskuterer normative premisser for eldreboligpolitikk. I tillegg analyseres utviklingen av eldres boligpreferanser, boligkapital og flyttemønstre over tid. Basert på en spørreundersøkelse via internett fra 2016 spør de i hvilken grad eldre og seniorer tilpasser sin boligsituasjon med tanke på alderdom. Dette er et viktig spørsmål all den tid kommunene kan spare penger på omsorgsboliger og institusjoner hvis flere kan bo lenger i eget hjem. Derfor diskuterer forskerne også hvordan det offentlige kan styrke mulighetene og insentivene til å investere i bolig med tanke på aldring.

Questa tesi vuole indagare il ruolo che i metodi partecipativi ricoprono nel caratterizzare dal punto di vista politico, etico e sociale le pratiche architettoniche contemporanee. L'uso di questi metodi viene definito "manierista" non come moto polemico nei confronti di una pratica progettuale diffusa e variegata ma piuttosto per tentare di definirne l'attuale condizione nel progetto di architettura, evidenziandone da un lato la sostanziale addomesticazione nell'ambito del sistema liberale, in parziale contrasto con il carattere rivoluzionario ed emancipatorio che ne ha caratterizzato le prime manifestazioni, dall'altro mettendo in luce il modo in cui il distacco dalle grandi teorizzazioni abbia portato a una grande varietà di applicazioni e sperimentazioni pratiche. Il tema è affrontato a partire da un inquadramento teorico che descrive alcune tra le più recenti teorie sul rapporto tra architettura e politica: attraverso l'analisi del lavoro di studiosi contemporanei come Albena Yaneva, Douglas Spencer, Dejan Sudjic, molti dei quali debitori degli studi di Manfredo Tafuri, viene tracciato un quadro del rapporto contemporaneo tra architettura e politica in cui la prima, superata la fase del disincanto postmoderno, non mira ad agire in conformità a specifici apparati ideologici quanto piuttosto a ricercare una efficacia fattuale della proprio azione. Per comprendere come questa azione progettuale e politica viene orientata, viene descritta la tendenza in atto tra gli architetti contemporanei ad impegnarsi in progetti in cui le soluzioni spaziali sono legate a strategie di natura più ampia e talvolta esterna alla disciplina architettonica, affrontando problematiche legate alla promozione della vita comunitaria, alla sostenibilità ecologica, economica e sociale delle trasformazioni, alla soluzione di conflitti. Questa tendenza viene inquadrata nell'ambito delle teorie di Zygmunt Bauman e Hans Jonas, che pongono nella coscienza e responsabilità personale la guida etica dell'individuo. Tutte queste considerazioni verranno poi rilette alla luce del concetto di "nuovo realismo" enunciato da Maurizio Ferraris: il filosofo infatti si propone di ricostituire la legittimità delle posizioni etiche e politiche, contestata dal relativismo postmoderno, attraverso una riconciliazione tra l'intuizione realista, basata sull'ontologia (quello che c'è), e l'intuizione costruzionista, basata sull'epistemologia (quello che sappiamo). Nel progetto di architettura, l'approccio del "nuovo realismo" dà quindi una nuova legittimità al discorso sulle sue capacità trasformative ed emancipatorie, nella consapevolezza che l'elaborazione teorica più che a descrivere la realtà serve ad indicarne una direzione di trasformazione. Per questo i casi che vengono descritti nei capitoli successivi intendono mostrare i modi in cui alcuni architetti interpretano le capacità trasformative della loro azione progettuale non tanto basandosi su teorie precostituite quanto su una constatazione pragmatica e legata all'esperienza degli effetti che l'architettura nella sua materialità può avere sulla società. I casi analizzati sono: - Lacol Cooperativa d'arquitectes Cooperativa d'habitatge La Borda, Barcellona, Spagna - Asociación Semillas para el Desarrollo Sostenible Scuole nella Selva Peruviana, Satipo, Perù - Roma Capitale – Dipartimento Sviluppo Infrastrutture e Manutenzione Urbana, architetto Valentina Cocco La riqualificazione di Piazza Testaccio e dei giardini di Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II a Roma - ZUS Luchtsingel bridge, Rotterdam, Paesi Bassi - HEIDE & VON BECKERATH Due edifici residenziali realizzati tramite baugruppen a Berlino Ciascun caso è inquadrato nel suo contesto sociale, politico ed economico. Vengono inoltre descritti i processi che hanno portato alla realizzazione degli edifici analizzati, i processi partecipativi che li hanno interessati e gli esiti architettonici. Queste informazioni sono utilizzate per valutare che tipo di impatto spaziale, politico e sociale questi progetti abbiano avuto sul loro contesto e sul modo in cui questi innovano la professione dell'architetto. Le descrizioni di questi progetti, oltre che sulle pubblicazioni di settore, sono basate su visite in loco e interviste con i progettisti effettuate dall'autore. L'immagine della partecipazione nel progetto di architettura che si è tentato di delineare in questo lavoro è quella di una pratica attraverso la quale l'architettura cerca di responsabilizzarsi nei confronti del tessuto sociale su cui va ad intervenire. Il confronto con la società si traduce nella negoziazione di un potere decisionale che viene redistribuito tra i vari attori coinvolti nel processo di trasformazione attraverso un atto deliberatamente politico. Sono stati presi in considerazione casi molto differenti tra loro che hanno fatto emergere diverse questioni: - Esiste una grande varietà di metodi partecipativi che comportano diversi gradi di coinvolgimento delle comunità nelle decisioni progettuali: ciò ne evidenzia la natura strumentale, volta cioè a favorire una maggiore efficacia del progetto attraverso un suo adattamento alle specificità del singolo contesto. - La partecipazione può mediare le istanze politiche implicite in un progetto di trasformazione dando voce a chi ne è coinvolto, arrivando talvolta a introdurre modelli alternativi di sviluppo urbano. Dai casi analizzati emerge però come i processi partecipativi non producono una contestazione radicale del sistema ma si limitano a proporne una correzione. - Emerge una evoluzione del modo in cui viene interpretata la professione di architetto, in cui la coscienza etica del progettista si media con l'esigenza di sostenibilità economica della sua attività: l'architettura socialmente e politicamente responsabile, oltre che un approccio etico alla professione, diventa una opportunità di lavoro in più per gli studi. - Le architetture frutto di processi partecipativi danno naturalmente un grande peso agli spazi comunitari. In questi edifici infatti il rapporto tra la dimensione privata e quella pubblica, influenzato dal clima di condivisione che contraddistingue tutte le fasi del progetto, offre spunti e innovazioni interessanti. - In maniera simile viene data grande importanza alle questioni ecologiche: il coinvolgimento delle comunità attiva dei meccanismi in cui l'ecologia è intesa non solo come un generico rispetto dell'ambiente ma anche come circuito virtuoso in cui il contributo dei partecipanti aiuta nel generare trasformazioni più sostenibili. Questi temi evidenziano una volta di più la grande complessità del fenomeno della partecipazione in architettura: il "manierismo" di queste pratiche emerge proprio dalla grande varietà di possibili metodi e contesti di applicazione, in cui l'innovazione non è più basata sulla radicalità ma piuttosto sulla reinterpretazione, autonoma e adattata al contesto, di uno strumentario ormai consolidato. Proprio l'ampio spettro di casistiche analizzate, insieme all'inquadramento teorico generale che ne è stato fornito, lascia aperte questioni più specifiche: il ruolo dell'housing cooperativo nello sviluppo equo della città contemporanea, l'impatto di un'architettura copianificata e di qualità nelle politiche di sviluppo nelle aree povere del mondo, le potenzialità di una progettazione degli spazi della città gestita in maniera aperta dal pubblico, le strategie dello spazio pubblico urbano promosse dal basso, le possibilità offerte da metodi di finanziamento innovativi nel campo dell'housing economico sono tutte questioni che se analizzate singolarmente possono aprire prospettive di grande interesse. Rimangono aperte anche questioni che toccano più tangenzialmente il campo dell'architettura. Ad esempio i processi partecipativi relativi alle trasformazioni degli ambienti di vita della comunità hanno un ruolo importante nella negoziazione del potere e nell'evoluzione della democrazia ma si prestano allo stesso tempo ad essere strumentalizzati per coprire interessi di parte: in questa tesi sono state sottolineate alcune ambiguità dei processi partecipativi analizzati ma comprendere quale sia il confine tra una partecipazione come vero strumento di allargamento della democrazia e quella usata per addomesticare il consenso apre ad approfondimenti che si posizionano all'intersezione tra teoria architettonica e scienza politica. Altro campo di indagine che non è stato esplorato in questo lavoro è quello che riguarda i metodi di partecipazione in architettura come tecnica progettuale: uno studio che analizzi i modi in cui i processi di ascolto si traducono in architettura aiuterebbe nella diffusione della partecipazione come approccio al progetto e nell'affinamento dei suoi strumenti.